英國文學名詞解釋復習資料

(完整word版)英國文學名詞解釋復習資料(完整word版)英國文學名詞解釋復習資料PAGEPAGE1(完整word版)英國文學名詞解釋復習資料《英國文學》名詞解釋ActiveRomanticism：Activeromanticismstrivestostrengthenman'swilltoliveandraisehimupagainstthelifearoundhim，againstanyyokeitwouldimpose,sothegeneralfeatureoftheworksoftheactiveromanticistsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety，whichfindsexpressioninarevoltagainstoppressionandexploitation,sothattheirwritingsarefilledwithstrong-willedheroes，formidableevents,tragicsituations，powerfulconflictingpassions，andexoticpictures.ActiveromanticistswereyoungerpoetslikeByron，ShelleyandKeats.AlliterationInpoetry:therepetitionofsoundsincloselyassociatedwords。Thetermisusuallyappliedtotherepetitionofconsonants,particularlywhentheyarethefirstletterofthewords，butcanapplytoanystressedconsonants.Thetermissometimesusedtorefertorepeatedvowelsounds,thoughthetermmoreoftenusedinthiscaseis‘a(chǎn)ssonance’.e.g。OwildWestWindElizabethanDrama:ElizabethandramareferstotheplaysproducedwhileQueenElizabethreignedinEngland，from1558until1603。ThemostpopulartypesofElizabethanplayswerehistoriesofEngland’srulers，butrevengedramasandbawdycomediesalsodrewsignificantcrowds。AlthoughShakespearewasthemostprolificandcertainlythemostfamousoftheElizabethandramatists,otherpopularplaywrightsoftheperiodincludedChristopherMarloweandBenJohnson.EnglishRenaissance：TheEnglishRenaissancewasaculturalandartisticmovementinEnglanddatingfromthelate15thandearly16thcenturiestotheearly17thcentury.ThebeginningoftheEnglishRenaissanceisoftentakenas1485，andtheElizabethanperiodinthesecondhalfofthe16thcenturyisusuallyregardedastheheightoftheEnglishRenaissance,whichlasteduntilthemid17thcentury.EnlightenmentMovement：AprogressiveintellectualmovementstartinginFranceandspreadingEnglandinthe18thcentury.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwithmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality，prejudices，andothersurvivalsoffeudalismandcelebratedreason,rationality,equalityandscience.Epic：Anepicisanextendednarrativepoeminelevatedordignifiedlanguage,celebratingthefeatsofalegendaryortraditionalhero.First-PersonPointofView：apointofviewinwhichan”I"or”we"servesasthenarratorofapieceoffiction。Thenarratormaybeaminorcharacter,observingtheaction，orthemainprotagonistofthestory。Inaddition，afirst—personnarratormaybereliableorunreliable.GothicNovel/Romance:GothicnovelisatypeofromanticfictionthatpredominatedonephaseoftheRomanticmovement.Itsprincipalelementsareviolence,horror，andthesupernatural.Theyaresonamedbecause“Gothic”architecturesuchascastlesormonasteriesequippedwithsubterraneanpassages,darkbattlements,hiddenpanels，andtrapdoorsdatingfromthemiddleagesisinvariablythesettingfortheelementsofhorrorinthem.ThefirstgenuineGothicromancein18thcenturyEnglishliteratureisHoraceWalpole’sTheCastleofOtranto,whichisbelievedtohavebegunthetraditionofgothicromanceinEnglishliterature。HeroicCouplet：HeroiccoupletisaverseformusedinEpicpoetry,withlinesof10syllablesandfivestresses(Iambicpentameter），inrhymingpairsasAABBCC…。。ItwasperfectedbyAlexanderPope。Imagism/ImagistTheImagistswereagroupofpoetswhowereinfluencedbyEzraPound.Imagism,theImagistmovement,whichoriginatedinLondonandwasprominentinEnglandandAmericafromaround1912to1917,wascrucialtothedevelopmentofModernistpoetry.Thesepoetsaimedtofreepoetryfromtheconventionsofthetimebyadvocatingafreechoiceofrhythmandsubjectmatter,thedictionofspeech,andthepresentationofmeaningthroughtheevocationofclear，precise,visualimages。AmongthepoetsassociatedwithEzraPoundinthismovementwereHildaDoolittle,AmyLowell,andWilliamCarlosWilliams。PoundlaterassociatedhimselfwithVorticism旋渦主義,andAmyLowelltookovertheleadershipoftheImagistmovement.ManyEnglishandAmericanpoetswereinfluencedbyImagism，suchasD.H。Lawrence,T.S。Eliot，ConradAiken,MarianneMoore,andWallaceStevens。Imagery：Theartofusingexpressiveimagesinart，literature,ormusictopresentideasorfeelings。Imagescreatedinaliteraryworkmaynotbeonlyofthevisualsense,butalsoofsensation（touch，taste，smell,sound，orientation)andemotion.

LimitedOmniscient：saidwhenthenarratortellsthestoryinthethirdperson，buttellsitfromtheviewpointofone（sometimesmore)character(s）inthestory。Thisunnamednarratorknowseverythingaboutthemaincharacter,butdoesnotrevealtheinnerthoughtsofothercharacters。MagicrealismFictionwhichdisplaysaminglingofthemundanewiththefantastic，givingthenarrativedualdimensionsofrealismandfantasy。Oneofitspurposesistodrawattentiontothefactthatallnarrativeisaninvention。ThetechniqueismainlyassociatedwithSouthAmericanwriters,suchasJorgeLuisBorgesandGabrielGarcíaMárquez,buthasalsobeenusedbywriterssuchastheBritishAngelaCarter,andtheAnglo—IndianSalmanRushdie。MiddleAges：theperiodinWesternEuropeanhistorythatfollowedthedisintegrationoftheWestRomanEmpireinthe4thand5thcent，andlastedintothe15thcent。,i.e.，intotheperiodoftheRenaissance.MiddleEnglish：theEnglishlanguagefromabout1100toabout1450，fromwhichtheScotsofLowlandScotlandandothermoderndialectsdeveloped。ModernEnglish：theEnglishlanguagesinceabout1450,esp.anyofthestandardformsdevelopedfromtheS。EastMidlanddialectofMiddleEnglish.Neoclassicism：FollowingthearchaeologicalrediscoveryofHerculaneumandPompeiiinthe18thcentury,therewasarenewedinterestinthecultureofancientRomeand，subsequently，ancientGreece。Thisperiod（1660—1798)isgenerallydesignatedasneoclassicism.Inliterature,neoclassiciststhoughtthatallformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwritersandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.Theyheldthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder，logic，restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Ode:Odeisatypeoflyricalversewhichiselaboratelystructuredpraisingorglorifyinganeventorindividual,describingnatureintellectuallyaswellasemotionally.Therearethreetypicalformsofodes：thePindaric，Horatian,andirregular.Pindaricodesfollowtheformandstyleof\o"Pindar"Pindar（ThomasGray’s“TheProgressofPoesy”and“TheBard.”).HoratianodesfollowconventionsofHorace(“OdeonaGrecianUrn”and“OdetoaNightingale”）。Irregularodesarerhyming,buttheydonotemploythethree-partformofthePindaricodenortheregularstanzasoftheHoratianode.OldEnglishliterature:Literatureextendingfromabout450to1066，theyearofNormanConquest。OldEnglish：theEnglishlanguagefromthetimeoftheearliestsettlementsinthefifthcenturyadtoabout1100。ThemaindialectswereWestSaxon（thechiefliteraryform),Kentish，andAnglian.AlsocalledAnglo-Saxon。PassiveRomanticism:RomanticismprevailedinEnglandduringtheperiod1798—1832。Someromanticwritersreflectedthethinkingofclassesruinedbythebourgeoisie,andbywayofprotestagainstcapitalistdevelopmentturnedtothefeudalpastastheirideal。Theseweretheelderandsometimescalledpassiveorescapistromanticists,representedbyWordsworth，ColeridgeandSouthey。Petrarchansonnet：ThePetrarchansonnet(alsoItaliansonnet）wasfirstdevelopedbytheItalianhumanistandwriter,FrancescoPetrarca。TheoriginalItaliansonnetformdividesthepoem’s14linesintotwoparts,anoctave（firsteightlines)andasestet(lastsixlines）.Therhymeschemefortheoctaveistypicallyabbaabba.Thesestetismoreflexible。Petrarchtypicallyusedcdecdeorcdcdcdforthesestet。Protagonist：Theleadingcharacter，hero，orheroineofadramaorotherliterarywork.Realism/socialrealism/SocialistrealismBroadly—writingaboutpeopleandsettingswhichcouldreallyexist,andeventswhichcouldreallyhappen.InparticularthetermRealismreferstoamovementofnineteenth—centuryEuropeanartandliteraturewhichrejectedClassicalmodelsandRomanticidealsinfavourofarealisticportrayalofactuallifeinrealisticsettings，oftenfocusingontheharsheraspectsoflifeunderindustrialismandcapitalism.ForerunnersinliteratureweretheFrenchnovelistHonorédeBalzac(1799-1850)，andtheEnglishnovelistGeorgeEliot（1819—1880）.InthetwentiethcenturythewritingoftheAngryYoungMencanbeseenasareassertionofthevaluesofrealism?！甋ocialrealism’,atermborrowedfromartcriticism，isoftenusedsynonymouslywith‘realism’.‘Socialistrealism’referstoliteratureorcriticismpresentedfromtheMarxistviewpoint。RomanticismRomanticismwasamovementprevalentinEuropeanart,music，andliteratureinthelate18thandearly19thcenturies。Thestylewasrevolutionaryinthatitemphasizedsubjectiveexperience，andfavouredinnovationoveradherencetotraditionalorClassicalforms,andtheexpressionoffeelingoverreason.InEnglishliterature，WilliamWordsworth（1770—1850)andSamuelTaylorColeridge（1772—1834)werefirst-generationorpassiveRomanticpoets，andByron(1788—1824），Shelley（1792—1822),andKeats（1795—1821）weresecond—generationoractiveRomantics。Renaissance：Renaissancewasaculturalmovementthatspannedroughlythe14thtothe17thcentury,beginninginItalyintheLateMiddleAgesandlaterspreadingtotherestofEurope.Asaculturalmovement,itencompassedafloweringofliterature，science，art,religion，andpolitics,andaresurgenceoflearningbasedonclassicalsources，thedevelopmentoflinearperspectiveinpainting，andgradualbutwidespreadeducationalreform。Rhyme：“Rhyme(rime)”isarepetitionofsimilarsoundsintwoormorewordsandismostoftenusedinpoetryandsongs。Normallythelaststressedvowelinthelineandallsoundsfollowingitmakeuptherhymingelement：thismaybeamonosyllable，ortwosyllables,oreventhreesyllables，whichareregardedas“perfectrhyme.”Departuresfromthisnormincludegeneralrhyme，eyerhyme,andmirrorrhyme。Romance：Apopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod,usingalong,narrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,inwhichromanticloveisanimportantpartoftheplot。StreamofconsciousnessSometimescalled‘continuousmonologue’.Literarytechniquedevelopedinthe1920s,aspartofModernismwhichattemptstoreproducethemoment-to—momentflowofsubjectivethoughtsandperceptionsinanindividual’smind。ThetechniquewasusedbyDorothyRichardson,JamesJoyce,andVirginiaWoolf。ThetermwasoriginallycoinedbytheAmericanphilosopherandpsychologistWilliamJamesinPrinciplesofPsychology（1890)。SymbolismTheSymbolistmovementoriginatedinFrancewiththevolumeofpoetryLesFleursduMal(1857）byCharlesBaudelaire（1821-1867),andwastakenupbysuchpoetsasStéphaneMallarmé,PaulVerlaine，ArthurRimbaud,andJulesLaforgue。TheyaimedtobreakawayfromtheformalconventionsofFrenchpoetry，andattemptedtoexpressthetransitoryperceptionsandsensationsofinnerlife，ratherthanrationalideas。Theybelievedintheimaginationasthearbiterofreality,wereinterestedintheideaofacorrespondencebetweenthesenses,andaimedtoexpressmeaningthroughthesoundpatternsofwordsandsuggestive,evocativeimages，ratherthanbyusinglanguageasamediumforstatementandargument.TheSymbolistswereamajorinfluenceonBritish，Irish,andAmericanwriterssuchasW.B。Yeats,EzraPound,T.S.Eliot,DylanThomas，eecummings,WallaceStevens，andWilliamFaulkner。Viewpoint/PointofviewTheviewpointwhichthereadershareswhilereadinganarrative。Fictionwritersusethreemainviewpoints:1.Theomniscient（all-knowing）narrator’sviewpoint。Thenarratorofthestorytheoreticallyknowseverythingaboutallthecharacters.Referringtotheminthethird—person，theauthorcantellusaboutthecharactersinanobjectivewayandswitchbetweenthematwill，showinguswhateachisdoingthinkingandfeelingatanytime.2。Thefirst—personviewpoint,inwhichthenarratorspeaksas'I'andconveysthestorythroughhis/herownsubjectiveexperience.3。Theviewpointofthemaincharacter，orcharacters,inthestory,butconveyedinthethird-person.Herethenarrativeisostensiblybeingpresentedbyanarrator，inthatweread'shedidthis',or’hedidthat’，butthenarrator'sviewp