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2.心臟體檢上課用1

Physicalexaminationofheart2.心臟體檢上課用2Equipment(器材):Stethoscope(聽診器);

Position(體位):Supine(臥位)orseated(坐位)—apatient;standingtotherightsideofthepatient(anexaminer);

Environment(環(huán)境):Quiet(安靜);

Exposure(暴露):Striptowaist(腰部);

Lightening(光線):Good;leftside;

tangent(切線);

Knowledgeofanatomy(解剖知識):thorough(全面)

Considerateandgentle。

Physicalexaminationofheart(心臟檢查)—Preparation2.心臟體檢上課用3Midsternalline(胸骨中線)

orAnteriormidline(前正中線)

Midclavicularlines(鎖骨中線)

Anterior,middle,andposterioraxillarylines

(腋前、中、后線)

Sternalangle(胸骨角)--connectedwith2thcostalcartilage(與第二肋軟骨相連)

Intercostalspace(肋間隙)

Physicalexaminationofheart(心臟檢查)—landmarksoftopographicanatomy(解剖標(biāo)志)

2.心臟體檢上課用4Inspection(望診)Palpation(觸診)Percussion(叩診)Auscultation(聽診)心臟檢查

Physicalexaminationofheart(心臟檢查)2.心臟體檢上課用5

Tangentlightening(切線方向光線);

Sameheightasthorax(與胸廓同高)。

Inspection(望診)--gist(要點)2.心臟體檢上課用6Precordialprominence(心前區(qū)隆起):

Rightventricularhypertrophyatpuberty(兒童發(fā)育完成前右心室肥大)★Congenitalheartdisease(先天性心臟病)★Rheumaticheartdisease(風(fēng)濕性心臟病)★Massivepericardialeffusionintheadult(成人大量心包積液)。Inspection(望診)--Deformityofthoraxes(胸廓畸形)2.心臟體檢上課用7

Inspection(望診)--Apicalimpulse(心尖搏動)

Definition(定義):Heartcontracts(心臟收縮)impactscorrespondingsiteoffrontchest(心尖向前沖擊前胸壁相應(yīng)位置)apicalimpulse(心尖搏動)。2.心臟體檢上課用8

Inspection(望診)

Normalapicalimpulse(正常心尖搏動):

Location----The5thintercostalspace(第五肋間),0.5~1.0cmmedialtoleftmidclavicularline

(左鎖骨中線內(nèi)側(cè)0.5~1.0cm);

Diameter----2.0~2.5cm。

Inspection(望診)--Apicalimpulse(心尖搏動)2.心臟體檢上課用9

Physiologicalfactors(生理性因素):

Leftlateralposition(左側(cè)臥位)----extendtotheleft(向左移)for2.0~

3.0cm.

★Rightlateralposition(右側(cè)臥位)----extendtotheright(向右移)for1.0~

2.5cm.

Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動移位)2.心臟體檢上課用10

Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):

Heartitself(心臟本身)◆Enlargementofleftventricle(左心室增大)----extendtoleftanddownwards(左下移位);

Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動移位)2.心臟體檢上課用11Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):

Heartitself(心臟本身)◆Enlargementofrightventricle(右心室增大)----extendtoleftbutnotdownwards(向左不向下移位);◆Enlargementofbothventricles(左右室均增大)----extendtobothleftandright.

Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動移位)2.心臟體檢上課用12

Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):

Displacementofmediastinum(縱隔移位)◆Pleuraladhesion(胸膜粘連),

pulmonaryatelectasisofoneside(肺不張----displacementofapicalimpulsetowardthediseasedside(移向患側(cè));◆Pleuraleffusion(胸腔積液),

pneumothoraxofoneside(氣胸)----displacementofapicalimpulsetowardtheoppositeside(移向健側(cè)).

Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動移位)2.心臟體檢上課用13

Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):

Displacementofdiaphragm(橫隔移位)◆Massiveascites(大量腹水),hugetumorofabdominalcavity(腹腔巨大腫瘤)----displacementofapicalimpulsetoleft(移向左側(cè));◆Severeemphysema(肺氣腫)----displacementofapicalimpulseinwardanddownward(移向內(nèi)下)。

Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動移位)2.心臟體檢上課用14

Physiologicalfactors(生理性因素):

Thickchestwall(胸壁肥厚)----weakandnarrow(減弱、縮小);

Thinchestwall(胸壁?。?---strongandwide(增強、較大)。

Inspection(望診)--Changesofintensityandrangeinapicalimpulse(心尖搏動強度與范圍的改變)2.心臟體檢上課用15

Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):

Increaseinintensityofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動增強)----fever(發(fā)熱),anemia(貧血),hyperthyroidism(甲狀腺機能亢進);

Decreaseinintensityofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動減弱)----dilatedcardiomyopathy(擴張型心肌?。?,acutemyocardialinfarction(急性心肌梗死),pericardialeffusion(心包積液),emphysema(肺氣腫)。

Inspection(望診)--Changesofintensityandrangeinapicalimpulse(心尖搏動強度與范圍的改變)2.心臟體檢上課用16

Inspection(望診)--Inwardimpulse

(負性心尖搏動)

Definition(定義):invagination(內(nèi)陷)

ofapicalimpulsewhencontracting。

Significance(意義):adhesivepericarditis(粘連性心包積液)。2.心臟體檢上課用17

Inspection(望診)--precordialimpulse(心前區(qū)搏動)

Impulseat3th~4thleftintercostalspacejustlateraltosternum(胸骨左緣3~4肋間):rightventricularhypertrophy(右室肥大);

Impulseatxiphoidprocess(劍突下搏動):★

rightventricularhypertrophy;★beatingofabdominalaorta(腹主動脈搏動).

2.心臟體檢上課用18

Impulseatbaseofheart(心底部搏動):

2ndleftintercostalspacejust

lateraltosternum(胸骨左緣2肋間):

◆dilationofpulmonaryartery;◆pulmonaryhypertension.

★2ndrightintercostalspacejustlateraltosternum(胸骨右緣2肋間):dilationofascendingaorta(升主動脈擴張)。

Inspection(望診)--precordialimpulse(心前區(qū)搏動)2.心臟體檢上課用19

Inspection(望診)--contents(內(nèi)容)Deformityofthoraxes(胸廓畸形)Apicalimpulse(心尖搏動)Precordialimpulse(心前區(qū)搏動)2.心臟體檢上課用20

Palpation(觸診)Importanceofpalpation(觸診意義)

Toconfirmtheobservationsmade

duringinspection(進一步證實望診所見);

Todetectinvisiblepulsatile

movements(發(fā)現(xiàn)望診看不見的搏動);

Torevealthrillandpericardialfrictionrubs(發(fā)現(xiàn)震顫和心包摩擦感)。

2.心臟體檢上課用21

Palpation(觸診)--method(方法)

Rightpalmfirst(先用右手手掌)--detectingthrills(檢查震顫);

Fingertipsthen(后用指尖)--detectingpulsations(檢查搏動)。2.心臟體檢上課用22Definition(定義):Slowandforcefulbeatinapex(心尖區(qū)徐緩、有力的搏動),liftfingertip(可使手指尖端抬起)。Significance(意義):Signofleftventri-cularhypertrophy(左室肥大的體征)。Palpation(觸診)--heavingapeximpulse(抬舉樣心尖搏動)2.心臟體檢上課用23

Palpation(觸診)--thrills

(震顫)

Definition(定義):Tinyvibrationsfeltbypalm(手掌感覺到的一種細小震動感),somewhatsimilartothesensationsonthethroatofapurringcat,thereforealsocalledpurring(與在貓喉部摸到的呼吸震顫類似,故亦稱貓喘)。Mechanism:Thesameascardiacmurmurs(同雜音)。2.心臟體檢上課用24

Significance(意義):★

Signsoforganicheartdiseases(器質(zhì)性心臟病的體征);

always★Thrill--------cardiacmurmur,

notalways

Cardiacmurmur-----------thrill;★

Usually--congenitalheartdisease(先天性心臟?。?、valvularstenosis(瓣膜狹窄),seldom–valvularregurgi-tation(關(guān)閉不全)。

Palpation(觸診)--thrills

(震顫)2.心臟體檢上課用25

Palpation(觸診)--thrills

(震顫)

Clinicalimportanceofthrillsatapex

(心前區(qū)震顫的臨床意義)

Location(部位)Phase(時相)Disease2ndrightintercostalsystole(收縮期)aorticspacejustlateraltostenosissternum(胸骨右緣2肋間)(主動脈瓣狹窄)

2ndleftintercostalsystole(收縮期)pulmonaryspacejustlateraltostenosis

sternum(胸骨左緣2肋間)(肺動脈瓣狹窄)3th-4thleftintercostalsystole(收縮期)ventricularspacejustlateraltoseptaldefectsternum(胸骨左緣3-4肋間)(室間隔缺損)2ndleftintercostalcontinuous(連續(xù)性)patentductusspacejustlateraltoarteriosussternum(胸骨左緣2肋間)(動脈導(dǎo)管未閉)Apex(心尖區(qū))diastole(舒張期)mitralstenosis

(二尖瓣狹窄)2.心臟體檢上課用26

Palpation(觸診)--pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)Definition(定義)

Acutepericarditis(急性心包炎)Fibrineffusesfrompericardium(心包膜纖維素滲出)

Roughnessofperi-cardium(心包粗糙)Visceralandparietalpericardialsurfacesrubagainsteachotherwhenheartbeats(心臟搏動時臟層與壁層心包摩擦)Pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)。2.心臟體檢上課用27

Palpation(觸診)--pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)

Features

★toandfrogratingsensation;

★bothinsystoleanddiastole;

★bestsensedatapexor3th~4th

left

intercostalspacejustlateraltosternum;

★clearerifpatientsleanagainstforward;

★disappear:pericardialeffusion.2.心臟體檢上課用28

Palpation(觸診)--contents(內(nèi)容)Apicalimpulseandheavingapeximpulse(心尖搏動和抬舉樣心尖搏動)

Thrills(震顫)

Pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)2.心臟體檢上課用29

Percussion(叩診)

Aim(目的):

Todetectsizeofheartanditscontour(確定心界大小及形態(tài))。2.心臟體檢上課用30Percussion(叩診)Relativeandabsolutedullnessoftheheart2.心臟體檢上課用31

Percussion----methodofpercussion

(叩診方法)

Usemediatepercussion(間接叩診);

Inrecumbentposition(仰臥體位);

Placepleximeterparallelwith

intercostalspacewhenpatientisinrecumbentposition(當(dāng)病人仰臥位,板指與肋間隙平行);

2.心臟體檢上課用32

Percussion----methodofpercussion

(叩診方法)Comparepercussionnoteofeachintercostalspacefromlateralaspectinwards,fromlowerpartupwards

(從外向內(nèi),從下向上逐一肋間隙比較叩診音);

2.心臟體檢上課用33

Heartandgreatvesselsgiveabsolutedullnessonpercussion(心臟和大血管叩診為絕對濁音),andthepartsofheartoverlaidbylunggiverelativedullnessonpercussion(心臟被肺遮蓋部分叩診為相對濁音)whichre-presentsrealsizeandshapeofheart(代表心臟的真實大小和形態(tài))。

Percussion----methodofpercussion

(叩診方法)2.心臟體檢上課用34

Percussion----methodofpercussion

(叩診方法)Percussionoftherightmarginoftheheart(心右界的叩診):

★Beginsfromtheintercostalspaceoneinterspacehigherthantheborderofliverdullness(叩診從肝濁音界上一肋間開始);

★Carryoutupwardsintercostalspacebyintercostalspace,tothesecondintercostalspace(由下往上,逐一肋間叩診,直到第二肋間).2.心臟體檢上課用35Leftmarginfirstandthenrightmargin(先叩左界后叩右界)。

Fromlateralaspectinwards,fromlowerpartupwards(從外向內(nèi),從下向上)。

Percussion----sequenceofpercussion

(叩診順序)2.心臟體檢上課用36Percussion(叩診)

Normalareaofrelativedullness

(正常心臟相對濁音界)

Right(cm)IntercostalspaceLeft(cm)2~

3Ⅱ2~

32~

3Ⅲ3.5~

4.53~

4Ⅳ5~

6Ⅴ7~

9Distancefromleftmidclavicularlinetomidsternallineis8~10cm(左鎖骨中線距胸骨中線8~10cm)。Percussion(叩診)--normalareaof

relativedullness(正常心臟相對濁音界)

8~10cm2.心臟體檢上課用37Percussion(叩診)--compositionof

variouspartsofheartborder(心濁音界組成)Rightborder:superiorvenacave,ascendingaorta,rightatrium.Leftborder:aorticknob,pulmonaryarterialtrunk,leftauricle,leftventricle.Inferiorborder:rightventricle,lesserpartofleftventricle.2.心臟體檢上課用38Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)

Factors

ofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★

Enlargementofleftventricle(左室增大)

◆Cardiacdullnessextendstoleftanddownwards(心濁音界移向左下)andisintheshapeofaboot(呈靴形)。

◆Commonlyseeninaorticregurgitationandhypertensiveheartdisease(常見于主動脈瓣關(guān)閉不全和高血壓性心臟?。゛ndiscalled“aortic”type(主動脈型)。2.心臟體檢上課用39Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Cardiacdullnessextendstoleftanddownwards(心濁音界移向左下)andisintheshapeofaboot(呈靴形)-----“aortic”type(主動脈型)。2.心臟體檢上課用40Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Enlargementofrightventricle(右室增大)--pulmonaryheartdisease(肺源性心臟病)

◆Slightenlargement--noobviouschangeinareaofrelativedullness(輕度增大時心臟相對濁音界無明顯改變);

◆Prominentenlargement–relativedullnessenlargedbothtoleftandrightbutnotdownwards(顯著增大時心臟相對濁音界向左右增大,但向左不向下增大)。2.心臟體檢上課用41Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Enlargementofbothventricles(左右室均增大)

◆Enlargementofheartbilaterally

(兩側(cè)增大);◆Commonlyseenindilatedcardiomyopathy(常見于擴張型心肌?。?。2.心臟體檢上課用42

Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Pericardialeffusion(心包積液):

◆Enlargementofheartbilaterally(兩側(cè)增大);

◆Heartborderchangesaccordingtobody’sposition(心濁音界隨體位改變而改變)--itbecomestriangularinerectposition(坐位時呈三角形)andtheoutlineofheartbordercanbeenlarged,especiallythewideningofbaseofheartinrecumbentposition(臥位時心濁音界增大尤其是心底部濁音界增寬)。Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)2.心臟體檢上課用43Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Enlargementofleftatriumandpulmonaryartery(左房增大及肺動脈段增寬)

◆Makesconcavepartofleftborderofheartprotrudingoutwardsandcardiacdullnessbecomespearshaped(心腰膨出,心濁音界呈梨形);◆Commonlyseeninmitralstenosisandiscalled“mitral”type(二尖瓣型)。

2.心臟體檢上課用44Percussion(叩診)--cchangesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)插P145圖2-5-27Enlargementofleftatriumandpulmonaryartery(左房增大及肺動脈段增寬)makesconcavepartofleftborderofheartprotrudingoutwardsandcardiacdullnessbecomespearshaped(心腰膨出,心濁音界呈梨形)--“mitral”type(二尖瓣型)。2.心臟體檢上課用45Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof

cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Extracardialfactors(心臟以外因素)★Emphysema—dullnessofheartisnarrowedorcannotbepercussed(肺氣腫時心濁音界縮小或不能叩出)。

2.心臟體檢上課用46Auscultation(聽診)--auscultatory

valveareas(心臟瓣膜聽診區(qū))Definition(定義):

Whenheartvalvesopenandclose,theymakesoundswhichcanbetransmittedtobodysurface.Thelocationswhereexaminerscan

hearthesoundsmostclearlyandeasilyarecalledauscultatoryvalveareas.(心臟各瓣膜開放與關(guān)閉時所產(chǎn)生的聲音傳導(dǎo)到體表最易聽清的部位稱心臟瓣膜聽診區(qū))。2.心臟體檢上課用47Auscultation(聽診)--auscultatory

valveareas(心臟瓣膜聽診區(qū))2.心臟體檢上課用48Auscultation(聽診)--auscultatory

valveareas(心臟瓣膜聽診區(qū))

Locationsofauscultatoryvalveareas(心臟瓣膜聽診區(qū)位置)

ValvesLocationsMitralvalveareasitewherethestrongest(二尖瓣區(qū))heartbeatsarepalpated.Orapexarea(心尖區(qū))(心尖搏動最強處)Pulmonaryvalvearealeft2ndintercostalspace(肺動脈瓣區(qū))justlateraltosternum(胸骨左緣第2肋間)Aorticarearight2ndintercostalspace(主動脈瓣區(qū))justlateraltosternum(胸骨右緣第2肋間)Secondaorticarealeft3ndintercostalspace(主動脈瓣第2聽診區(qū))justlateraltosternum(胸骨左緣第3肋間)Tricuspidvalveareajunctionofxiphoidprocess(三尖瓣區(qū))andsternum(劍突與胸骨交界處)2.心臟體檢上課用49Auscultation(聽診)--auscultatory

order(聽診順序)Startfromapexarea(從心尖區(qū)開始);Carryoutauscultationclockwiseand

sequentially(逆時針方向依次聽診):apexarea,pulmonaryvalvearea,aorticarea,2ndaorticarea,tricuspidvalvearea(心尖區(qū),肺動脈瓣區(qū),主動脈瓣區(qū),主動脈瓣第2聽診區(qū),三尖瓣區(qū))。2.心臟體檢上課用50Auscultation(聽診)--heartrate

(心率)

Definition(定義)

Numberofheartbeatingperminute

(每分鐘心搏次數(shù))。

Varieswithage,sex,physicalactivityandemotionalstatus.

2.心臟體檢上課用51

Normalrangeofheartrateforadults:Inrestandconsciousstate,60~

100beats/min(安靜、清醒狀態(tài)下60~

100次/

分)。

Abnormalheartrate(異常心率):★Fasterthan100beats/min--tachy-cardia(超過100次/分時為心動過速);★Slowerthan60beats/min--brady-cardia(慢于60次/分時為心動過緩)。Auscultation(聽診)--heartrate

(心率)2.心臟體檢上課用52Auscultation(聽診)--cardiacrhythm

(心律)Definition(定義):Rhythmofheartbeating(心臟跳動的節(jié)律)。Innormalcondition,cardiacrhythmissinusandbasicallyregular(正常情況下心律為竇性且節(jié)律基本整齊)。2.心臟體檢上課用53

Someyoungpeoplemayhaveirregularcardiacrhythmsduetorespiration,thatis,ininspirationheartratebecomesfaster,andinexpirationheartratebecomesslower.Itiscalledsinusarrhythmia.(部分青年人可出現(xiàn)隨呼吸改變的心律,吸氣時心率增快,呼氣時減慢,稱竇性心律不齊)。Auscultation(聽診)--cardiacrhythm

(心律)2.心臟體檢上課用54Auscultation(聽診)--abnormalcardiac

rhythm(異常心律)

Prematurebeats(過早搏動)

Inthebackgroundofregularheart-beatsaheartbeatappearsinadvanceabruptly,followedbyalongerinterval(在規(guī)則心律基礎(chǔ)上,突然提前出現(xiàn)一次心跳,其后有較長間隙)。2.心臟體檢上課用55

Prematurebeats(期前收縮或過早搏動)

Prematurebeatsappearregularly.Asinusbeatisfollowedbyaprematurebeat—bigeminy;every2sinusbeatsarefollowedbyaprematurebeat—trigeminy,andsoon.(過早搏動規(guī)則出現(xiàn)稱聯(lián)律,一次竇性搏動后出現(xiàn)一次過早搏動稱二聯(lián)律,每二次竇性搏動后出現(xiàn)一次過早搏動稱三聯(lián)律,以此類推).Auscultation(聽診)--abnormalcardiac

rhythm(異常心律)2.心臟體檢上課用56Auscultation(聽診)--abnormalcardiac

rhythm(異常心律)

Atrialfibrillation(心房顫動)–

“threeinconsistencies”

(“三不等”)

★Cardiacrhythmisabsolutelyirregu-lar(心律絕對不齊);

★Intensityoffirstheartsoundisnotthesame(第一心音強弱不等);★Pulserateislessthanheartrate—

pulsedeficit(脈搏次數(shù)小于心率—脈搏短絀)。2.心臟體檢上課用57Auscultation(聽診)--heartsounds

(心音)

Thereare4heartsoundsinacardiaccycle(在一個心動周期中有4個心音)。

Accordingtothesequence,theyarenamedas

S1,S2,S3andS4(根據(jù)先后秩序,依次命名為第一、二、三和四心音)。

S1andS2canbeheardwitheaseinnormalsubjects.InsomeyoungpeopleS3canbeheard.However,S4isalmostinaudibleandonlyheardinpathologicalstate.

2.心臟體檢上課用58

S1ismainlycausedbytheclosuresofmitralvalveandtricuspidvalve

(S1主要由二尖瓣和三尖瓣的關(guān)閉而產(chǎn)生)。

Mitralvalveclosureprecedestricuspidvalveclosure(二尖瓣關(guān)閉早于三尖瓣關(guān)閉),butonauscultationS1canonlybeheardasonesound(但聽診時僅為一個聲音)。Auscultation(聽診)--thefirstheart

sounds(第一心音)2.心臟體檢上課用59Auscultation(聽診)--thefirstheart

sounds(第一心音)

S1indicatesthebeginningoftheventricularcontraction(S1代表心室收縮的開始)。2.心臟體檢上課用60Auscultation(聽診)--thefirstheart

sound(第一心音)

CharacteristicofS1onauscultation:

★L(fēng)owerkey(音調(diào)低鈍);

★Strongerintensity(強度較響);

★Dulltone(性質(zhì)較鈍);★L(fēng)ongerperiod(歷時較長);★Sametimeasapicalimpulse(與心尖搏動同時出現(xiàn));★L(fēng)oudestatapex(在心尖部最響)。2.心臟體檢上課用61Auscultation(聽診)--secondheart

sound(第二心音)

S2indicatestheonsetofventricularrelaxation(S2

提示心室舒張開始)。

S2ismainlycomposedoftheclosuresofaorticvalveandpulmonaryvalve(S2主要由第二組成成分由主動脈瓣和肺動脈瓣關(guān)閉組成)。2.心臟體檢上課用62

Theaorticvalveclosureprecedespulmonaryvalves(主動脈瓣關(guān)閉較肺動脈瓣稍早).A2andP2refertoclosureofaorticandpulmonaryvalves,respectively(A2和P2分別代表S2的主動脈瓣關(guān)閉成分和肺動脈瓣關(guān)閉成分).Butonauscultation,S2canonlybeheardasonesound(但聽診時僅為一個聲音)。

Auscultation(聽診)--secondheart

sound(第二心音)2.心臟體檢上課用63Auscultation(聽診)--secondheart

sound(第二心音)

A2ismostclearlyaudibleoveraorticareaandP2overpulmonaryvalvearea(A2在主動脈瓣膜聽診區(qū)聽診最清楚,P2在肺動脈瓣膜聽診區(qū)聽診最清楚)。GenerallyspeakingP2>A2injuvenile,P2=A2inadultsandP2<A2inoldpeople.2.心臟體檢上課用64Auscultation(聽診)--secondheart

sound(第二心音)

CharacteristicofS2onauscultation:★Higherkey(音調(diào)較高);★WeakerthanS1inintensity(強度較S1

弱);★Cleartone(性質(zhì)較清脆);★Shorterperiod(歷時較短);★L(fēng)aterthanapicalimpulse(在心尖搏動之后);★L(fēng)oudestatheartbase(在心底部最響)。2.心臟體檢上課用65Auscultation(聽診)--thirdheart

sound(第三心音)

Atearlydiastoleofventricle(在心室舒張早期)。

Fastfillingflowfromleftatriumtoventricle

tensionandvibrationofventricularwall,chordaetendineaeandpapillarymusclesS3.2.心臟體檢上課用66Auscultation(聽診)--thirdheart

sound(第三心音)

CharacteristicofS3onauscultation:

★Softandlowkey(輕而音調(diào)低);★SoundsliketheechoofS2(似為S2的回音);

★Shorterperiod(歷時較短);★L(fēng)imitedatapexoritsinnerupperside

(局限在心尖部或期內(nèi)上方);★Clearlyheardinexpirationandatlateralposition(仰臥位或呼氣時較清楚);

2.心臟體檢上課用67Auscultation(聽診)--thirdheart

sound(第三心音)

CharacteristicofS3onauscultation:★Attheendofventriculardiastole(出現(xiàn)在心室舒張期);★Usuallyheardonlyinsomechildrenandyoungpeople(正常情況只有在部分兒童和青少年中才聽到)?!颱suallyheardinpathologicalconditions(通常在病理情況下聽到)。

2.心臟體檢上課用68Auscultation(聽診)--differentiation

ofheartsounds(心音的鑒別)

DifferentiationbetweenS1andS2(第一、二心音的鑒別)

S1(第一心音)S2(第二心音)Cardiaccycleonsetofventrionsetofventri(心動周期)cularsystoleculardiastoleKey(音調(diào))lower(低調(diào))higher(高調(diào))Duration(時限)longer(長)shorter(短)Bestheardareaapex(心尖區(qū))base(心底部)(聽診最好部位)Interval(間距)S1-S2

<S2-S1Synchronizationyes(是)no(不是)withapicalimpulse(與心尖搏動同步)2.心臟體檢上課用69Auscultation(聽診)--accentuatedS1

(第一心音增強)

Commoninmitralstenosis(常見于二尖瓣狹窄):

Mitralstenosis(二尖瓣狹窄)

lessfillingofleftventricle(左室充盈減少)

lowerpositionofmitralvalveleaflets(二尖瓣葉位置較低)

fasterpressureincreaseandshortercontractionforleftventricle(左室壓力上升速度加速和收縮時間縮短)largevibrationsinthemovementofmitralvalveleaflets(二尖瓣葉活動幅度大)louderS1(響亮S1)。心臟舒張時心臟收縮時2.心臟體檢上課用70Auscultation(聽診)--accentuatedS1

(第一心音增強)

Intensecontractilityofventriclesuchasexercise,fever,hyperthyroidism(心肌收縮力增強如運動,發(fā)熱和甲狀腺功能亢進)andtachycardia(心動過速)。2.心臟體檢上課用71Auscultation(聽診)--weakenedS1

(第一心音減弱)

Commoninmitralinsufficiency(常見于二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全);

Aorticinsufficiency(主動脈瓣關(guān)閉不全),

prolongedP-Rinterval(P-R間期延長);

Inmyocarditis(心肌炎)、myocardialinfarction(心肌梗死)、cardiomyopathy(心肌病)、heartfailure(心力衰竭);

2.心臟體檢上課用72Auscultation(聽診)--

unequalS1

(第一心音強度不等)

Commoninatrialfibrillation(常見于心房顫動);

Completelyatrialventricularblock(完全性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯)----cannonsound

(大炮音).2.心臟體檢上課用73Auscultation(聽診)--ChangesofS2inintensity(第二心音強度改變)

Changesofpressureofsystemiccirculationorpulmonarycirculationandofsemi-lunarvalvesarethemaincausesresultinginchangeofS2.(體循環(huán)或肺循環(huán)阻力的大小和半月瓣改變是影響

S2的主要原因)。

2.心臟體檢上課用74Auscultation(聽診)--accentuatedS2

(第二心音增強)

Increasedsystemicpressure

orbloodflow(體循環(huán)壓力或血流增加)

strongclosure

ofaorticvalves(主動脈瓣關(guān)閉有力)

largervibrationsinthemovementofaorticvalveleaflets(主動脈瓣活動幅度增大)

A2↑。2.心臟體檢上課用75Auscultation(聽診)--accentuatedS2

(第二心音增強)

A2↑iscommoninhypertensionandatherosclerosis(A2↑常見于高血壓和動脈粥樣硬化)。2.心臟體檢上課用76Auscultation(聽診)--accentuatedS2

(第二心音增強)

Increasedpulmonarypressureorblood

flow(肺循環(huán)壓力或血流增加)

strongclosureofpulmonaryvalves(肺動脈瓣關(guān)閉增強)largervibrationsinthemovementofpulmonaryvalveleaflets(肺動脈瓣活動幅度增大)P2↑。

2.心臟體檢上課用77

P2↑iscommoninpulmonaryheartdiseaseandcongenitalheartdiseaseswithshuntfromlefttorightsuchasatrialseptaldefect(ASD),ventricularseptaldefect(VSD)andpatentductusarteriosus(PDA)(常見于肺源性心臟病和左向右分流的先天性心臟?。?。Auscultation(聽診)--accentuatedS2

(第二心音增強)2.心臟體檢上課用78Auscultation(聽診)--weakenedS2

(第二心音減弱)

Decreasedsystemicpressureorblood

flow(體循環(huán)壓力或血流減小)

weakclosureofaorticvalves(主動脈瓣關(guān)閉減弱)

smallervibrationsinthemovementofaorticvalveleaflets(主動脈瓣活動幅度減?。?/p>

A2↓。

A2↓iscommoninhypotensionandaorticstenosis(常見于低血壓和主動脈瓣狹窄)。2.心臟體檢上課用79Auscultation(聽診)--weakenedS2

(第二心音減弱)

Decreasedpulmonarypressureorbloodflow(肺循環(huán)壓力或血流減?。?/p>

weakclosureofpulmonaryvalves(肺動脈瓣關(guān)閉無力)

smallervibrationsinthemovementofpulmonaryvalveleaflets(肺動脈瓣活動幅度減?。?/p>

P2↓。

P2↓iscommoninhypotensionandpulmonarystenosis(常見于低血壓和肺動脈瓣狹窄)。2.心臟體檢上課用80Auscultation(聽診)--Sp

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