Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking 知識(shí)點(diǎn)課件-高中英語人教版（2019）選擇性必修第二冊

Unit1ReadingandThinkingJOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”約輸?斯諾戰(zhàn)勝“霍亂王”Cholerausedtobe

oneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor.JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausessevere

diarrhoea,dehydration,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.1.P2Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.frustratedadj.懊惱的，沮喪的(形容人或人的表情、聲音等)；失意的；不得志的frustratevt.使沮喪;使懊惱frustratingadj.令人沮喪的;令人懊惱的frustrationn.懊惱；令人懊惱的事物常見搭配：be/feel/get/becomefrustratedat/withsth.因…感到沮喪/懊惱1).語境串記：What__________memostwasthe_______________newsaboutthefootballmatch,whoseresultmadeeveryonehere_____________.(frustrate).2).Afteralongand__________(tire)flight,Ritzwas___________(frustrate)atthenews__________hisluggagehadbeensenttoHangKong_________mistake.3).Maryfailedintheexamandherfatherworriedthatshecouldn’tstandthe_____________(frustrate)ofit.4).當(dāng)我們沒有做到我們自己的期望時(shí)，我們往往會(huì)感到沮喪。答案：1.1)frustrated;frustrating;frustrated2)tiring;frustrated;that;by3)frustration4).Whenwefailtoliveuptoourownexpectations,weoftenfeelfrustrated.Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofind

outwhy.2.P2Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.infectionn.感染；傳染infectvt.使感染；傳染infectedadj.受感染的infectiousadj.傳染性的be/becomeinfectedwith感染上…；傳染上…infectiousdisease傳染病1).Inheavily____________(infect)areas,halfthepopulationbecomeblind.2).Whenapersonhasan___________(infect)disease,heisusually______________(separate)fromothers.3).因?yàn)橛行ьA(yù)防，很少有人感染這個(gè)病毒答案：2.1)infected2)infectious;separated3)Fewpeopleareinfectedwiththevirusowingto/dueto/becauseofeffectiveprevention.3.P2Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.subscribeto贊成，同意；定期訂購；定期捐助1).Eversinceheentereduniversity,he_____________(subscribe)toamonthlymagazineabouttennis.2).Allscientistssubscribed_____theviewthattheincrease_______theearth’stemperatureisduetothe______________(burn)offossilfuels.3).經(jīng)理同意了Tim提出的我們訂一些有用雜志的建議。答案：3.1)hassubscribed2)to;in;burning3)ThemanagersubscribedtothesuggestionTimputforwardthatweshouldsubscribetosomeusefulmagazines.Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.4.P2Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.suspectv.懷疑；認(rèn)為n.嫌疑犯，可疑對象suspectsb.of(doing)sth.懷疑某人(做)某事suspectedadj.有嫌疑的；被懷疑的suspiciousadj.感覺可疑的；令人懷疑的besuspiciousof對…懷疑blamev.指責(zé)；責(zé)備；譴責(zé)把…歸咎于…；n.責(zé)任；責(zé)備；指責(zé)blamesb.for…因…責(zé)備某人blamesth.on…把某事歸咎于…betoblamefor因…責(zé)備/負(fù)責(zé)任take/bear/shouldertheblame(forsth.)(對某事)承擔(dān)責(zé)任put/laytheblameonsb.(forsth)(因…)把責(zé)任推給某人1).Olderpeopletend________(be)quiteconservativeandabit______________(suspect)ofanypossibleadvances.2).Theofficialisunder______________(investigate)bythepolicefor_____________(suspect)oftakingmoneyfromthebank.3).____________(blame)fortheaccident,thedrivercouldn’tgetaway__________it.4).Lotsofpeoplefind________hardtogetupinthemorning,andputtheblame________thealarmclock.5).警方懷疑他實(shí)施了兩起襲擊，盡管沒有確鑿的證據(jù)。___________________________________________________________________________________________6).不要總是把失敗歸咎于別人，有時(shí)候是你自己而不是別人該擔(dān)責(zé)任。答案：4.1)tobe;suspicious2)investigation;beingsuspected3).Blamed;with4)it;on5).Thepolicesuspecthimofcarryingouttwoattacks,thoughthere’snosolidevidence.6).Don’talwaysblameyourownfailureonothers.Sometimesitisyouyourself,notothers,thataretoblameforit/shouldtaketheblameforit.ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.5.P3Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.linkn.聯(lián)系；紐帶vt.把…連接起來；相關(guān)聯(lián)；挽??；鉤住Thereisalinkbetween…and……和…之間有聯(lián)系link…with…/belinkedwith聯(lián)系，連接在一起拓展：表示“聯(lián)系，有關(guān)系”的短語：berelatedto;beassociatedwith;beinvolvedin;beconnectedwith;havesomethingtodowith1).Thestudyfurtherstrengthenstheevidence__________(link)smokingwithearlydeath.2).師生之間有緊密的聯(lián)系。___________________________________________________________________________________________3).健康問題和不良的飲食習(xí)慣以及缺乏鍛煉有關(guān)系。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：5.1)linking;2).There’sacloselinkbetweenteachersandstudents.3).Healthproblemiscloselylinkedwithbadeatinghabitsandalackofexercise.ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterand

thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology.6.P3ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwater,andthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.throughone’stirelessefforts通過某人不懈的努力throughgreat/intense/jointefforts通過巨大的/共同的努力asubstantial(dramatic/sharp/marked)decrease(in)(某方面)大幅的/明顯的降低decreasen.減少，降低v.(使大小、數(shù)量等)減少，降低拓展：onthedecrease在減少decreaseto/by下降到/了…;decreasefrom…to…從…下降到…在動(dòng)詞decrease/drop/fall/reduce(減少)和increase/rise（增加、上升）之后，介詞by/to表幅度。1).Populationgrowthrateisdecreasing_________1.4%eachyear.2).Thepriesofcoalarelowasaresultofover-supplyanda______________(decrease)demand.3).Anydecrease________tourismcouldhaveaseriouseffect________thelocaleconomy.4).騎自行車穿紅燈的人在減少。___________________________________________________________________________________________5).自從采取安全措施以后，我們已經(jīng)看到事故數(shù)量明顯下降。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：6.1).by2)decreasing3)in;on4)Thenumberofcyclistsrunningredlightsisonthedecrease.5).Wehaveseenasubstantial(dramatic/sharp/marked)decreaseinthenumberofaccidentssincethesesafetymeasureswereintroduced/taken.UsingLanguageTHEFATHEROFCHINA’SAEROSPACE中國航天之父PerhapsnootherscientisthashadagreaterimpactonChina’saerospacesciencethanQianXuesen.DescribedbytheauthorsoftheStoryofQianXuesenasamanwith"greatscientificthoughtandscientificspirit"whowaspatrioticandservedhishomelandwitheffort,achievement,anddevotion,Qianwasanextremelywell-respectedman.BorninHangzhouin1911,QianattendedschoolsinBeijingandthenenteredShanghaiJiaoTongUniversitytostudyRailwayMechanicalEngineering.However，aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932，QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealisedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.QianwenttotheUnitedStatesin1935topursuehisgraduatestudies.Overthecourseofthe1930sand1940s,QianbecameapioneerinAmericanjetandrockettechnology.AsagraduateassistantattheCaliforniainstituteofTechnologyduringthe1930s,Qianhelpedconductimportantresearchintorocketpropulsion,andinthe1940s,heandseveralotherpeoplefoundedtheJetPropulsionLaboratory,nowoneofNASA'Sleadingspace-explorationcentres.AfterovercomingsomedifficultiesduringhisfinalfewyearsintheUSQianreturnedtoChinain1955.Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.Atthattime,Chinawaspooranditsrocketsciencewasundeveloped.NoinstituteoruniversityinChinaofferedrocketscienceasamajor,andtherewerenotalentsorexpertsinthisfieldinChina.Nevertheless,Qiandidnotletthatdiscouragehimfromtakingonthechallenge.Whenasked"CanweChinesepossiblymakemissiles?”hisreplywasadetermined"Whynot?WeChineseareabletomakethesamethingsthatotherpeoplemake.”UnderQiansleadership,ChinadevelopedtheDongfengmissiles,followedbythefirstgenerationofLongMarchrockets.In1970,Chinasuccessfullylauncheditsfirstman-madesatellite,DongFangHongI,fromaLongMarchrocket.BecausemuchofthetechnologybehindtheShenzhourocketscanalsobetracedbacktoQian'sresearch,Qianearnedthenameof"thefatherofChina'saerospace.”Qianreadalotandwasextremelyknowledgeable,especiallyintheareaoffrontierscienceresearch.However,whatmighthavemadehimsuchanoutstandingandcreativescientistwasprobablyhisstronginterestinotherthings,suchasmusicanddrawing.Hisdeepappreciationforartoftengavehiminspirationinhisscientificresearch.On31October2009,thewholecountrywassaddenedbyQiansdeath,andpeoplehonouredandrememberedhimindifferentways.AWORLDOFPURETHOUGHT一個(gè)純思維的世界StephenHawkingwasoneofthemostfamousandgiftedscientistsinphysics.Mostpeoplearefamiliarwithimagesofhiminhiswheelchairunabletomoveandusingacomputertotalk.Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscleshisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.Hawkingfirstachievedfamewhenhewasstillhealthyenoughtowalk,asagraduatestudentinphysicsatCambridgeUniversityin1964.Ingeneralthereweretwomaintheoriesontheoriginoftheuniverse.Thefirstwasthesteadystatetheory,whichholdsthattheuniversehasnobeginningorend.Theotherwasthebigbangtheory,whichholdsthattheuniversebeganatasinglepointintimeandspace.ThebiggestchampionofthesteadystateconceptwasFredHoyle,aprofessoratCambridge.DuringthequestionandanswerperiodafteroneofHoyle’slectures,HawkingstoodupandpointedoutthatHoylehadmadeamistakeinhismaths.Oncethemathswascorrected,itshowedthatthebigbangtheory—andnotthesteadystatetheory—wastrue.Hawking’sownworkonthebigbangtheorywassoonprovenbyastronomerswithtelescopes.Astarwasborn.So,whatmadeStephenHawkingagenius?Besidesbeingbrilliant,hewasbrave,thoughsometimescarelessinwhathesaidordid.Hewaswillingtosaywhatotherswereafraidtosay,andtodreamofwhatotherswereafraidtodreamabout.Furthermore,hewasquitedetermined.Thishadhelpedhimasascientist,andhadhelpedhimevenmoreinhisfightagainsthisdisease.Aboveall,Hawkingwaswillingtoadmithisfaults.Thisoddcombinationofcharacteristicshadmadehimoneofthegreatestthinkersofthe20thand21stcenturies.一個(gè)純思維的世界史蒂芬?霍金是物理學(xué)界最負(fù)盛名、最具天賦的科學(xué)家之一。大多數(shù)人都很熟悉他坐在輪椅上無法動(dòng)彈、只能通過電腦來說話的樣子。他因患病致使其大部分肌肉萎縮無力，他的世界變成了一個(gè)抽象思維的世界霍金最早成名于1964年，當(dāng)時(shí)他身體健康，行動(dòng)自如，是劍橋大學(xué)物理學(xué)研究生?？偟膩碚f，宇宙起源有兩大理論:第一個(gè)是穩(wěn)恒態(tài)理論，認(rèn)為宇宙無始無終;另一個(gè)是大爆炸理論，認(rèn)為宇宙始于時(shí)空中的一個(gè)點(diǎn)。穩(wěn)恒態(tài)概念的最大擁護(hù)者是劍橋大學(xué)的弗雷德?霍伊爾教授。在霍伊爾的一次講座中，霍金在問答環(huán)節(jié)站了起來，指出霍伊爾教授計(jì)算有誤。錯(cuò)誤糾正之后顯示大爆炸理論而非穩(wěn)恒態(tài)理論是正確的。不久，天文學(xué)家用望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀察宇宙，驗(yàn)證了霍金對大爆炸理論的研究。一位明星就此誕生。那么，是什么使史蒂芬?霍金成為一名天オ呢?除了才華橫溢之外，他還是一個(gè)勇敢的人，盡管有時(shí)候言行舉止比較隨意。他敢說別人不敢說的話，做別人不敢做的夢。此外，他意志堅(jiān)定。無論是作為一位科學(xué)家，還是與病魔作斗爭，這種品質(zhì)對他都大有幫助，最重要的是，霍金敢于承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤。這些性格特點(diǎn)的奇特組合使得他成為二十世紀(jì)與二十一世紀(jì)最偉大的思想家之一。8.P7However,aftertheSonghuBattlebrokeoutin1932,QianmadethedecisiontoswitchhismajortoaviationbecauseherealizedthatChinaneededitsownpowerfulairforcetoprotectanddefendthecountry.breakout爆發(fā)；突然開始break構(gòu)成的其他短語：breakin強(qiáng)行闖入；打斷，插畫breakinto強(qiáng)行闖入；突然開始(笑、唱等)breakdown出故障；(身體)垮了；(談判)失??；breakup解散；絕交；粉碎breakawayfrom逃脫；脫離 breakthrough突破，有重大發(fā)現(xiàn)；defendvt.保衛(wèi)；防守；辯解；防御defencen.保衛(wèi)；辯護(hù)，辯解defensiveadj.防御的；保衛(wèi)的常見搭配：defend…against/from…保護(hù)/保衛(wèi)…免受…之害(=protect…from/against…)defendagainst/from…抵御…indefenceof…為了保衛(wèi)…inone’sdefence為某人辯護(hù)用break短語，完成以下1—5題:1).Don’t_____________whenwearetalking.Waitforyourturn.2).Howthebigforestfirehas________________remainstobeamystery.3).Herparents’quarrelingwitheachotherconstantlyledtoherfamily________________.4).Thefootballstar___________________hisformerclubandplannedtojoinanother.5).Afterthreedaysofcontinuouswork,he________________onceandforall.6).Thestrongwallsofthecastleservedasagood_____________(defend)againsttheattackers.7).Weshouldbuildupapowerfularmy_____________(defend)ourmotherland.8).Speaking__________________(為…辯護(hù))theproposal,hepointedouthowmuchcheaperitwouldbe.9).一旦感染HIV，身體不能抵御疾病。___________________________________________________________________________________________答案：8.1)breakin2)brokenout3)breakingup4)brokeawayfrom5)brokedown6).defence7).todefend8).indefenceof9).OnceinfectedwithHIV,thebodyisunabletodefenditselfagainstdiseases.9.P8Hereceivedahero’swelcomefromhishomelandandwasputinchargeofnotonlydevelopingChina’srocketsciencebutalsoitsspaceandmissileprogramme.beputinchargeof(被動(dòng))=putsb.inchargeof(主動(dòng))任命某人負(fù)責(zé)/掌管常見搭配：inchargeof負(fù)責(zé)/掌管inthechargeof由…負(fù)責(zé)/掌管takechargeof(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)負(fù)責(zé)/掌管freeofcharge免費(fèi)charge(sb.)sth.(forsth.)收費(fèi)；要價(jià)chargesb.with…/accusesb.of…指控..做某事1).他負(fù)責(zé)那家公司。他因?yàn)槭杖☆櫩皖~外費(fèi)用而被指控。___________________________________________________________________________________________以下句子用charge短語填空：2).Thegeneralengineerlefthissecretary______________theprojectduringhisabsence.3).He________________murderbuthewasfoundinnocentlater.4).Wealsohaveaswimmingpool,whichisopenalldayand________________.答案：9.1).Thecompanywasinthechargeofhim.Hewaschargedwithchargingthecustomersextrafees.2).inchargeof3)waschargedwith4).Freeofcharge10.P8Sincehecamedownwithadiseasewhichcausedhimtolosetheuseofmostofhismuscles,hisworldbecameoneofabstractthought.comedownwit