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2.心臟體檢上課用1
Physicalexaminationofheart2.心臟體檢上課用2Equipment(器材):Stethoscope(聽(tīng)診器);
Position(體位):Supine(臥位)orseated(坐位)—apatient;standingtotherightsideofthepatient(anexaminer);
Environment(環(huán)境):Quiet(安靜);
Exposure(暴露):Striptowaist(腰部);
Lightening(光線):Good;leftside;
tangent(切線);
Knowledgeofanatomy(解剖知識(shí)):thorough(全面)
Considerateandgentle。
Physicalexaminationofheart(心臟檢查)—Preparation2.心臟體檢上課用3Midsternalline(胸骨中線)
orAnteriormidline(前正中線)
Midclavicularlines(鎖骨中線)
Anterior,middle,andposterioraxillarylines
(腋前、中、后線)
Sternalangle(胸骨角)--connectedwith2thcostalcartilage(與第二肋軟骨相連)
Intercostalspace(肋間隙)
Physicalexaminationofheart(心臟檢查)—landmarksoftopographicanatomy(解剖標(biāo)志)
2.心臟體檢上課用4Inspection(望診)Palpation(觸診)Percussion(叩診)Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)心臟檢查
Physicalexaminationofheart(心臟檢查)2.心臟體檢上課用5
Tangentlightening(切線方向光線);
Sameheightasthorax(與胸廓同高)。
Inspection(望診)--gist(要點(diǎn))2.心臟體檢上課用6Precordialprominence(心前區(qū)隆起):
Rightventricularhypertrophyatpuberty(兒童發(fā)育完成前右心室肥大)★Congenitalheartdisease(先天性心臟病)★Rheumaticheartdisease(風(fēng)濕性心臟病)★Massivepericardialeffusionintheadult(成人大量心包積液)。Inspection(望診)--Deformityofthoraxes(胸廓畸形)2.心臟體檢上課用7
Inspection(望診)--Apicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng))
Definition(定義):Heartcontracts(心臟收縮)impactscorrespondingsiteoffrontchest(心尖向前沖擊前胸壁相應(yīng)位置)apicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng))。2.心臟體檢上課用8
Inspection(望診)
Normalapicalimpulse(正常心尖搏動(dòng)):
★
Location----The5thintercostalspace(第五肋間),0.5~1.0cmmedialtoleftmidclavicularline
(左鎖骨中線內(nèi)側(cè)0.5~1.0cm);
★
Diameter----2.0~2.5cm。
Inspection(望診)--Apicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng))2.心臟體檢上課用9
Physiologicalfactors(生理性因素):
★
Leftlateralposition(左側(cè)臥位)----extendtotheleft(向左移)for2.0~
3.0cm.
★Rightlateralposition(右側(cè)臥位)----extendtotheright(向右移)for1.0~
2.5cm.
Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)移位)2.心臟體檢上課用10
Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):
★
Heartitself(心臟本身)◆Enlargementofleftventricle(左心室增大)----extendtoleftanddownwards(左下移位);
Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)移位)2.心臟體檢上課用11Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):
★
Heartitself(心臟本身)◆Enlargementofrightventricle(右心室增大)----extendtoleftbutnotdownwards(向左不向下移位);◆Enlargementofbothventricles(左右室均增大)----extendtobothleftandright.
Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)移位)2.心臟體檢上課用12
Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):
★
Displacementofmediastinum(縱隔移位)◆Pleuraladhesion(胸膜粘連),
pulmonaryatelectasisofoneside(肺不張----displacementofapicalimpulsetowardthediseasedside(移向患側(cè));◆Pleuraleffusion(胸腔積液),
pneumothoraxofoneside(氣胸)----displacementofapicalimpulsetowardtheoppositeside(移向健側(cè)).
Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)移位)2.心臟體檢上課用13
Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):
★
Displacementofdiaphragm(橫隔移位)◆Massiveascites(大量腹水),hugetumorofabdominalcavity(腹腔巨大腫瘤)----displacementofapicalimpulsetoleft(移向左側(cè));◆Severeemphysema(肺氣腫)----displacementofapicalimpulseinwardanddownward(移向內(nèi)下)。
Inspection(望診)--Displacementofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)移位)2.心臟體檢上課用14
Physiologicalfactors(生理性因素):
★
Thickchestwall(胸壁肥厚)----weakandnarrow(減弱、縮?。?;
★
Thinchestwall(胸壁?。?---strongandwide(增強(qiáng)、較大)。
Inspection(望診)--Changesofintensityandrangeinapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)強(qiáng)度與范圍的改變)2.心臟體檢上課用15
Pathologicalfactors(病理性因素):
★
Increaseinintensityofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)增強(qiáng))----fever(發(fā)熱),anemia(貧血),hyperthyroidism(甲狀腺機(jī)能亢進(jìn));
★
Decreaseinintensityofapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)減弱)----dilatedcardiomyopathy(擴(kuò)張型心肌?。?,acutemyocardialinfarction(急性心肌梗死),pericardialeffusion(心包積液),emphysema(肺氣腫)。
Inspection(望診)--Changesofintensityandrangeinapicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)強(qiáng)度與范圍的改變)2.心臟體檢上課用16
Inspection(望診)--Inwardimpulse
(負(fù)性心尖搏動(dòng))
Definition(定義):invagination(內(nèi)陷)
ofapicalimpulsewhencontracting。
Significance(意義):adhesivepericarditis(粘連性心包積液)。2.心臟體檢上課用17
Inspection(望診)--precordialimpulse(心前區(qū)搏動(dòng))
Impulseat3th~4thleftintercostalspacejustlateraltosternum(胸骨左緣3~4肋間):rightventricularhypertrophy(右室肥大);
Impulseatxiphoidprocess(劍突下搏動(dòng)):★
rightventricularhypertrophy;★beatingofabdominalaorta(腹主動(dòng)脈搏動(dòng)).
2.心臟體檢上課用18
Impulseatbaseofheart(心底部搏動(dòng)):
★
2ndleftintercostalspacejust
lateraltosternum(胸骨左緣2肋間):
◆dilationofpulmonaryartery;◆pulmonaryhypertension.
★2ndrightintercostalspacejustlateraltosternum(胸骨右緣2肋間):dilationofascendingaorta(升主動(dòng)脈擴(kuò)張)。
Inspection(望診)--precordialimpulse(心前區(qū)搏動(dòng))2.心臟體檢上課用19
Inspection(望診)--contents(內(nèi)容)Deformityofthoraxes(胸廓畸形)Apicalimpulse(心尖搏動(dòng))Precordialimpulse(心前區(qū)搏動(dòng))2.心臟體檢上課用20
Palpation(觸診)Importanceofpalpation(觸診意義)
Toconfirmtheobservationsmade
duringinspection(進(jìn)一步證實(shí)望診所見(jiàn));
Todetectinvisiblepulsatile
movements(發(fā)現(xiàn)望診看不見(jiàn)的搏動(dòng));
Torevealthrillandpericardialfrictionrubs(發(fā)現(xiàn)震顫和心包摩擦感)。
2.心臟體檢上課用21
Palpation(觸診)--method(方法)
Rightpalmfirst(先用右手手掌)--detectingthrills(檢查震顫);
Fingertipsthen(后用指尖)--detectingpulsations(檢查搏動(dòng))。2.心臟體檢上課用22Definition(定義):Slowandforcefulbeatinapex(心尖區(qū)徐緩、有力的搏動(dòng)),liftfingertip(可使手指尖端抬起)。Significance(意義):Signofleftventri-cularhypertrophy(左室肥大的體征)。Palpation(觸診)--heavingapeximpulse(抬舉樣心尖搏動(dòng))2.心臟體檢上課用23
Palpation(觸診)--thrills
(震顫)
Definition(定義):Tinyvibrationsfeltbypalm(手掌感覺(jué)到的一種細(xì)小震動(dòng)感),somewhatsimilartothesensationsonthethroatofapurringcat,thereforealsocalledpurring(與在貓喉部摸到的呼吸震顫類似,故亦稱貓喘)。Mechanism:Thesameascardiacmurmurs(同雜音)。2.心臟體檢上課用24
Significance(意義):★
Signsoforganicheartdiseases(器質(zhì)性心臟病的體征);
always★Thrill--------cardiacmurmur,
notalways
Cardiacmurmur-----------thrill;★
Usually--congenitalheartdisease(先天性心臟?。?、valvularstenosis(瓣膜狹窄),seldom–valvularregurgi-tation(關(guān)閉不全)。
Palpation(觸診)--thrills
(震顫)2.心臟體檢上課用25
Palpation(觸診)--thrills
(震顫)
Clinicalimportanceofthrillsatapex
(心前區(qū)震顫的臨床意義)
Location(部位)Phase(時(shí)相)Disease2ndrightintercostalsystole(收縮期)aorticspacejustlateraltostenosissternum(胸骨右緣2肋間)(主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄)
2ndleftintercostalsystole(收縮期)pulmonaryspacejustlateraltostenosis
sternum(胸骨左緣2肋間)(肺動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄)3th-4thleftintercostalsystole(收縮期)ventricularspacejustlateraltoseptaldefectsternum(胸骨左緣3-4肋間)(室間隔缺損)2ndleftintercostalcontinuous(連續(xù)性)patentductusspacejustlateraltoarteriosussternum(胸骨左緣2肋間)(動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管未閉)Apex(心尖區(qū))diastole(舒張期)mitralstenosis
(二尖瓣狹窄)2.心臟體檢上課用26
Palpation(觸診)--pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)Definition(定義)
Acutepericarditis(急性心包炎)Fibrineffusesfrompericardium(心包膜纖維素滲出)
Roughnessofperi-cardium(心包粗糙)Visceralandparietalpericardialsurfacesrubagainsteachotherwhenheartbeats(心臟搏動(dòng)時(shí)臟層與壁層心包摩擦)Pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)。2.心臟體檢上課用27
Palpation(觸診)--pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)
Features
★toandfrogratingsensation;
★bothinsystoleanddiastole;
★bestsensedatapexor3th~4th
left
intercostalspacejustlateraltosternum;
★clearerifpatientsleanagainstforward;
★disappear:pericardialeffusion.2.心臟體檢上課用28
Palpation(觸診)--contents(內(nèi)容)Apicalimpulseandheavingapeximpulse(心尖搏動(dòng)和抬舉樣心尖搏動(dòng))
Thrills(震顫)
Pericardialfrictionrubs(心包摩擦感)2.心臟體檢上課用29
Percussion(叩診)
Aim(目的):
Todetectsizeofheartanditscontour(確定心界大小及形態(tài))。2.心臟體檢上課用30Percussion(叩診)Relativeandabsolutedullnessoftheheart2.心臟體檢上課用31
Percussion----methodofpercussion
(叩診方法)
Usemediatepercussion(間接叩診);
Inrecumbentposition(仰臥體位);
Placepleximeterparallelwith
intercostalspacewhenpatientisinrecumbentposition(當(dāng)病人仰臥位,板指與肋間隙平行);
2.心臟體檢上課用32
Percussion----methodofpercussion
(叩診方法)Comparepercussionnoteofeachintercostalspacefromlateralaspectinwards,fromlowerpartupwards
(從外向內(nèi),從下向上逐一肋間隙比較叩診音);
2.心臟體檢上課用33
Heartandgreatvesselsgiveabsolutedullnessonpercussion(心臟和大血管叩診為絕對(duì)濁音),andthepartsofheartoverlaidbylunggiverelativedullnessonpercussion(心臟被肺遮蓋部分叩診為相對(duì)濁音)whichre-presentsrealsizeandshapeofheart(代表心臟的真實(shí)大小和形態(tài))。
Percussion----methodofpercussion
(叩診方法)2.心臟體檢上課用34
Percussion----methodofpercussion
(叩診方法)Percussionoftherightmarginoftheheart(心右界的叩診):
★Beginsfromtheintercostalspaceoneinterspacehigherthantheborderofliverdullness(叩診從肝濁音界上一肋間開(kāi)始);
★Carryoutupwardsintercostalspacebyintercostalspace,tothesecondintercostalspace(由下往上,逐一肋間叩診,直到第二肋間).2.心臟體檢上課用35Leftmarginfirstandthenrightmargin(先叩左界后叩右界)。
Fromlateralaspectinwards,fromlowerpartupwards(從外向內(nèi),從下向上)。
Percussion----sequenceofpercussion
(叩診順序)2.心臟體檢上課用36Percussion(叩診)
Normalareaofrelativedullness
(正常心臟相對(duì)濁音界)
Right(cm)IntercostalspaceLeft(cm)2~
3Ⅱ2~
32~
3Ⅲ3.5~
4.53~
4Ⅳ5~
6Ⅴ7~
9Distancefromleftmidclavicularlinetomidsternallineis8~10cm(左鎖骨中線距胸骨中線8~10cm)。Percussion(叩診)--normalareaof
relativedullness(正常心臟相對(duì)濁音界)
8~10cm2.心臟體檢上課用37Percussion(叩診)--compositionof
variouspartsofheartborder(心濁音界組成)Rightborder:superiorvenacave,ascendingaorta,rightatrium.Leftborder:aorticknob,pulmonaryarterialtrunk,leftauricle,leftventricle.Inferiorborder:rightventricle,lesserpartofleftventricle.2.心臟體檢上課用38Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)
Factors
ofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★
Enlargementofleftventricle(左室增大)
◆Cardiacdullnessextendstoleftanddownwards(心濁音界移向左下)andisintheshapeofaboot(呈靴形)。
◆Commonlyseeninaorticregurgitationandhypertensiveheartdisease(常見(jiàn)于主動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉不全和高血壓性心臟?。゛ndiscalled“aortic”type(主動(dòng)脈型)。2.心臟體檢上課用39Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Cardiacdullnessextendstoleftanddownwards(心濁音界移向左下)andisintheshapeofaboot(呈靴形)-----“aortic”type(主動(dòng)脈型)。2.心臟體檢上課用40Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Enlargementofrightventricle(右室增大)--pulmonaryheartdisease(肺源性心臟?。?/p>
◆Slightenlargement--noobviouschangeinareaofrelativedullness(輕度增大時(shí)心臟相對(duì)濁音界無(wú)明顯改變);
◆Prominentenlargement–relativedullnessenlargedbothtoleftandrightbutnotdownwards(顯著增大時(shí)心臟相對(duì)濁音界向左右增大,但向左不向下增大)。2.心臟體檢上課用41Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Enlargementofbothventricles(左右室均增大)
◆Enlargementofheartbilaterally
(兩側(cè)增大);◆Commonlyseenindilatedcardiomyopathy(常見(jiàn)于擴(kuò)張型心肌?。?。2.心臟體檢上課用42
Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Pericardialeffusion(心包積液):
◆Enlargementofheartbilaterally(兩側(cè)增大);
◆Heartborderchangesaccordingtobody’sposition(心濁音界隨體位改變而改變)--itbecomestriangularinerectposition(坐位時(shí)呈三角形)andtheoutlineofheartbordercanbeenlarged,especiallythewideningofbaseofheartinrecumbentposition(臥位時(shí)心濁音界增大尤其是心底部濁音界增寬)。Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)2.心臟體檢上課用43Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Factorsofheartitself(心臟本身因素)★Enlargementofleftatriumandpulmonaryartery(左房增大及肺動(dòng)脈段增寬)
◆Makesconcavepartofleftborderofheartprotrudingoutwardsandcardiacdullnessbecomespearshaped(心腰膨出,心濁音界呈梨形);◆Commonlyseeninmitralstenosisandiscalled“mitral”type(二尖瓣型)。
2.心臟體檢上課用44Percussion(叩診)--cchangesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)插P145圖2-5-27Enlargementofleftatriumandpulmonaryartery(左房增大及肺動(dòng)脈段增寬)makesconcavepartofleftborderofheartprotrudingoutwardsandcardiacdullnessbecomespearshaped(心腰膨出,心濁音界呈梨形)--“mitral”type(二尖瓣型)。2.心臟體檢上課用45Percussion(叩診)--changesinareaof
cardiacdullness(心濁音界改變)Extracardialfactors(心臟以外因素)★Emphysema—dullnessofheartisnarrowedorcannotbepercussed(肺氣腫時(shí)心濁音界縮小或不能叩出)。
2.心臟體檢上課用46Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--auscultatory
valveareas(心臟瓣膜聽(tīng)診區(qū))Definition(定義):
Whenheartvalvesopenandclose,theymakesoundswhichcanbetransmittedtobodysurface.Thelocationswhereexaminerscan
hearthesoundsmostclearlyandeasilyarecalledauscultatoryvalveareas.(心臟各瓣膜開(kāi)放與關(guān)閉時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的聲音傳導(dǎo)到體表最易聽(tīng)清的部位稱心臟瓣膜聽(tīng)診區(qū))。2.心臟體檢上課用47Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--auscultatory
valveareas(心臟瓣膜聽(tīng)診區(qū))2.心臟體檢上課用48Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--auscultatory
valveareas(心臟瓣膜聽(tīng)診區(qū))
Locationsofauscultatoryvalveareas(心臟瓣膜聽(tīng)診區(qū)位置)
ValvesLocationsMitralvalveareasitewherethestrongest(二尖瓣區(qū))heartbeatsarepalpated.Orapexarea(心尖區(qū))(心尖搏動(dòng)最強(qiáng)處)Pulmonaryvalvearealeft2ndintercostalspace(肺動(dòng)脈瓣區(qū))justlateraltosternum(胸骨左緣第2肋間)Aorticarearight2ndintercostalspace(主動(dòng)脈瓣區(qū))justlateraltosternum(胸骨右緣第2肋間)Secondaorticarealeft3ndintercostalspace(主動(dòng)脈瓣第2聽(tīng)診區(qū))justlateraltosternum(胸骨左緣第3肋間)Tricuspidvalveareajunctionofxiphoidprocess(三尖瓣區(qū))andsternum(劍突與胸骨交界處)2.心臟體檢上課用49Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--auscultatory
order(聽(tīng)診順序)Startfromapexarea(從心尖區(qū)開(kāi)始);Carryoutauscultationclockwiseand
sequentially(逆時(shí)針?lè)较蛞来温?tīng)診):apexarea,pulmonaryvalvearea,aorticarea,2ndaorticarea,tricuspidvalvearea(心尖區(qū),肺動(dòng)脈瓣區(qū),主動(dòng)脈瓣區(qū),主動(dòng)脈瓣第2聽(tīng)診區(qū),三尖瓣區(qū))。2.心臟體檢上課用50Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--heartrate
(心率)
Definition(定義)
Numberofheartbeatingperminute
(每分鐘心搏次數(shù))。
Varieswithage,sex,physicalactivityandemotionalstatus.
2.心臟體檢上課用51
Normalrangeofheartrateforadults:Inrestandconsciousstate,60~
100beats/min(安靜、清醒狀態(tài)下60~
100次/
分)。
Abnormalheartrate(異常心率):★Fasterthan100beats/min--tachy-cardia(超過(guò)100次/分時(shí)為心動(dòng)過(guò)速);★Slowerthan60beats/min--brady-cardia(慢于60次/分時(shí)為心動(dòng)過(guò)緩)。Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--heartrate
(心率)2.心臟體檢上課用52Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--cardiacrhythm
(心律)Definition(定義):Rhythmofheartbeating(心臟跳動(dòng)的節(jié)律)。Innormalcondition,cardiacrhythmissinusandbasicallyregular(正常情況下心律為竇性且節(jié)律基本整齊)。2.心臟體檢上課用53
Someyoungpeoplemayhaveirregularcardiacrhythmsduetorespiration,thatis,ininspirationheartratebecomesfaster,andinexpirationheartratebecomesslower.Itiscalledsinusarrhythmia.(部分青年人可出現(xiàn)隨呼吸改變的心律,吸氣時(shí)心率增快,呼氣時(shí)減慢,稱竇性心律不齊)。Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--cardiacrhythm
(心律)2.心臟體檢上課用54Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--abnormalcardiac
rhythm(異常心律)
Prematurebeats(過(guò)早搏動(dòng))
Inthebackgroundofregularheart-beatsaheartbeatappearsinadvanceabruptly,followedbyalongerinterval(在規(guī)則心律基礎(chǔ)上,突然提前出現(xiàn)一次心跳,其后有較長(zhǎng)間隙)。2.心臟體檢上課用55
Prematurebeats(期前收縮或過(guò)早搏動(dòng))
Prematurebeatsappearregularly.Asinusbeatisfollowedbyaprematurebeat—bigeminy;every2sinusbeatsarefollowedbyaprematurebeat—trigeminy,andsoon.(過(guò)早搏動(dòng)規(guī)則出現(xiàn)稱聯(lián)律,一次竇性搏動(dòng)后出現(xiàn)一次過(guò)早搏動(dòng)稱二聯(lián)律,每二次竇性搏動(dòng)后出現(xiàn)一次過(guò)早搏動(dòng)稱三聯(lián)律,以此類推).Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--abnormalcardiac
rhythm(異常心律)2.心臟體檢上課用56Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--abnormalcardiac
rhythm(異常心律)
Atrialfibrillation(心房顫動(dòng))–
“threeinconsistencies”
(“三不等”)
★Cardiacrhythmisabsolutelyirregu-lar(心律絕對(duì)不齊);
★Intensityoffirstheartsoundisnotthesame(第一心音強(qiáng)弱不等);★Pulserateislessthanheartrate—
pulsedeficit(脈搏次數(shù)小于心率—脈搏短絀)。2.心臟體檢上課用57Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--heartsounds
(心音)
Thereare4heartsoundsinacardiaccycle(在一個(gè)心動(dòng)周期中有4個(gè)心音)。
Accordingtothesequence,theyarenamedas
S1,S2,S3andS4(根據(jù)先后秩序,依次命名為第一、二、三和四心音)。
S1andS2canbeheardwitheaseinnormalsubjects.InsomeyoungpeopleS3canbeheard.However,S4isalmostinaudibleandonlyheardinpathologicalstate.
2.心臟體檢上課用58
S1ismainlycausedbytheclosuresofmitralvalveandtricuspidvalve
(S1主要由二尖瓣和三尖瓣的關(guān)閉而產(chǎn)生)。
Mitralvalveclosureprecedestricuspidvalveclosure(二尖瓣關(guān)閉早于三尖瓣關(guān)閉),butonauscultationS1canonlybeheardasonesound(但聽(tīng)診時(shí)僅為一個(gè)聲音)。Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--thefirstheart
sounds(第一心音)2.心臟體檢上課用59Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--thefirstheart
sounds(第一心音)
S1indicatesthebeginningoftheventricularcontraction(S1代表心室收縮的開(kāi)始)。2.心臟體檢上課用60Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--thefirstheart
sound(第一心音)
CharacteristicofS1onauscultation:
★L(fēng)owerkey(音調(diào)低鈍);
★Strongerintensity(強(qiáng)度較響);
★Dulltone(性質(zhì)較鈍);★L(fēng)ongerperiod(歷時(shí)較長(zhǎng));★Sametimeasapicalimpulse(與心尖搏動(dòng)同時(shí)出現(xiàn));★L(fēng)oudestatapex(在心尖部最響)。2.心臟體檢上課用61Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--secondheart
sound(第二心音)
S2indicatestheonsetofventricularrelaxation(S2
提示心室舒張開(kāi)始)。
S2ismainlycomposedoftheclosuresofaorticvalveandpulmonaryvalve(S2主要由第二組成成分由主動(dòng)脈瓣和肺動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉組成)。2.心臟體檢上課用62
Theaorticvalveclosureprecedespulmonaryvalves(主動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉較肺動(dòng)脈瓣稍早).A2andP2refertoclosureofaorticandpulmonaryvalves,respectively(A2和P2分別代表S2的主動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉成分和肺動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉成分).Butonauscultation,S2canonlybeheardasonesound(但聽(tīng)診時(shí)僅為一個(gè)聲音)。
Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--secondheart
sound(第二心音)2.心臟體檢上課用63Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--secondheart
sound(第二心音)
A2ismostclearlyaudibleoveraorticareaandP2overpulmonaryvalvearea(A2在主動(dòng)脈瓣膜聽(tīng)診區(qū)聽(tīng)診最清楚,P2在肺動(dòng)脈瓣膜聽(tīng)診區(qū)聽(tīng)診最清楚)。GenerallyspeakingP2>A2injuvenile,P2=A2inadultsandP2<A2inoldpeople.2.心臟體檢上課用64Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--secondheart
sound(第二心音)
CharacteristicofS2onauscultation:★Higherkey(音調(diào)較高);★WeakerthanS1inintensity(強(qiáng)度較S1
弱);★Cleartone(性質(zhì)較清脆);★Shorterperiod(歷時(shí)較短);★L(fēng)aterthanapicalimpulse(在心尖搏動(dòng)之后);★L(fēng)oudestatheartbase(在心底部最響)。2.心臟體檢上課用65Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--thirdheart
sound(第三心音)
Atearlydiastoleofventricle(在心室舒張?jiān)缙冢?/p>
Fastfillingflowfromleftatriumtoventricle
tensionandvibrationofventricularwall,chordaetendineaeandpapillarymusclesS3.2.心臟體檢上課用66Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--thirdheart
sound(第三心音)
CharacteristicofS3onauscultation:
★Softandlowkey(輕而音調(diào)低);★SoundsliketheechoofS2(似為S2的回音);
★Shorterperiod(歷時(shí)較短);★L(fēng)imitedatapexoritsinnerupperside
(局限在心尖部或期內(nèi)上方);★Clearlyheardinexpirationandatlateralposition(仰臥位或呼氣時(shí)較清楚);
2.心臟體檢上課用67Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--thirdheart
sound(第三心音)
CharacteristicofS3onauscultation:★Attheendofventriculardiastole(出現(xiàn)在心室舒張期);★Usuallyheardonlyinsomechildrenandyoungpeople(正常情況只有在部分兒童和青少年中才聽(tīng)到)?!颱suallyheardinpathologicalconditions(通常在病理情況下聽(tīng)到)。
2.心臟體檢上課用68Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--differentiation
ofheartsounds(心音的鑒別)
DifferentiationbetweenS1andS2(第一、二心音的鑒別)
S1(第一心音)S2(第二心音)Cardiaccycleonsetofventrionsetofventri(心動(dòng)周期)cularsystoleculardiastoleKey(音調(diào))lower(低調(diào))higher(高調(diào))Duration(時(shí)限)longer(長(zhǎng))shorter(短)Bestheardareaapex(心尖區(qū))base(心底部)(聽(tīng)診最好部位)Interval(間距)S1-S2
<S2-S1Synchronizationyes(是)no(不是)withapicalimpulse(與心尖搏動(dòng)同步)2.心臟體檢上課用69Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--accentuatedS1
(第一心音增強(qiáng))
Commoninmitralstenosis(常見(jiàn)于二尖瓣狹窄):
Mitralstenosis(二尖瓣狹窄)
lessfillingofleftventricle(左室充盈減少)
lowerpositionofmitralvalveleaflets(二尖瓣葉位置較低)
fasterpressureincreaseandshortercontractionforleftventricle(左室壓力上升速度加速和收縮時(shí)間縮短)largevibrationsinthemovementofmitralvalveleaflets(二尖瓣葉活動(dòng)幅度大)louderS1(響亮S1)。心臟舒張時(shí)心臟收縮時(shí)2.心臟體檢上課用70Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--accentuatedS1
(第一心音增強(qiáng))
Intensecontractilityofventriclesuchasexercise,fever,hyperthyroidism(心肌收縮力增強(qiáng)如運(yùn)動(dòng),發(fā)熱和甲狀腺功能亢進(jìn))andtachycardia(心動(dòng)過(guò)速)。2.心臟體檢上課用71Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--weakenedS1
(第一心音減弱)
Commoninmitralinsufficiency(常見(jiàn)于二尖瓣關(guān)閉不全);
Aorticinsufficiency(主動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉不全),
prolongedP-Rinterval(P-R間期延長(zhǎng));
Inmyocarditis(心肌炎)、myocardialinfarction(心肌梗死)、cardiomyopathy(心肌病)、heartfailure(心力衰竭);
2.心臟體檢上課用72Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--
unequalS1
(第一心音強(qiáng)度不等)
Commoninatrialfibrillation(常見(jiàn)于心房顫動(dòng));
Completelyatrialventricularblock(完全性房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯)----cannonsound
(大炮音).2.心臟體檢上課用73Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--ChangesofS2inintensity(第二心音強(qiáng)度改變)
Changesofpressureofsystemiccirculationorpulmonarycirculationandofsemi-lunarvalvesarethemaincausesresultinginchangeofS2.(體循環(huán)或肺循環(huán)阻力的大小和半月瓣改變是影響
S2的主要原因)。
2.心臟體檢上課用74Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--accentuatedS2
(第二心音增強(qiáng))
Increasedsystemicpressure
orbloodflow(體循環(huán)壓力或血流增加)
strongclosure
ofaorticvalves(主動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉有力)
largervibrationsinthemovementofaorticvalveleaflets(主動(dòng)脈瓣活動(dòng)幅度增大)
A2↑。2.心臟體檢上課用75Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--accentuatedS2
(第二心音增強(qiáng))
A2↑iscommoninhypertensionandatherosclerosis(A2↑常見(jiàn)于高血壓和動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化)。2.心臟體檢上課用76Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--accentuatedS2
(第二心音增強(qiáng))
Increasedpulmonarypressureorblood
flow(肺循環(huán)壓力或血流增加)
strongclosureofpulmonaryvalves(肺動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉增強(qiáng))largervibrationsinthemovementofpulmonaryvalveleaflets(肺動(dòng)脈瓣活動(dòng)幅度增大)P2↑。
2.心臟體檢上課用77
P2↑iscommoninpulmonaryheartdiseaseandcongenitalheartdiseaseswithshuntfromlefttorightsuchasatrialseptaldefect(ASD),ventricularseptaldefect(VSD)andpatentductusarteriosus(PDA)(常見(jiàn)于肺源性心臟病和左向右分流的先天性心臟?。?。Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--accentuatedS2
(第二心音增強(qiáng))2.心臟體檢上課用78Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--weakenedS2
(第二心音減弱)
Decreasedsystemicpressureorblood
flow(體循環(huán)壓力或血流減?。?/p>
weakclosureofaorticvalves(主動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉減弱)
smallervibrationsinthemovementofaorticvalveleaflets(主動(dòng)脈瓣活動(dòng)幅度減小)
A2↓。
A2↓iscommoninhypotensionandaorticstenosis(常見(jiàn)于低血壓和主動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄)。2.心臟體檢上課用79Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--weakenedS2
(第二心音減弱)
Decreasedpulmonarypressureorbloodflow(肺循環(huán)壓力或血流減?。?/p>
weakclosureofpulmonaryvalves(肺動(dòng)脈瓣關(guān)閉無(wú)力)
smallervibrationsinthemovementofpulmonaryvalveleaflets(肺動(dòng)脈瓣活動(dòng)幅度減?。?/p>
P2↓。
P2↓iscommoninhypotensionandpulmonarystenosis(常見(jiàn)于低血壓和肺動(dòng)脈瓣狹窄)。2.心臟體檢上課用80Auscultation(聽(tīng)診)--Sp
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