02+專題二+句子成分和基本句型+課件 高三英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)

專題二

句子成分和基本句型第二部分語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)1.

（2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷）As

a

little

girl,

I

________

（wish）

to

be

a

zookeeper

when

I

grew

up.wished[解析]

考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，設(shè)空處作主句的謂語(yǔ)，根據(jù)后文的grew可知用一般過去時(shí)，故填wished。真題演練2.

（2023·全國(guó)乙卷）As

a

photographer,

I

have

spent

the

last

two

years

__________

（record）

everything

I

discovered.[解析]

考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：作為一名攝影師，我花了過去兩年時(shí)間記錄我發(fā)現(xiàn)的一切。spend

time

doing

sth.意為“花費(fèi)時(shí)間做某事”。故填recording。recording3.

（2022·全國(guó)新高考Ⅱ卷）When

he

saw

a

young

child

hanging

from

a

sixth-floor

apartment

balcony（陽(yáng)臺(tái)）,

Henry

ran

one

hundred

metres,

jumped

over

a

1.2-metre

fence,

and

held

out

his

arms

to

catch

the

_______（fall）child.falling[解析]

考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)。句意：當(dāng)亨利看到一個(gè)小孩掛在六樓公寓的陽(yáng)臺(tái)上時(shí)，他跑了100米，跳過了1.2米高的柵欄，伸出了雙臂去接正在掉下來的孩子。表示在墜落中的孩子，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞。故填falling。4.

（2021·全國(guó)乙卷）Minimize

the

impact

of

________（visit）

the

place.visiting[解析]

考查動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。設(shè)空處作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)，因此應(yīng)使用動(dòng)名詞形式，故填visiting。5.

（經(jīng)典高考）Chinese

researchers

hope

to

use

the

instruments

onboard

Chang'e-4________（find）

and

study

areas

of

the

South

Pole-Aitken

basin.to

find[解析]

考查不定式作狀語(yǔ)。設(shè)空處作目的狀語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)Chinese

researchers與find為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,

故填to

find。一、句子成分

組成句子的各個(gè)部分叫作句子成分。在英語(yǔ)中，按功能分，句子成分包括主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)等。必備知識(shí)1.主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者，一般位于句首。能夠充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的有名詞（短語(yǔ)）、代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、不定式（短語(yǔ)）或從句等。不定式（短語(yǔ)）、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）或從句等作主語(yǔ)時(shí),為避免頭重腳輕，可用it作形式主語(yǔ)。（人教必修一Unit

1）My

adviser

recommended

that

I

should

sign

up

for

advanced

literature...我的指導(dǎo)老師建議我選修高級(jí)文學(xué)……（名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)）It's

impossible

to

defeat

a

person

who

never

gives

up.打敗一個(gè)永不放棄的人是不可能的。（動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作真正的主語(yǔ)）2.謂語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的行為動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài),常位于主語(yǔ)之后。謂語(yǔ)可分為簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)和復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)兩大類。簡(jiǎn)單謂語(yǔ)由單個(gè)動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成;復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞加主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成，也可由系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。Early

to

bed

and

early

to

rise

keeps

a

man

healthy,

wealthy

and

wise.早睡早起讓人健康、富足和明智。（單個(gè)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)）The

world

belongs

to

the

energetic.世界屬于充滿活力的人。（短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)）（外研必修二Unit

5）Over

time,

this

could

make

her

a

danger

to

people

living

in

the

area.隨著時(shí)間的推移，這可能會(huì)使它成為該地居民的威脅。（復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)）3.賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞的后面，由名詞（短語(yǔ)）、代詞、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、不定式（短語(yǔ)）或從句等充當(dāng)。有時(shí)，根據(jù)需要也可用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。Nothing

can

take

the

place

of

persistence.沒有任何東西可以代替堅(jiān)持。（名詞作賓語(yǔ)）They

enjoy

playing

soccer.他們喜歡踢足球。（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)）She

decided

to

quit

her

job.她決定辭職。（不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)）I

know

that

she

is

a

talented

artist.我知道她是一位有才華的藝術(shù)家。（從句作賓語(yǔ)）4.表語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be、become、get、look、grow、turn、seem等）之后,用以說明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征或狀態(tài)等,由名詞（短語(yǔ)）、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)、副詞或從句等充當(dāng)。Deeds

are

more

powerful

than

words.行為比言語(yǔ)更有力量。（形容詞作表語(yǔ)）（人教必修一Welcome

Unit）I

think

that

tomorrow

will

be

a

great

day!

我認(rèn)為，明天將是非常不錯(cuò)的一天?。~短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)）His

favorite

pastime

is

spending

quality

time

with

his

family

and

friends.他最喜歡的消遣是與家人和朋友共度美好時(shí)光。（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)）5.定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞，用來說明人或事物的品質(zhì)或特征，可由形容詞、數(shù)詞、代詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、分詞（短語(yǔ)）、不定式（短語(yǔ)）或從句等充當(dāng)。單個(gè)詞作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾詞的前面；短語(yǔ)、從句等作定語(yǔ)時(shí)常置于被修飾詞的后面。I

have

a

great

aim

and

the

determination

to

achieve

it.我有一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)大的目標(biāo)，并有決心實(shí)現(xiàn)它。（不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，放在被修飾詞determination后）The

black

car

is

mine.那輛黑色的汽車是我的。（單個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)，放在被修飾詞car前）The

dog

that

is

barking

outside

my

window

is

hers.那條在我窗外叫的狗是她的。（從句作定語(yǔ)，放在被修飾詞dog后）6.狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，可由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞（短語(yǔ)）、狀語(yǔ)從句等充當(dāng)。狀語(yǔ)一般表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件、方式等意義。By

helping

others,

you

will

feel

good

about

yourself.

幫助他人，你會(huì)自我感覺良好。（介詞短語(yǔ)作方式狀語(yǔ)）You

become

a

winner

the

moment

you

believe

you

can

win.你一相信自己能贏，你就成了勝利者。（the

moment

引導(dǎo)的從句作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)）7.補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)主要起補(bǔ)充說明的作用,包括賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、分詞（短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。Laziness

will

never

make

your

dreams

come

true.懶惰永遠(yuǎn)不能讓你的夢(mèng)想成真。（不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）The

old

man

didn't

allow

the

kids

to

play

football

outside

his

house.那位老人不讓那些孩子在他的房子外面踢足球。（不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）He

was

found

dancing

in

the

room

just

now.剛才有人發(fā)現(xiàn)他在房間里跳舞。（現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）8.同位語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)是對(duì)其前面的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子作進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說明或描述，并與其所修飾的成分在語(yǔ)法上處于同等地位，起相同的句法作用，通常由名詞、代詞（不定代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞）、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、從句等充當(dāng)。He

himself

finished

the

project.他自己完成了這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。（反身代詞作同位語(yǔ)）His

hobby,

collecting

stamps,

is

very

interesting.他收集郵票的愛好是非常有趣的。（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作同位語(yǔ)）We

are

not

looking

into

the

question

whether

he

is

worth

trusting.我們不是在調(diào)查他是否值得信任的問題。（從句作同位語(yǔ)）分析下列句子的成分并嘗試翻譯1.

What

you

need

is

a

great

teacher

who

lets

you

make

mistakes.分析:

What

you

need在句中作①____語(yǔ);a

great

teacher

who

lets

you

make

mistakes作②____語(yǔ),其中who

lets

you

make

mistakes是③______從句。翻譯：你需要的是④__________________________。主表定語(yǔ)一位允許你犯錯(cuò)誤的好老師針對(duì)訓(xùn)練12.

By

opening

a

novel,

I

can

leave

behind

my

burdens

and

enter

a

world

where

I

become

a

new

character.分析:By

opening

a

novel作方式①____語(yǔ)；第一個(gè)I是主句的②____語(yǔ);can

leave

behind和（can）enter是主句的并列③____語(yǔ);my

burdens和

a

world是主句的④____語(yǔ)；where

I

become

a

new

character是⑤______從句，修飾world。翻譯：打開一本小說,⑥______________________________________________。狀主謂賓定語(yǔ)

我能放下我的負(fù)擔(dān),進(jìn)入一個(gè)我能變成新角色的世界3.

As

I

began

my

own

personal

weight

program,

I

was

filled

with

the

fear

that

I

would

run

into

the

same

difficulties

as

before.分析:

句子主干為①_________________________;As引導(dǎo)②__________從句；fear后的that

引導(dǎo)③________從句，解釋說明fear的內(nèi)容。翻譯：④____________________________________________________________________________。I

was

filled

with

the

fear時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)當(dāng)我開始自己的個(gè)人減肥計(jì)劃時(shí)，我充滿了恐懼，擔(dān)心自己會(huì)遇到和之前相同的困難二、基本句型1.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)

（SV）特點(diǎn)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面不需要接賓語(yǔ)，本身能表達(dá)完整的意思。常見的不及物動(dòng)詞有apologize、arrive、disappear、exist、happen、rise等。The

train

has

left.火車已經(jīng)開走了。2.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)（SVO）特點(diǎn)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，不能表達(dá)完整的意思，其后要接賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者。英語(yǔ)中大部分動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞，常見的有make、keep、require、cause、set、accept、allow、offer等。We

accepted

his

invitation.我們接受了他的邀請(qǐng)。3.主語(yǔ)（+系動(dòng)詞）+表語(yǔ)（SP）特點(diǎn)

系動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征、類屬、狀態(tài)等的表語(yǔ)。系動(dòng)詞除了be動(dòng)詞之外，還有：①表示感官的動(dòng)詞：feel、smell、taste、sound等；②表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞：remain、stay、keep等；③表示轉(zhuǎn)變、變化的動(dòng)詞：become、get、turn、go、run、fall、come、grow等。Train

fares

are

likely

to

remain

unchanged.火車票價(jià)很可能會(huì)保持不變。4.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)

（S

V

IO

DO）特點(diǎn)

直接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的直接對(duì)象，間接賓語(yǔ)是及物動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作所涉及的人或物。間接賓語(yǔ)通常位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前。當(dāng)間接賓語(yǔ)放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后時(shí)，其前通常需要加介詞for或to。Don't

tell

him

the

news.=Don't

tell

the

news

to

him.不要把這個(gè)消息告訴他。I

bought

him

a

special

gift.=

I

bought

a

special

gift

for

him.我給他買了一個(gè)特別的禮物。5.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（SVOC）特點(diǎn)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后雖然已有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，但意思還不完整，需要再加上賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)對(duì)賓語(yǔ)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。What

he

said

made

me

very

angry.他說的話讓我很生氣。6.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)（SVA）特點(diǎn)

謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞。狀語(yǔ)一般由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞（短語(yǔ)）、不定式（短語(yǔ)）等來充當(dāng)。一般來說，狀語(yǔ)在句中的位置比較靈活，可以位于句首、句中或句末，對(duì)句子進(jìn)行修飾或補(bǔ)充。Time

passed

quickly.時(shí)光飛逝。7.主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)（SVOA）特點(diǎn)

賓語(yǔ)后面接副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式（短語(yǔ)）、分詞（短語(yǔ)）等作狀語(yǔ)。You

can

put

the

dish

here.你可以把菜放在這里。8.存現(xiàn)句（There

be...）特點(diǎn)

There

be...表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”,

屬于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，后面的名詞是句子的主語(yǔ)。There

be...中的be有時(shí)可以用lie、stand、used

to

be、seem

to

be、appear

to

be等替換。There

stands

an

ancient

temple

on

the

top

of

the

mountain.山頂上有一座古老的寺廟。用基本句型完成下列句子1.

（人教必修一Welcome

Unit）The

class

was

difficult,

but

_________________________________（老師卻很和藹可親）.the

teacher

was

kind

and

friendly2.

（外研必修一Unit

1）After

I

had

pictured

it

over

and

over

again

in

my

mind,

__________________________（這一重要的日子終于來了）：my

first

day

at

senior

high!the

big

day

finally

arrived針對(duì)訓(xùn)練23.

____________________________________（我們學(xué)校將舉辦音樂節(jié)）

next

Saturday.4.

___________________________________________（比賽將在我們學(xué)校的體育館舉行）on

the

morning

of

July

8th.5.

_____________________________________（老師給我講述了一個(gè)鼓舞人心的故事）

the

moment

I

wanted

to

give

up.Our

school

will

hold

a

music

festivalThe

match

will

take

place

in

our

school

gymThe

teacher

told

me

an

inspiring

story6.

With

an

experience

of

two

years

in

Canada,_________________________________________（我能流利地與外國(guó)人交流）.I

can

communicate

with

foreigners

fluently7.

我們都認(rèn)為這次活動(dòng)富有挑戰(zhàn)性但很有意義。______________________________________but

very

meaningful.We

all

consider

this

activity

challenging8.

在農(nóng)場(chǎng)有各種各樣的水果和蔬菜。________________________________________on

the

farm.There

is

a

variety

of

fruits

and

vegetables技巧點(diǎn)撥典例

（2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）No

matter

where

I

buy

them,

though,

one

steamer

basket

is

_______

（rare）

enough,

yet

two

seems

greedy,

and

so

I

am

always

left

_________

（want）

more

next

time.rarelywanting思路點(diǎn)撥

第一空修飾形容詞enough，需用副詞作狀語(yǔ)，故填rarely。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，第二空為“l(fā)eave

sb.+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，其中原來的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)化為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)I與動(dòng)詞want構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示“一直想要”的意思，故填wanting。分層特訓(xùn)Ⅰ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.

（2021·全國(guó)甲卷）Supposedly

you

can

do

it

in

two

hours,

but

we

stopped

at

the

different

gates

and

watchtowers

to

take

pictures

or

just

to

watch

the

local

people

going

about

their______（day）

routines.daily[解析]

設(shè)空處修飾routines，作定語(yǔ)，應(yīng)使用day的形容詞形式，故填daily。2.

The______________（disappear）

of

dinosaurs

is

not

necessarily

caused

by

astronomical

incidents.[解析]

設(shè)空處在句中作主語(yǔ),結(jié)合空前的定冠詞可知應(yīng)用名詞disappearance。3.

In

the

1950s

in

the

USA,

most

families_____（have）

just

one

phone

at

home,

and

wireless

phones

hadn't

been

invented

yet.had[解析]

設(shè)空處在句中作謂語(yǔ),結(jié)合句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)In

the

1950s和語(yǔ)境可知,設(shè)空處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。故填had。disappearance4.

I

cannot

control

my

body

well.

My

legs

become

________（pain）.painful[解析]

設(shè)空處在句中作表語(yǔ),應(yīng)用形容詞形式。故填painful。5.

Susan

made

it

clear

to

me

that

she

wished_________（make）

a

new

life

for

herself.to

make[解析]

wish后接不定式作賓語(yǔ),故填to

make。6.

I

opened

the

door

and

noticed

a

man_________（stand）

at

the

door.standing[解析]

設(shè)空處在句中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),且stand與賓語(yǔ)a

man之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,且表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，故填standing。7.

Although

birds

use______（they）

feathers

for

flight,

some

of

their

feathers

are

for

other

purposes.their[解析]

設(shè)空處在句中作feathers的定語(yǔ),故填形容詞性物主代詞their。8.

I

found

the

test

difficult,

but

I

tried

hard

to

do

it;

suddenly

Mary,

my

best

friend,_______（ask）

me

to

share

my

answers

with

her.asked[解析]

分號(hào)后的句子的主語(yǔ)是

Mary,

my

best

friend是同位語(yǔ),所以設(shè)空處是該句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)分號(hào)前句子中的found和tried可知,此處也要用一般過去時(shí)。故填asked。9.

Only

you

can

fully

realize

which

aspects

of

a

college

will

make

you

truly

happy

and_________（satisfy）,

so

keep

that

at

the

front

of

your

mind.[解析]

will

make為從句的謂語(yǔ)，設(shè)空處在句中與happy共同作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，此處表示“滿意的，滿足的”，故填satisfied。satisfied1.

（2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷）I

think

it's

not

a

good

idea

_____________________________________________________________________（隨機(jī)給學(xué)生分組）

for

the

spoken

English

training

after

class.to

randomly

pair

up

students/to

divide

students

into

groups

randomly2.

（2023·全國(guó)乙卷）When

I

was

in

my

primary

school,

I

___________________________________________

（我有機(jī)會(huì)參加音樂比賽）

held

in

my

school.had

an

opportunity

to

attend

a

music

contestⅡ.使用基本句型完成或翻譯下列句子3.

（2022·全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ卷）_____________（他猶豫了一下）and

then

said

he

had

decided

not

to

run.He

hesitated4.

（2022·全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ卷）“I

was

afraid

that

kids

from

other

schools

would

laugh

at

him,”___________________________（他不安地解釋道）.he

explained

uncomfortably5.

（2022·全國(guó)新高考Ⅰ卷）It

was

not

long

before______________________________________________（我發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)節(jié)目非常有趣和有用）.I

found

the

program

very

interesting

and

useful6.

（2022·全國(guó)乙卷）______________________________（有18%的學(xué)生）

choosing

to

read

English

books.There

are

18%

of

the

students7.

（2023·全國(guó)甲卷）孔子是中國(guó)歷史上著名的人物。[答案]

C