2024年高考英語核心考點精講精練（新高考專用）考點8 閱讀理解推理判斷之文章結(jié)構(gòu)

考點8閱讀理解

推理判斷之文章結(jié)構(gòu)(核心考點精講精練)

考情探究

1.命題規(guī)律及備考策略

【命題規(guī)律】近3年新高考卷對于閱讀理解中沒有對推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)進行考查，這不意味著未來不會考查。高考備考

要充分準備未來可能考的題，不是盲目追風(fēng)必考考過的試題。主要考查：

根據(jù)閱讀文章整體推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)。推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的方法：1.從整體出發(fā)，辨別文章結(jié)構(gòu)圖；2.根據(jù)文章的某一段落，

選擇文章作者是怎么展開或組織段落的。

【備考策略】系統(tǒng)歸類推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的方法；熟練掌握閱讀技能。

【命題預(yù)測】

學(xué)業(yè)水平考試的是高中生的畢業(yè)考試，高考是國家選拔創(chuàng)新人才的考試。學(xué)考和高考分開考的FI的很明確。高

考就是選拔性考試，通過高考英語試題，考杳學(xué)生的推理判斷能力和邏輯思維能力及品質(zhì)是重要導(dǎo)向。

通過閱讀理解中，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查考生的整體觀，從全局看問題的能力，在新高考命題中很可能會出現(xiàn)。推

斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的命題依據(jù)是：新課程標準中要求學(xué)生掌握：主要語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特征。因此，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)的推理判斷題，

有可能在2024年高考中將成為高考閱讀理解的題型，應(yīng)該倍加注意。

考點梳理

【2024年高考命題預(yù)測】

推理判斷之推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)考點是新課標中明確要考的考點。在當今高考的新改革時代，考查文章結(jié)構(gòu)題最能考

查學(xué)生對語篇的整體把控，要求學(xué)生必須從大處著眼。預(yù)測在2024高考中，推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)題有可能在高考閱讀理

解中呈現(xiàn)。

【推理判斷之文章結(jié)構(gòu)考點指南】

規(guī)律方法：

文章結(jié)構(gòu)主要的設(shè)題方式常有：

(1)Howisthepassageorganized?

(2)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructure/organizationofthepassage?

規(guī)律方法：如何解決文章結(jié)構(gòu)題？

考查組織結(jié)構(gòu)的文章通常行文組織結(jié)構(gòu)都比較清晰、規(guī)范，因此，具備文體、寫作方式和文章組織結(jié)構(gòu)方面相關(guān)

知識對于有效解答此類題目具有至關(guān)重要的作用。

1、記敘文可以采取以時間為序、以地點為序、以故事情節(jié)發(fā)展為序(開端、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局)等敘事方式進行

寫作。以故事情節(jié)為序又可以不按照時間的先后順序敘述，比如，先寫結(jié)局，再寫其他，最后寫高潮，這種敘事手

法叫做倒敘八

2、議論文總體上可以分為四類：

1

第一類，”提出論點——分論點———分論點二——分論點三……——結(jié)論”；

第二類，”引入段——導(dǎo)出論點——分點論述——結(jié)論”；

第三類，”提出問題一分析問題一解決問題”；

第四類，”提出反面觀點——批駁反面觀點一提出正面觀點

3、說明文往往采取下定義、舉例子、列數(shù)字、對比或比較等說明方式進行寫作，而這些說明方式都是為了使文章

要說明的內(nèi)容或問題更加清晰明了、真實可信，或者更具說服力。

☆典例引領(lǐng)

（2023屆江西省贛州市高三下學(xué)期二模）

Sleepisreparative.Becauseweneedtorepairalotwhilewesleep,il'simportanttogetqualitysleep.

Mostofusfunctionbetterinthedaytimewithroutines.Wealsofunctionbetteratnightwitharoutinebecausewewant

tokeeppacewithournaturalbodyrhythms.Eachperson'sroutinemaybedifferent—somepeoplewashtheirfaceatnight,

andsometakeabath—justmakesureitisaroutine.That'strueduringrheweekandontheweekend;ccnsistencymatters.

Haveawindingdown,gettingreadyforsleeproutine,andcarrythatoutatthesametimeeverynight.Findthingsthatare

relaxingandhelpslowyoudownforsleep.Thatmaybereading,listeningtomusic,meditating,praying—anythingthat's

relaxingwhilealsobeingconstructiveorheallhy.

Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,theytakedeeperbreaths,

increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.Thisisoneofthekeyreasonswhywesleepbetterinacooler

environment.Ifyourskintemperatureincreasesandyourroomisalreadyabitwarm,youwillbetoohottosleepwell.

Theexacttemperatureisapersonalmatter.Thekeyisthatil'smoretowardcoolthanhot.Manyconsider68degreesan

environmentthat'sneithersocoldwcshivernorsohotwcsweat.But:here'snoscientificevidencefbranexact,perfect

sleepingtemperature.

Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairandrejuvenatesowecanfight

infection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,showupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,andbasicallyfunctionas

humans.Wccan'tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink.So,it'sreallyhightimewcshoulddo

allwecantofosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.

1.WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

A.Aroutinecanbehelpfulingettingqualitysleep.

B.It'sbesttoavoidscreensbeforeyougotobed.

C.Higherqualityofsleepleadstobettermentalhealth.

D.Listeningtomusicmakesitdifficulttostayasleep.

2.Whatwillhappenwhenpeoplerelaxduringsleepatnight?

A.They'lltakemoreregularbreaths.B.They'llfeelcoolerthanintheday.

C.Theirskintemperaturewillrise.D.Theywillnotgetenoughoxygen.

3.Whatmainpointdoestheauthorwanttomakeinthelastparagraph?

A.Goodsleepcanbemadeatanytime.B.Sleepisimportantformanyreasons.

C.Trytodevelopgoodsleephabitsnow.D.Lostsleepmakesnodifference【opeople.

4.What'sthestructureofthetext?

2

【答案】1.A2.C3.C4.A

【文章大意】本文是一篇議論文，高質(zhì)量的睡眠至關(guān)重要，作者在文章中主要論述了養(yǎng)成良好的睡前讓自己放松的

習(xí)慣并聲格執(zhí)行、保持涼爽的溫度有益于提高睡眠質(zhì)量。

1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段"Mostofusfunctionbetterinthedaytimewithroutines.Wealsofunctionbetteratnightwith

aroutinebecausewcwanttokeeppacewithournaturalbodyrhythms.Eachperson'sroutinemaybedifferent-somepeople

washtheirfacea（night,andsometakeabath-justmakesureitisaroutins.That'strueduringtheweekandontheweekend;

consistencymatters.（我們大多數(shù)人在白天按照習(xí)慣就會表現(xiàn)更好。我們在晚上按照習(xí)慣也會更好，因為我們想要跟

上我們自然的身體節(jié)奏。每個人的習(xí)慣可能是不同的——有些人晚上洗臉，有些人洗澡——只要確保這是一種習(xí)慣。

工作日和周末都是如此；一致性很重要。）“可知，養(yǎng)成習(xí)慣有助于獲得高質(zhì)量的睡眠。故選A。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,they

takedeeperbreaths,increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.（通常情況下，人們在睡覺時會放松，往

往會放慢一切。當他們放松時，他們會深呼吸，增加氧氣流量，從而提高皮膚溫度。）''可知，當人們在晚上睡覺時

放松，他們的皮膚溫度會升高。故選C。

3.主旨大意題c根據(jù)最后一段"Attheendoftheday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairand

rejuvenatesowecanfightinfection,concentrate,regulateourmoods,shewupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,and

basicallyfunctionashumans.Wccan'tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthinkSo,it'sreally

hightimeweshoulddoallwecantofosierthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.

（歸根結(jié)底，出于多種原因，睡眠絕對至關(guān)重要。它幫助我們修復(fù)和恢復(fù)活力，這樣我們就可以對抗感染，集中注意

力，調(diào)節(jié)我們的情緒，為自己和我們生活中的人出現(xiàn)，并且基本.上像人類?樣發(fā)揮作用。我們無法彌補失去的睡眠，

這與許多夜貓子的想法相反。所以，現(xiàn)在真的是時候了，我們應(yīng)該盡我們所能來促進最好的睡眠，從涼爽的房間和

放松的就寢時間開始。）“可知，作者闡述良好睡眠的諸多益處，并且指出失去的睡眠是無法彌補的，并由此得出結(jié)

論：從現(xiàn)在開始，盡我們所能來促進最好的睡眠，從涼爽的房間和放松的就寢時間開始；由此可知，作者在最后一

段要闡述的主要觀點是現(xiàn)在就努力養(yǎng)成良好的睡眠習(xí)慣。故選Co

4.推理判斷題。在文章第一段“Sleepisreparative.Becausewcneedtorepairalotwhilewcsleep,it'simportanttoget

qualilysleep.（睡眠是修復(fù)性的。因為我們需要在睡覺時修復(fù)很多東西，所以獲得高質(zhì)量的睡眠很重要。）”作者闡述

了高質(zhì)量睡眠的重要性；由第二段中“Haveawindingdown,gettingreadyfbrsleeproutine,andcarryrthatoutatthesame

timeeveiynight.Findthingsthatarerelaxingandhelpslowyoudownforsleep.Thatmaybereading,listeningtomusic,

meditatng,praying—anythingthat'srelaxingwhilealsobeingconstnictiveorhealthy.（有一個放松下來.準備唯覺的程

序，每天晚上在同一時間進行。找一些能讓你放松的事情，讓你慢慢入睡。可以是閱讀、聽音樂、冥想、祈禱——

3

任何既放松又有益健康的事情。戶可知第二段闡述了養(yǎng)成良好的睡前讓自己放松的?些習(xí)慣并嚴格執(zhí)行有助于提高

睡眠質(zhì)量；第三段“Typically,peoplerelaxandtendtosloweverythingdownatbedtime.Astheyrelax,theytakedeeper

breaths,increasingoxygenflow,whichraisestheirskintemperature.Thisisoneofthekeyreasonswhywesleepbetterina

coolerenvironment.Ifyourskintemperatureincreasesandyourroomisalreadyabitwarm,youwillbetoohoitosleep

well.(通常情況下，人們會在睡前放松，并傾向于放慢一切。當他們放松時，他們會深呼吸，增加氧氣流量，從而

提高皮膚溫度。這就是為什么我們在涼爽的環(huán)境中睡得更好的關(guān)鍵原因之一。如果你的皮膚溫度方高，而你的房間

已經(jīng)有點熱了，你就會熱得睡不好覺。戶以及第四段“Theexacttemperatureisapersonalmatter.Thekeyisthatit,smore

towardcoolthanhot.Manyconsider68degreesanenvironmentthat'sneithersocoldweshivernorsohotwesweat.But

there'snoscientificevidenceforanexact,perfectsleepingtemperature.(確切的溫度是個人問題。關(guān)鍵是它更傾向于冷而

不是熱。許多人認為68度的環(huán)境既不會冷到讓人發(fā)抖，也不會熱到讓人出汗。但是沒有科學(xué)證據(jù)證明一個精確的、

完美的睡眠溫度。廣闡述了睡覺放松時人們皮膚溫度會升高，涼爽的環(huán)境有助于提高睡眠質(zhì)量；在文章最后一段“At

theendof(heday,sleepisabsolutelycrucialforsomanyreasons.Ithelpsusrepairandrejuvenatesowecanfightinfection,

concentrate,regulateourmoods,showupforourselvesandthepeopleinourlives,andbasicallyfunctionashumans.Wc

can'tmakeuplostsleep,contrarytowhatmanyanightowlmightthink.So,it'sreallyhightimeweshoulddoallwecanto

fosterthebestsleeppossible,startingwithacoolroomandrelaxingbedtimeroutine.(歸根結(jié)底，出于多種原因，睡眠絕

對至關(guān)重要。它幫助我們修復(fù)和恢復(fù)活力，這樣我們就可以對抗感染，集中注意力，調(diào)節(jié)我們的情緒，為自己和我

們生活中的人出現(xiàn)，并且基本上像人類一樣發(fā)揮作用。我們無法彌補失去的睡眠，這與許多夜貓子的想法相反。所

以，現(xiàn)在真的是時候了，我們應(yīng)該盡我們所能來促進最好的睡眠，從涼爽的房間和放松的就寢時間開始。)“作者闡

述良好睡眠的諸多益處，并且指出失去的睡眠是無法彌補的；并對自己的觀點進行總結(jié)：從現(xiàn)在開始養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)

慣，從涼爽的房間和放松的就寢習(xí)慣開始；由此可知，本文為總——分——總結(jié)構(gòu)，其中第二段闡述了養(yǎng)成良好的

睡前讓自己放松的一些習(xí)慣并嚴格執(zhí)行有助于提高睡眠質(zhì)量；第三、四段闡述了涼爽的溫度有助于提高睡眠質(zhì)量；

A選項符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A。

即時檢測

(2023屆山東省濰坊市安丘市高三3月過程檢測)

Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotect(hebrainagainstdementia,a

studysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,seafood,wholegrains

andoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.

Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin20()6,theresearchers

scoredparticipants'dietsfbrhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.

Usingone,thosewhoseeatinghabitswere(hebestmatchwere23percentlesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthose

whosedietsleastfitthepattern.Adietwithaperfectscorewouldinvolvemorethanfourtablespoonsofoliveoil,atleast

twoportionsofvegetablesandthreeoffruitperdayaswellasaglassofwine.Itwouldalsoincludeatleastthreeservings

oflegumes,90gramsofnuts,andthreeservingsoffishorshellfishaweek.Theidealdietwouldalsoinvolveverylittlered

orprocessedmeat,avoiding(oomanysv/eeteneddrinks,butter,margarineorcream.

Thesecondscaleusedsimilarcriteriaandaclosematchonthatwaslinkedtoa14percentlowerriskofdementia.The

findings,publishedinthejournalBMCMedicine,appearedtoshowa^protectiveeffectregardlessofsomeone'sgenetic

risk”.

DrSusanMitchell,ofAlzheimer'sResearchUK,said,“Thereisawealthofevidencethateatingahealthy,balanced

4

dietcanhelpreduce(heriskofcognitivedecline.Buttheevidenceforspecificdietsismuchlessclear-cul.”Shepointedout

thatthestudyonlydrewondatafrompeoplewithwhite,BritishorIrishancestry.Shesaid,“Whiletherearcnosurefire

waystopreventdementiayet,adietrichinfruitandvegetables,alongwithplentyofexerciseandnotsmoking,all

contributetogoodhearthealth,whichinturnhelpstoprotectourbrainfromdiseasesthatleadtodementia.”

5.Whatdidthestudyfindout?

A.Anewwaytocureadisease.B.Apopulardiettokeepbalance.

C.Amedicaldatabasetodoresearch.D.Apossiblestrategytoreducetheriskofdementia.

6.Howdidtheresearcherscarryoutthestudy?

A.Bymakingcomparison.B.Bypresentingtheprocess.

C.Byconsultingotherstudies.D.Byanalyzingcauseandeffect.

7.WhatdoesSusanMitchellthinkof(hestudy?

A.It'sevident.B.It'slimited.C.It'spractical.D.It'spromising.

8.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?

I?IIPl

【答案】5.D6.A7.B8.C

【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)富含水果和蔬菜的飲食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保護大

腦免受癡呆癥的侵害。介紹了研究開展的過程以及SusanMitchell博士對此研究的看法。

5.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一*段"Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrain

againstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,

seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedtoa23percentlowerriskofdementia.（一項研究表明，富含水果和蔬

菜的飲食，每天喝一杯酒，可.以保護大腦免受癡呆癥的侵害。堅持地中海飲食習(xí)慣，包括大量的堅果、海鮮、全谷

物和橄欖油，可以將患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險降低23%）”可知，這項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)降低癡呆癥風(fēng)險的可能策略。故選D。

6.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin

2006,theresearchersscoredparticipants'dietsfbrhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.（根

據(jù)2006年建立的英國生物銀行收集的6萬人的數(shù)據(jù)，研究人員從兩個方面對參與者的飲食與理想地中海飲食的匹

配程度進行了評分）“可知，研究人員通過比較進行這項研究。故選A。

7.細牙理解題。根據(jù)最后?段“Shepointedoutthatthestudyonlydrewondatafrompeoplewithwhite,BritishorIrish

ancestry.（她指出，這項研究只利用了白人、英國或愛爾蘭血統(tǒng)的人的數(shù)據(jù)）“可知，SusanMitchell認為這項研究有限

制性。故選B。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Adietrichinfruitandvegetablesandincorporatingadailyglassofwinecanprotectthebrain

againstdementia,astudysuggests.StickingcloselytoMediterraneaneatinghabits,whichalsoincludeplentyofnuts,

seafood,wholegrainsandoliveoil,hasbeenlinkedioa23percentlowerriskofdeinenlia.（一項研究表明，富含水果和蔬

菜的飲食，每天喝一杯酒，可以保護大腦免受癡呆癥的侵害。堅持地中海飲食習(xí)慣，包括大量的堅果、海鮮、全谷

5

物和橄欖油，可以將患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險降低23%）”可知第?段引出文章關(guān)于新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)降低癡呆癥風(fēng)險的可能策略；

第二段“Basedondatagatheredon60,000peopleviatheUKBiobank,amedicaldatabasesetupin2006,theresearchers

scoredparticipants'dietsforhowcloselytheymatchedtheidealMediterraneandietontwoscales.（根據(jù)2006年建立的英

國生物銀行收集的6萬人的數(shù)據(jù)?，研究人員從兩個方面對參與者的飲食與理想地中海飲食的匹配程度進行「評分）”

總述研究開展的方式：第三段“Usingone,thosewhoseeatinghabitswerethebestmatchwere23percentlesslikelyto

developdementiathanthosewhosedietsleastfitthepattern.（使用一種方法,飲食習(xí)慣最匹配的人患癡呆癥的可能性比

飲食習(xí)慣最不匹配的人低23%）”以及第四段“Thesecondscaleusedsimilarcriteriaandaclosematchonthatwaslinked

toa14percentlowerriskofdementia.（第二個量表使用了類似的標準，與之接近的人患癡呆癥的風(fēng)險降低了14%）”為

第二段的分論點，具體闡述研究過程；最后一段是SusanMitchell對此研究的看法?？赏浦?，C選項最符合文章結(jié)

構(gòu)。故選C。

好題沖關(guān)

基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)

（最新模擬試題演練）

1.12023?廣東省華附、省實、廣雅、深中四校聯(lián)考】

Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemistoseparatepeoplefromtheircars.Even

whenyouhaveastrongpublictransportsysteminmovingpeoplebetweenpopulationhubs,thelastmile-thatsection

betweentherailwaystationandsomeone'shome,fbrexample-canleadtocaruseifil'sconsideredtoofarortoo

dangercustowalk.

Theideaofalow-trafficneighbourhood（LTN）-wherecarsarebannedfromquieter4ratruns'（偏僻小路）tokeep

themonthemajorroutes-hastakenoffinpartsoftheUK.LTNsattempttofilteroutcarsfromresidentialstreetsusing

bollards,camera-controlledgatesorevenplantersfullofflowersplacedacrosstheroad,whilepedestrians,cyclistsand

emergencyvehiclescanstillpass.

AnalysisfortheactivetransportcharitySustransfoundthatt4drivingamileonaminorurbanroadistwiceaslikelyto

killorseriouslyinjureachildpedestrian,andthreetimesmorelikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildcyclist,comparedto

drivingamileonanurbanA-road,^^andthatheavycartrafficinresidentialareascanleadtoariseinsocialisolation.LTNs

reducethisdanger,leadingtoathree-foldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincreasethenumberofvisitorsto

localbusinesses.

Alsopopulararce-scootcrhiretrials,whicharetakingplaceintownsandcitiesincludingMiddlesbrough.Bristoland

Chelmsford.Thetrialsseegagglesofelectricscootersavailabletobepickedupfromstreetcorners.Thescootersarehired

usinganappandthen,oncethey'refinishedwith,parkedelsewhereinsidethetrialarea,wherethey'recollectedand

rechargedbythehiringcompany.ADepartmentofTransportreportone-scooterusefoundtheywere“widelyperceivedto

haveenvironmentalandconveniencebenefits,butsufferedfromcomparisonstochildren'stoys.

Butthat'snotall.Theworld'sfirsthubfordemonstratingelectricairtaxisanddronesopenedinCoventryearlierthis

year.Thetaxisanddronesbasedatthehuballtakeoffandlandverticallylikehelicoptersandarcbeingusedtotravelshort

journeysordelivercargo.

Weaningusoffourcaraddictionisoneofthemoredifficultbarriersstandingbetweenusandhealthiercities.Thefirst

6

stepthatneedstobetakenwillbetotacklethedominanceofthecar.

I.WhatcanwclearnfromParagraph1?

A.Peopleareconsideredreliantoncarstotravel.

B.Publictransportsystemstillneedsimprovement.

C.Pollutionfromcarshasanimpactonpeople'slifequality.

D.Residentialareasareusuallyfarawayfromtherailwaystation.

2.WhatdoweknowabouttheideaofanLTN?

A.It'sawaytoencouragesocialir.teractionandlocalbusiness.

R.It'sAseriesnftneasurestnreservethestreetstowalkingresident.

C.Il'sasystemthatemployshighlechnologytokeepcarsonthemainroads.

D.It'sapracticeprovedeffectiveinkeepingchildrensafefiomtrafficaccidents.

3.What'sthestructureofthetext?

P=Paragraph

4.What'sthepurposeofthetext?

A.Tocallonreaderstoconstructahealthiercity.

B.Topromotethelatestdevelopmentsincaralternatives.

C.Tointroducepossiblewaystogetridofdependenceoncars.

D.Toinformcitizensoftechnologicaladvancestotacklesocialproblems.

【答案】1.A2.D3.B4.C

【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。文章指出人們過于依賴汽車，這不利于健康城市的建設(shè)，因此需要解除對汽車的依

賴，并提出三個措施。

1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句"Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimproveliteinthemisto

separatepeoplefromiheircars.（為了改善城市的生活，城市必須做出的最重要的改變之一就是將人們與汽車分開。）“

可知，改善城市生活最重要的改變就是將人們與汽車分開，可見人們出行對汽車很依賴。故選A項。

7

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段“AnalysisfbrtheactivetransportcharitySustransfoundthat''drivingamileonaminorurban

roadistwiceaslikelytokillorseriouslyinjureachildpedestrian,andthreetimesmorelikelytokillorseriouslyinjurea

childcyclist,comparedtodrivingamileonanurbanA-road,^^andthatheavycartrafficinresidentialareascanleadtoarise

insocialisolation.LTNsreducethisdangerleadingtoathree-foldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincrease

thenumberofvisitorstolocalbusinesses.（積極交通慈善機構(gòu)Sustrans進行的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，“與在城市一級道路上行駛一

英里相比，在城市次要道路上行駛一英里，導(dǎo)致兒童行人死亡或嚴重受傷的可能性是前者的兩倍，而導(dǎo)致兒童薪自

行車者死亡或嚴重傷害的可能性是前者的三倍”，居民區(qū)的汽車交通擁擠可能會導(dǎo)致社會孤立的加劇。LTN減少了

這一危險，導(dǎo)致受傷人數(shù)減少了三倍，并已表明增加了當?shù)仄髽I(yè)的游客數(shù)量。戶可知，LTN使得在次要道路上因交

通工具導(dǎo)致的兒童重傷和死亡人數(shù)減少，因此它被證實是使孩子遠離交通事故的有效措施。故選D項。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第一句"Oneofthemostimportantchangescitiesmustmaketoimprovelifeinthemisto

separatepeoplefromtheircars.（為了改善城市的生活，城市必須做出的最重要的改變之一就是將人們與汽車分開。）”

可知，改善城市生活最重要的改變就是將人們與汽車分開，可見人們出行對汽車很依賴，本文旨在解決這個問題；

根據(jù)第二段第一句"Theideaofalow-trafficneighbourhood（LTN）-wherecarsarebannedfromquieterlratnins'（偏僻小

路）tokeepthemonthemajorroutes-hastakenoffinpartsoftheUK.（低交通量社區(qū)（LTN）的想法已經(jīng)在英國部分地

區(qū)流行起來。在這里，汽車被禁止在較安靜的“老鼠跑道''上行駛，以保證它們在主干道上行駛。）”,第四段第一句“Also

populararee-scooterhiretrials,whicharetakingplaceintownsandcitiesincludingMiddlesbrough.Bristoland

Chelmsford.（試行電子滑板車租賃也很受歡迎，目前正在米德爾斯餐、布里斯托爾和切爾姆斯福德等城鎮(zhèn)進行。）“

和第五段第'二句"Buithat'snotall.Theworld'sfirsthubfbrdemonstratingelectricairtaxisanddronesopenedin

Coventryearlierthisyear.（但這還不是全部。今年早些時候，世界上第一個演示電動空中出租車和無人機的中心在考

文垂開始營業(yè)。）”可知，二，四，五段分別提出一種措施；根據(jù)第三段最后一句"LTNsreducethisdanger,leadingtoa

three-foldreductionininjuries,andhavebeenshowntoincrease（henumberofvisitors（olocalbusinesses.（LTN減少了這

一危險，導(dǎo)致受傷人數(shù)減少了三倍，并已表明增加了當?shù)仄髽I(yè)的游客數(shù)最。）”可知，第三段延續(xù)第二段，繼續(xù)討論

LTN0因此文章結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是總分總，第一段總起介紹，第二二段討論措施一，第四段討論措施二，第五段討論措施

三,第六段總結(jié)。故選B項。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)本文最后?段“Weaningusof?ourcaraddictionisoneofthemoredifficultbarriersstandingbetween

usandhealthiercities.Thefirststepthatneedstobetakenwillbetotackethedominanceofthecar.（讓我們擺脫對汽車

的依賴是我們與更健康的城市之間更困難的障礙之一。需要采取的第一步是解決汽車的主導(dǎo)地位。）“可知，文章最

后作者再次強調(diào)要搜脫對汽車的依賴，而前文幾段也提出了三種措施，故可推測本文作者旨在介紹解除汽車依賴的

措施。故選C項。

2.12023?江西省贛州市期末】

You'veprobablyalreadyheardaboutAl-poweredcamerasthatcanrecognizepeoplejustbyanalyzingtheirfacial

features,butwhatiftherewasawayforartificialintelligencetofigureoutwhatyoulooklikejustbythesoundofyour

voiceandwithoutcomparingyourvoicetoadatabase?That'sexactlywhatateamofscientistsatMIThasbeenworkingon,

andtheresultsoftheirworkarcimpressive.Whiletheirneuralnetwork,namedSpccch2Facc,can'tyetfigureouttheexact

facialfeaturesofahumanjustbytheirvoice,itcerlainlygetsplentyofdetailsright.

Spicch2Faccistrainedinthetrainingdata,whichisacollectionofeducationalvideosfromYouTube."Ourmodelis

designedtorevealstatisticalconnectionsthatexistbetweenfacialfeaturesandvoicesofspeakersinthetrainingdata,^^the

creatorsofSpccch2Faccsaid.However,thedatadocsnotrepresentequallytheentireworldpopulation.Therefore,the

8

model--asisthecasewithanymachinelearningmodel-isaffectedbythisunevendistributionof'dala.

Youcantellalotaboutapersonfromthewaytheyspeakalone.Forexample,youcanmostlikelytellifsomeoneis

maleorfemale,oriftheyareyoungorold,butSpeech2Facegoesbeyondthat.Ilcandeterminefairlyaccuratelytheshape

ofsomeone,snose,cheekbonesorjawfromtheirvoicealone,becausethewaythenoseandotherbonesinourfacesarc

structureddeterminesthewaywesound.

TheracialcharacteristicisalsooneofthethingsSpccch2Facccanfigureoutwithaccuracyfromlisteningto

someone'svoiceforjustafewmilliseconds,aspeoplewhocomefromthesamegroupstendtohavesimilarqualitiesor

features.TheAltakesavarietyoffactorsintoaccount,anditsometimesproducesimpressiveresults,butit'sstillaworkin

progress.

I.HowdoesSpeech2Facerecognizeahuman'sfacialfeatures?

A.Bytheshapeoftheirnose.B.Bythesoundoftheirvoice.

C.Bytheexpressionontheirface.D.Bytheresultsofdatacomparison.

2.WhatcanwelearnaboutSpccch2Faceaccordingtothepassage?

A.Itcantellaperson'spersonalitybyhisvoice.

B.Itcandeterminewhereapersonconiesfrom.

C.Itcantellthesizeofapersonbyhisvoice.

D.hcanreconstructanimageofaperson'sface.

3.Whatisthecorrectstructureofthetext?

4.WhatwillthetextprobablymentionaboutSpeech2Facefallowingthelastparagraph?

A.Ilsmarketfuture.B.Itsfeatures.

C.Itslimitations.D.Itsapplications.

【答案】1.B2.D3.B4.C

【文章大意】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹Speech2Face——一個可以通過聲音猜出某人長什么樣的人工智能。

1.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"Whiletheirneuralnetwork,namedSpccch2Facc,can'tyetfigureouttheexactfacialfeatures

ofahumanjustbytheirvoice,itcertainlygetsplentyofdetailsright（雖然他們的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，名為Speech2Face,還不能

僅僅通過聲音來判斷出人類的確切面部特征，但它肯定在很多細節(jié)上是正確的。廠可知，Speech2Face通過他們的聲

音識別人類的面部特征。故選B。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段Ttcandeterminefairlyaccuratelytheshapeofsomeone'snose,cheekbonesorjawfromtheir

voicealone,becausethewaythenoseandotherbonesinourfacesarestructureddetermines（hewaywesound.（僅從一個

人的聲音，它就能相當準確地確定一個人鼻子、顫骨或下巴的形狀，因為鼻子和面部其他骨骼的結(jié)構(gòu)方式?jīng)Q定了我

9

們的發(fā)音方式。戶可推斷，Speech2Face可以重建一個人的面部圖像，故選D。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文可知，文章第一段引入文章主題；第二、三、四三段分別介紹Speech2Face的工作原理、

優(yōu)點和局限性。所以文章的結(jié)構(gòu)為總分關(guān)系。故選B。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“TheAItakesavarietyoffactorsintoaccount,anditsometimesproducesimpressiveresults,

butit'sstillaworkinprogress.(人匚智能考慮了各種因素，有時它會產(chǎn)生令人印象深刻的結(jié)果，但它仍然是一項正在

進行的工作。)“可推斷，Spccch2Face具有局限性。故選C。

3.【2023屆湖北省荊門市龍泉中學(xué)高考考前模擬】

Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybefore:changesfor(hebeiler,changesfortheworse;

changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but.

inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.

Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthe

structureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuous

development.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartof

life.

Thecontinuationofsuchactivititesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:

inpurescience-awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning,inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingof

materialbenetits,andbetterprotectionottheenvironment.

Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamageto

mankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhas

createdarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseof

nuclearweapons.Althoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyin(heSecondWorldWar,therutnberofnuclear

weaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresult

couldhavebeentheruinof(hehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.

WilliamShakespearesaid,“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyam(紗線)，goodandilltogetherTheabovebrief

reviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.Butdoesit

havetobeso?Musttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegood?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar?

17.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?

(?="Paragraphl",?="Paragraph"2.?="Paragraph"3,?="Paragraph"4,⑤="Paragraph"5)

18.Fromthefourthparagraph,wecaninferthat.

A.agreatmanynuclearweaponswereactuallyusedforwar

B.alargenumberofnuclearweaponsshouldhavebeenusedforwar

C.theauthorisdoubtfulabouttheruinofhumanbeingsbynuclearweapons

D.theauthorisanxiousaboutthehugenumberofunclearweaponsontheearth

19.Theunderlinedword“mingled”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans

A.simpleB.mixedC.sadD.happy