閱讀理解必考題專項(xiàng)梳理課件高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

題型專項(xiàng)之閱讀理解（一）閱讀6大必考點(diǎn)必考點(diǎn)1.理解文中具體信息必考點(diǎn)2.推斷隱含意義必考點(diǎn)3.把握主旨要義必考點(diǎn)4.突破詞匯障礙必考點(diǎn)5.理解觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度必考點(diǎn)6.判斷寫作意圖考點(diǎn)概覽考點(diǎn)詳解必考點(diǎn)1.理解文中信息考向1直接理解細(xì)節(jié)信息考察直接信息理解的題目。在原文中可直接找到答案，不需要考生對信息進(jìn)行分析概括或者推理判斷，考察考生識別事實(shí)性信息的能力正確選項(xiàng)和原文在語言表述上沒有太大的差別。典例[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·節(jié)選]Photographyworkshops（June19&July10）EnhanceyourphotographyskillsjoinYellowstone'sparkphotographerforahands-onprogramtoinspirenewandcreativewaysofenjoyingthebeautyandwonderofYellowstone.6/19—Waterfalls&WideAngles:meetatArtistPoint.7/10—Wildflowers&WhiteBalance:meetatWashburnTrailheadinChittendenparkingarea.23.WherewilltheparticipantsmeetfortheJuly10photographyworkshop?A.ArtistPoint.B.WashburnTrailhead.C.CanyonVillageStore.D.VisitorEducationCenter.典例[2023·新課標(biāo)1卷·節(jié)選]Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether."...34.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.提分干貨題干定位快解直接信息題第一步閱讀題干，找到關(guān)鍵詞，明確答題方向；第二步運(yùn)用查讀技巧（先讀題，帶著問題快速閱讀）找到相關(guān)信息詞或信息句；第三步比較選項(xiàng)和原文信息，鎖定正確答案?？键c(diǎn)詳解必考點(diǎn)1.理解文中信息考向2歸納概括細(xì)節(jié)信息歸納概括細(xì)節(jié)題對考生的語言知識、語言技能和思維品質(zhì)提出了更高的要求，要求考生在原文中找到相關(guān)信息，這些具體信息可能會被命題人加以修飾或掩蓋，需要考生綜合理解。常見的考查方式有：綜合細(xì)節(jié)題、數(shù)字計(jì)算題綜合細(xì)節(jié)題為了增加試題的難度，命題人有時會利用同義詞、近義詞或者是反義詞替換的方式來增加題干或者選項(xiàng)的干擾性，這就要求考生能夠仔細(xì)觀察、分析，利用語言知識辨別出正確答案：命題人有時候會采用較為概括的方式來進(jìn)行命題，即一道試題中涉及一段或者幾段的某些內(nèi)容，各個細(xì)節(jié)信息都能在文章中找到，但考生需要概括和歸納信息后才能得出答案典例[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·節(jié)選]Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker.B.Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant.D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.同義異構(gòu)典例「2023·全國乙卷·節(jié)選]Beingattherightplaceattherighttimeisdecisiveinanystyleofphotography.IoftenleaveearlytoseektherightdestinationssoIcansetupearlytoavoidmissingthemomentIamattemptingtophotograph.Ihavemissedplentyofbeautifulsunsets/sunrisesduetobeingonthespotonlyfiveminutesbeforethebestmoment.25.Whatisthekeytosuccessfullandscapephotographyaccordingtotheauthor?A.Propertimemanagement.B.Goodshootingtechniques.C.Adventurousspirit.D.Distinctivestyles.同義表達(dá)歸納概括數(shù)字計(jì)算題此類試題主要考查對具體細(xì)節(jié)信息的定位和識別，涉及簡單的計(jì)算。PricesHandBrake,ThreeGearsFootBrake,NoGears1hour€7.50€5.003hours€11.00€7.501day(24hours)€14.75€9.75Eachadditionalday€8.00€6.0022.Howmuchdoyoupayforrentingabikewithhandbrakeandthreegearsfortwodays?A.€15.75.B.€19.50.C.€22.75.D.€29.50.考點(diǎn)詳解必考點(diǎn)2.推斷隱含意義考察直接信息理解的題目。在原文中可直接找到答案，不需要考生對信息進(jìn)行分析概括或者推理判斷，考察考生識別事實(shí)性信息的能力正確選項(xiàng)和原文在語言表述上沒有太大的差別。以what設(shè)問，且題干中常包含infer,indicate,imply,suggest,conclude,assume,learn,know等動詞或conclusion,assumption，indication,suggestion等名詞。常見的設(shè)問形式有：·Whatcanweinfer/learnabout...fromthelast/first/...paragraph?·Whatdoestheauthorindicate/wanttosay/wanttoshowby...?題干設(shè)置干擾項(xiàng)特征：(1)文章中直接用于表達(dá)細(xì)節(jié)的信息，而不是推斷的結(jié)論；(2)文章中無關(guān)緊要或推出的片面結(jié)論(3)與文章內(nèi)容完全相反的結(jié)論或是不合常理、顛倒邏輯的結(jié)論。正確項(xiàng)特征：(1)是根據(jù)原文推斷出的內(nèi)容，不是原文直接呈現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容，多為表層含義的延伸；(2)一般不含有表示絕對概念的字眼，而通常含有usually，may，some，probably,belikelyto,about,can,possibly,probably等詞語。典例[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷，節(jié)選]Continueddevelopmentsincommunicationtechnologieswereoncebelievedtomaketheprintedpageoutdated.Froma21st-centurypointofview,theprintedbookiscertainlyancient,butitremainsasinteractiveasanybattery-powered-reader.Toserveitsfunction,abookmustbeactivatedbyauser:thecoveropened,thepagesparted,thecontentsreviewed,perhapsnoteswrittendownorwordsunderlined.Andincontrasttoourincreasinglynetworkedliveswheretheinformationweconsumeismonitoredandtracked,aprintedbookstilloffersthechanceofawhollyprivate,"off-line"activity.31.Whatdoestheauthorwanttosaybymentioningthee-reader?A.Theprintedbookisnottotallyoutofdate.B.Technologyhaschangedthewayweread.C.Ourlivesinthe21stcenturyarenetworked.D.Peoplenowrarelyhavethepatiencetoread.典例[2023·新課標(biāo)甲卷·節(jié)選]Obviously,ifprecautions(預(yù)防)aren'ttaken,grizzliescanbecometroublesome,sometimeskillingfarmanimalsorwalkingthroughyardsinsearchoffood.Ifpeopleremovefoodandattractantsfromtheiryardsandcampsites,grizzlieswilltypicallypassbywithouttrouble.Puttingelectricfencingaroundchickenhousesandotherfarmanimalquartersisalsohighlyeffectiveatgettinggrizzliesaway."Ourhopeistohaveaclean,attractant-freeplacewherebearscanpassthroughwithoutlearningbadhabits,"saysJamesJonkel,longtimebiologistwhomanagesbearsinandaroundMissoula.35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Foodshouldbeprovidedforgrizzlies.B.Peoplecanliveinharmonywithgrizzlies.C.Aspecialpathshouldbebuiltforgrizzlies.D.Technologycanbeintroducedtoprotectgrizzlies.提分干貨三步推斷隱含意義Step1依據(jù)題干精準(zhǔn)定位將題干中about/from/bymentioning等后面的內(nèi)容作為定位詞，精確定位原文信息句/段。Step2依據(jù)原文合理推斷根據(jù)原文信息句/段進(jìn)行合理適度的推斷，忌主觀臆斷、片面思考、答非所問或過度推斷。Step3對比選項(xiàng)鎖定答案認(rèn)真比對，選擇與合理、適度推斷相一致的表述。考點(diǎn)詳解必考點(diǎn)3.把握主旨要義主旨要義即作者在文章或段落中想要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是文章或段落的核心思想，也是作者通過行文邏輯和各種細(xì)節(jié)信息闡明的核心內(nèi)容。把握主旨要義是英語閱讀理解的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵能力，對正確理解全文有重要意義?？忌诮忸}時應(yīng)通過略讀捕捉文中的關(guān)鍵詞句，把提篇章和段落結(jié)構(gòu)，梳理篇章和段落的行文脈絡(luò)，從而弄清作者的寫作思路，最終歸納出主旨要義。高考閱讀理解中，對該關(guān)鍵能力的考查主要有以下三種：歸納段落大意、理解全文主旨和選定最佳標(biāo)題?？枷?歸納段落大意段落大意題主要考查考生對段落核心信息的理解，要求考生在理解段落內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上提煉出核心信息，然后對比選項(xiàng)，選出最契合段落主要內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng)。歸納段落大意題常見設(shè)問形式：·Whatisthefirst/second/...paragraphmainlyabout?·WhatdoesParagraph...mainlytalkabout?·WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph...?典例[2023·新課標(biāo)乙卷·節(jié)選]Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld.formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate（有文字的）societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.提分干貨利用段落組織形式歸納段落大意段落的組織形式一般有以下四種，據(jù)此可以快速找出段落主題句，歸納段落大意：1.分總式：細(xì)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后———主題句常在段尾2.總分式：先提觀點(diǎn)，后舉例子———主題句常出現(xiàn)在段首3.敘述→提出觀點(diǎn)→支撐性細(xì)節(jié)———主題句常在段中4.沒有明顯的主題句———需要根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞和段落內(nèi)容概括出段落大意考向2理解全文主旨理解全文主旨類題目主要考查考生對一篇文章的整體理解，要求考生具備在速讀中準(zhǔn)確掌握全文主旨的能力。考生需要在理解全文內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，通過歸納概括、推理判斷等邏輯思維活動，概括出全文主旨。理解全文主旨題常見設(shè)問形式：·Whatisthetextmainlyabout?·What'sthemainideaofthetext?·Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthetext?典例The"diet"indietdrinksmaybeafalsepromiseforsomesodalovers.True,theydeliverthetasteofasodaexperience,withoutthecalories.Yet,newresearchshowstheycanalsoleavepeoplewithincreasedappetite.AstudypublishedrecentlyinJAMANetworkOpenaddstotheevidencethatdrinksmadewithsucralose,anartificialsweetener（甜味劑）,mayincreasetheappetiteamongsomepeople...Onetheoryisthatit'snottheartificialsweeteneritselfthathasadirecteffectonthebody.Theideaisthatartificialsweetenersmayconfusethebodybytrickingitintoinprocessingthinkingsugariscoming...,whichmayleadtothebody'slessefficiencysugarthat'sconsumedlater.Swithers'labhasalsodocumentedthatwhenanimalswithahistoryofconsumingartificialsweetenersgetrealsugar,theirbloodsugarlevelsrisehigherthanthoseofanimalsnotfedartificialsweeteners...Ifthisishappeninginsomepeoplewhoconsumedietsoda,itcouldaddtotheriskofType2diabetes（糖尿病），…研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：低糖飲料中甜味劑使人胃口大增介紹另一個研究為上一段研究增加佐證甜味劑會使人胃口大增分析飲用低糖飲料可能造成的后果35.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Thepotentialofartificially-sweeteneddrinks.B.Thewisdomofchoosinghealthysweetdrinks.C.Theunderlyinglinkbetweendietdrinksandhealth.D.Thedifferencesamongartificially-sweeteneddrinks.提分干貨巧借體裁定主旨如Thestudyshows/indicatesthat...;Researchershavefoundthat...等考向3選定最佳標(biāo)題標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精練表達(dá)。此類題目主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用判斷、歸納、概括等方法，對文章的主題進(jìn)行提煉或高度概括，最終準(zhǔn)確地選出文章的標(biāo)題。選擇標(biāo)題的四大準(zhǔn)則如下：精——語言要精練；準(zhǔn)——觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)要準(zhǔn)確；統(tǒng)——統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文；新——新穎，對讀者有吸引力。選定最佳標(biāo)題題常見設(shè)問形式：·Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?·Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?·Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?·Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleforthepassage?典例[2023·新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷]（1）Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.（2）Jaramillo'sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores."Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,"shesays."Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful.dirtisawful,insectsareawful."Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.（3）UrbanSprouts'classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Para.1AbbyJaramillo發(fā)起UrbanSprouts項(xiàng)目及項(xiàng)目的目的Para.2項(xiàng)目發(fā)起的背景和孩子們最初的態(tài)度Para.3孩子們參與項(xiàng)目的具體活動介紹(4)Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses."Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey'reeatingdifferently,"Jaramillosays.(5)Sheaddsthattheprogram'sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo'sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues."Theygetoutside,"shesays,"andtheyfeelsuccessful."27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardensB.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLoversD.ChangingLocalLandscape典例Para.4-5項(xiàng)目帶來的影響——孩子們愛上種菜并種植自己的菜園文章介紹了學(xué)校園藝項(xiàng)目的發(fā)起以及參與該項(xiàng)目的孩子們帶來積極的影響——愛上種菜并種植自己的菜園提分干貨選最佳標(biāo)題三大法1.綜合段落大意定標(biāo)題先歸納概括每段的段落大意，然后據(jù)此確定全文的主題思想，從而選出契合的文章標(biāo)題。2.逆向法定標(biāo)題根據(jù)四個選項(xiàng)，可以分別按照命題作文的思路將題目展開，思考提綱和主要內(nèi)容，然后分別與原文對照，最相似者為最佳選項(xiàng)。3.利用標(biāo)題特征定答案文章標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備概括性、針對性的特點(diǎn)，要避免以偏概全、擴(kuò)大范圍或偷換概念等的選項(xiàng)。考點(diǎn)詳解必考點(diǎn)4.突破詞匯障礙猜測畫線詞/短語/句子的意思是高考閱讀理解的必考題型，這類題目要求考生判斷文章中某個單詞、短語甚至句子的（隱藏）含義以及代詞的指代對象。該題型常見的設(shè)問形式有：·Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase/sentence"..."mean/referto?·Whatisclosestinmeaningto"..."inparagraph1?·Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"..."underlinedinparagraph2?·Whichexpressioncanbestreplacetheunderlinedword/phrase"..."?考生可以利用上下文語境、語法關(guān)系、邏輯關(guān)系、文化背景和生活常識以及構(gòu)詞法來猜測。Tits(山雀),then,doseemtobe"ontrend",whenitcomestonest-buildingmaterials.Whythatshouldhappenremainsobscure.Dr.WildandDr.Aplinsuspectthefashionleadersareolderbirds,andthatevolutionfavoursyoungeronescopyingtheirelderssincethoseeldershaveevidentlysurvivedwhatfortunehastothrowatatit.Williams'soriginalwork,though,suggestssuchinitialchoicesareatrandom—abitlikethoseoftheleadersofhumanfashions.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedword"obscure"inParagraph5mean?A.Hidden.B.Evident.C.Complicated.D.Shallow.典例根據(jù)上下文語境猜詞分析：畫線詞所在句中的"that"指代上句提到的山雀(Tits)在筑巢選材上很時尚一事。由下文中的"suspect""suggests"可知，下文主要介紹了兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)：兩位博士懷疑引領(lǐng)潮流的是較為年長的鳥類，幼小的鳥類傾向于模仿它們的長輩。因?yàn)檫@些長輩顯然是命運(yùn)捉弄下的幸存者。然而，Williams最初的研究表明，鳥類一開始的選擇是隨機(jī)的。由此可推斷出該現(xiàn)象的原因并不清楚，故A項(xiàng)意思最為接近。hidden隱藏的，隱秘的：evident顯而易見的；complicated復(fù)雜的；shallow淺的，膚淺的。典例根據(jù)語法關(guān)系猜詞Humanbeingshavealwayshadanabilitytoattendtoseveralthingsatonce.Noriselectronicmultitaskingentirelynew!We'vebeendrivingwhilelisteningtocarradiossincetheybecamepopularinthe1930s.ButthereisnodoubtthatmultitaskinghasreachedakindofwarpspeedintheeraofWeb-enabledcomputers,whenithasbecomeroutinetoconductseveralIM（即時通信)conversations,watchTVandusethecomputerallatonce.Q:Theexpression"warpspeed"inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningtoA.lowspeedB.highspeedC.steadyspeedD.toomuchtimealone分析：畫線部分所在句含有一個由when引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾前面的"theeraofWeb-enabledcomputers"，點(diǎn)明在網(wǎng)絡(luò)電腦時代同時進(jìn)行即時通信會話、看電視和使用電腦已成為日常，即同時進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)任務(wù)已成為生活日常；再結(jié)合前文說的從20世紀(jì)30年代以來，人們已經(jīng)開始同時進(jìn)行多項(xiàng)任務(wù)，因此可以推斷，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)電腦時代，人們同時處理多項(xiàng)任務(wù)的速度很快，故畫線部分意為"高速"。提分干貨利用語法關(guān)系巧猜詞義定語從句、代詞指代、下定義、同位語和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是文章中常見的一些語法結(jié)構(gòu)或行文方式，這些都可以幫助我們猜測詞義。1.定語從句：定語從句修飾限定了先行詞的內(nèi)容和范疇，考生可根據(jù)畫線詞后面的定語從句猜詞2.代詞的語法指代：一般代詞指代的都是前文出現(xiàn)過的內(nèi)容，考生可據(jù)此解答代詞指代題3.下定義：mean、refertoisthatis、namelybeconsidered等詞語往往表示下文會對前面的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行注解性說明4.同位語（從句）：同位語（從句）對其前的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋說明5.標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號：冒號、破折號和括號等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號也有解釋說明的作用典例根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系猜詞Plantsneedsunlightforphotosynthesis（光合作用）,theprocessofabsorbingenergyfromlighttocreatetheirownfoodfromcarbondioxideandwater.That'swhyplantsgrowandthriveinthewarmermonthswhenthereismoredaylightandaredormantinthecoldermonths.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"dormant"inParagraph1mostprobablymean?A.Fresh.B.Resting.C.Healthy.D.Normal.分析：畫線詞所在句描述的是在較溫暖的月份和較寒冷的月份植物的生長規(guī)律，句中warmermonths和coldermonths暗示前后為對比關(guān)系，對比在這兩種月份下植物的不同生長狀態(tài)。因此畫線詞與前半句中的"growandthrive"形成對比，故推出dormant的意思應(yīng)與"茁壯生長"相反，與resting"休眠的”在意義上最為接近。提分干貨邏輯關(guān)系猜詞四法猜測詞義可以借助的邏輯關(guān)系有以下幾種：1.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：常見的表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語有but,though/although,while,however等,當(dāng)需要猜測的詞語位于這些詞語附近時,可以根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系猜測詞語的意思2.對比關(guān)系：當(dāng)語境中出現(xiàn)意思相近或意思相反的事物時，可以根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞語的意思表示同義對比的詞語有also,as...as,similarly,and,or,justas,likewise,alike等；表示反義對比的詞語有incontrast(to),onthecontrary,unlike,while等3.例證關(guān)系：常見的表示舉例的詞語有forexample/instance，suchas等4.因果關(guān)系：英語中表示因果關(guān)系的詞語有because,since,for,as,thus,therefore,consequently,hence,dueto,owingto,thanksto,onaccountof,resultin/from,so,asaresultof,forthisreason,accordingly等，當(dāng)需要猜測的詞語位于這些詞語附近時，可以根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞語的意思；此外，有的文章上下文語義存在因果關(guān)系，但并無邏輯關(guān)系詞，需分析上下文語義來猜詞典例根據(jù)文化背景和生活常識猜詞Themodernhandshakeasaformofgreetingishardertotrace.AsaDutchsociologistHermanRoodenburg—thechiefauthorityforthehistoryofhandshaking—wroteinachapterofananthologycalledACulturalHistoryofGesture,"Morethaninanyotherfield,thatofthestudyofgestureisoneinwhichthehistorianhastomakethemostofonlyafewclues".Whichofthefollowingissimilarinmeaningto"anthology"inPara.4?A.thescienceofmentalabilityB.acollectionofselectedliterarypassagesC.adailywrittenrecordofexperiencesD.allthelivingthingsofaparticularregion分析：由畫線詞后的書名ACulturalHistoryofGesture可知，這是一本對手勢文化史研究的著作，基于常識判斷此書應(yīng)偏向歷史性文學(xué)選集，而與心理科學(xué)、生活經(jīng)歷、地域物種無關(guān)；結(jié)合選項(xiàng)可排除A、C、D項(xiàng)。典例根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜詞Withcutting-edgetechnologyincreasinglyposingpotentialriskstohumansurvival,whileseekingtoequiphumansocietywithscienceandtechnology,weshouldbecarefultotheirreversiblerisksthatwouldresultfromtoomuchseientificandtechnologicalauthorization.ItistimethatasuspensionbuttonispressedforgiantAIsystems.That'stheonlywayforhumanitytopreventhigh-techsystemsfrombecominguncontrollableWhatdoestheunderlinedword"irreversible"inParagraph5probablymean?A.resistibleB.irreparableC.changeableD.irregular分析：畫線詞所在句表示人類在利用科技的同時，也要當(dāng)心科技所帶來的"irreversible”風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我們可以利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞，irreversible由"ir-否定前綴+reversev.使反向，倒轉(zhuǎn)+-ible可…·的“構(gòu)成，可推測其意思為"不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的"。將其代入原文驗(yàn)證，即科技帶來不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以是時候?yàn)槿斯ぶ悄芟到y(tǒng)按下暫停按鈕。這是人類防止高科技系統(tǒng)失控的唯一途徑，符合語境。irreparable由"ir-否定前綴+repairv.修復(fù)+-able可·…的"構(gòu)成，意為"不能修復(fù)的”，與畫線詞意思接近。提分干貨詞綴含義例詞im-/in-/ir-/il-非，無，不，沒有immature不成熟的incomplete不完整的irrational不合邏輯的illegal不合法的un-unhappy不開心的dis-dishonest不誠實(shí)的-lesscareless不細(xì)心的，粗心大意的anti-反,抗antibody抗體counter-反,與對立counter-argument反駁，抗辯counteract抵抗，抵消mis-錯誤地misbehave行為不端1.派生型（1）否定詞綴（2）動詞詞綴詞綴含義例詞en-/-en使，使成為enlarge(使)擴(kuò)大worsen(使)惡化-ize成為，使，使像memorize記住-fy使得，變成justify證明正當(dāng)simplify簡化-able/-ible：audible聽得見的，affordable買得起的，predictable可預(yù)料的-ive/-ative/-itive:informative提供有用信息的，attentive專心的（3）形容詞詞綴（4）其他高頻詞詞綴詞綴含義詞例pre-在前preface前言fore-先于，在的前部forehead前額post-后，以后postgraduate研究生re-重，又，再reusable可重復(fù)使用的over-太，過于overestimate過高估計(jì)extra-在之外；超出extraordinary非凡的co-共同co-anthor合著的multi-多個，許多multinational多國的2.合成型(1)合成名詞：flashback閃回，landslide山體滑坡，blueprint藍(lán)圖，milestone里程碑(2)合成動詞：uphold支持，upgrade升級，overturn打翻，推翻(3)合成形容詞：carefree無憂無慮的，time-consuming耗時的，mind-blowing令人印象深刻的，near-sighted近視的，quick-witted機(jī)智的，mouth-watering令人垂涎的(4)合成副詞：overseas在海外，downhill向山下考點(diǎn)詳解必考點(diǎn)5.理解觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度考生做此類題時首先要理解文章或段落的內(nèi)容和中心思想，然后，抓住體現(xiàn)人物觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵詞、句或事例，有時文中沒有直接表明相關(guān)人物的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句，需要考生結(jié)合文中描述該人物語氣、動作、表情的詞句及他人的評價等信息來推斷其觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度。此類試題題干中常見的關(guān)鍵詞有attitude,opinion,believe,consider,regard,feelabout,thinkof等。常見的設(shè)問形式有：·Whatistheauthor's/sb.'sattitudetowards...?·Whatdotheresearchers/authorthinkof...?·Howdoestheauthor/sb.find/feelabout...?典例Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether."Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.35.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.分析:本題考查作者對文中所提到的Navajas的研究的看法。根據(jù)"AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous"可知，作者認(rèn)為雖然Navaias領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究有局限性，也存在許多問題，但對小組討論和決策的潛在影響巨大。由此推斷作者對于Navajas的研究持贊許的態(tài)度。典例WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritainhasareputationforless-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretopclasschefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.28.WhatdopeopleusuallythinkofBritishfood?A.Itissimpleandplain.B.Itisrichinnutrition.C.Itlacksauthentictastes.D.Itdeservesahighreputation.分析:本題考查人們對英國食物的普遍看法。根據(jù)第一段中的"WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables"可知，提及英國食物，大家往往只想到炸魚薯?xiàng)l或有肉和兩種蔬菜的周日晚餐;再結(jié)合"ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?"和"EventhoughBritainhasareputationforless-than.impressivecuisine"可知，人們通常會覺得英國食物是簡單的、不吸引人的提分干貨描述人物觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的形容詞小結(jié)作者或文中人物的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度大多分為肯定、否定、客觀等類別，積累相關(guān)的詞語有助于解答此類題目。1.肯定類：approving/favorable/supportive贊成的，positive積極的，optimistic樂觀的，appreciative欣賞的2.否定類：skeptical/doubtful懷疑的，critical批評的，negative消極的，impractical不觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度切實(shí)際的，intolerant無法忍受的，controversial有爭議的，discouraging使人沮喪