閱讀理解之科普說明文-2025年新高考英語模擬試題分類匯編（解析版）

2025年新高考最新英語模擬試題優(yōu)選分類匯編

閱讀理解之科普說明文

森贏i

科普說明文是高考的重要話題，也是國家的重要導(dǎo)向。其在英語高考試題中的地位也就不|

言而喻。本資料選取了全國模擬試題中的科普說明文素材進行了匯編，以滿足廣大師生的需求」

1.（2025?廣東省深圳而羅湖區(qū)高三上季第一次摸底）Formanyyearsresearchersfocusedonwhatpeopleknow

aboutscience,thinkingthat“Toknowscienceistoloveit."Butdopeoplewhothinktheyknowscienceactuallyknow

science?AnewstudyledbyCristinaFonsecaoftheGeneticsSociety,LaurenceHurstoftheMilnerCentreforEvolution

（進化）revealsthatpeoplewithstrongattitudestendtobelievetheyunderstandscience,whileneutrals（中立者）areless

certain.Absoluteattitudes,bothforandagainst,buildonhighself-confidenceinknowledgeaboutscience.

Thestudyperformedasurveyofover2,000UKadults,askingthembothabouttheirattitudestoscienceandtheir

beliefintheirownunderstanding.Questionsfocusedongenetic（基因的）science,forexample,66Howwouldyourateyour

understandingofwhatthetermDNAmeans?^^Allindividualswerescoredfromzero（theyknowtheyhaveno

understanding）toone（theyareconfidentthattheyunderstand）.Theresultssuggestthatthoseattheattitudinalextremes——

bothstronglysupportiveandfirmlyopposing-haveveryhighself-beliefintheirowncomprehension,whilethose

answeringneutrallydonot.

Psychologically,theteamsuggests,thismakessense:toholdastrongopinionyouneedtostronglybelieveinthe

correctnessofyourinterpretationofthebasicfacts.Resultsofpreviousstudiesalsoindicatethatthosemoreacceptingof

sciencebothbelievetheyunderstanditandscorewellonthetextbookfact（true/false）questions.Bycontrast,peoplewith

strongnegativeattitudestosciencetendtobeoverconfidentabouttheirlevelofunderstanding.

WhetheritbeclimatechangeorGMfoods,importantsciencecaninspirestrongandopposingattitudes.

Understandinghowtocommunicatesciencerequiresanawarenessofwhypeoplemayholdsuchdifferentattitudestoit.

Whenitwasthoughtthatwhatmatteredmostforscientificliteracywasscientificknowledge,sciencecommunication

focusedonpassinginformationfromscientiststothepublic.However,thisapproachmaynotbesuccessful,andinsome

casescanhaveadverseeffects.Workingtoaddressthegapbetweenwhatpeopleknowandwhattheybelievetheyknow

maybeabetterstrategy.

8.Whatisthenewstudymainlyabout?

A.Anassessmentofpeople'sinterestingenetics.

B.Asurveyofvariousattitudestowardsevolution.

C.Areportofpeople'sgeneralknowledgeofscience.

D.Ananalysisoffactorsonpeople'sbeliefinscience.

9.Whydoestheauthormentionpreviousstudiesinparagraph3?

A.Tosupportthefindingsofthestudy.

B.Toclarifytheconceptofconfidence.

C.Tostresstheimportanceofbasicfacts.

D.Tocomparedifferentresearchmethods.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“adverse“meaninthelastparagraph?

A.Random.

B.Negative.

C.Indirect.

D.Favorable.

11.Asforsciencecommunication,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?

A.Itshouldhelppeopleboostconfidence.

B.Itshouldfocusonscientificknowledge.

C.Itshouldinspirepeopletoscorewellintests.

D.Itshouldemphasizeobjectiveawarenessofoneself.

【答案】8.D9.A10.B11.D

【解析】本文為一篇說明文，本文圍繞人們對于科學(xué)信仰展開，一項研究表明，態(tài)度強硬的人傾向于認(rèn)為自己了解

科學(xué)，而態(tài)度中立的人對此不太確定。絕對的態(tài)度建立在對科學(xué)知識的高度自信之上。

8.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Thestudyperformedasurveyofover2,000UKadults,askingthembothabouttheir

attitudestoscienceandtheirbeliefintheirownunderstanding.（這項研究對2000多名英國成年人進行了調(diào)查，詢問他們

對科學(xué)的態(tài)度和對自己理解的信念）”可知，該研究主要以影響人們科學(xué)信仰的因素分析展開。故選D。

9.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Psychologically,theteamsuggests,thismakessense:toholdastrongopinionyouneed

tostronglybelieveinthecorrectnessofyourinterpretationofthebasicfacts.Resultsofpreviousstudiesalsoindicatethat

thosemoreacceptingofsciencebothbelievetheyunderstanditandscorewellonthetextbookfact（true/false）

questions.（該團隊認(rèn)為，從心理學(xué)上講，這是有道理的：要持有強烈的觀點，你需要堅信自己對基本事實的解釋是

正確的。之前的研究結(jié)果也表明，那些更接受科學(xué)的人認(rèn)為他們理解它，并在教科書的事實（正確/錯誤）問題上獲

得高分）”可知，作者提及之前的研究是為了支持這項研究的結(jié)果，即，那些態(tài)度極端的人——包括強烈支持和堅決

反對一對自己的理解有很高的自信。故選A。

10.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“However,thisapproachmaynotbesuccessfill（然而，這種方法可能不會成功）”

及“andinsomecasescanhave（在一些情況下可能有）”及“effects（影響）”可知，這種方法不會成功，甚至在一些情況下

會有更消極的影響，劃線詞adverse和negative意思相近。故選B。

11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段"Workingtoaddressthegapbetweenwhatpeopleknowandwhattheybelievethey

knowmaybeabetterstrategy.（努力解決人們知道的和他們認(rèn)為他們知道的之間的差距可能是一個更好的策略）”可知，

作者認(rèn)為在科學(xué)傳播上，應(yīng)努力解決人們主觀上和客觀的認(rèn)知差距，即，應(yīng)強調(diào)客觀的自我意識。故選D。

2.（2025?河北省衡水中學(xué)第一次綜合素養(yǎng)測評）Evolution（進化）canperformextraordinarymakeovers;today's

airbornesongbirdsevolvedfromthewingless,earthbounddinosaursthatwanderedmillionsofyearsago.Butsome

organismsseemtobeunchanged-inotherwords,escapenaturalselection.Thecoelacanth,amodern-dayfish,isnearly

identicaltoits41O-million-year-oldfossils.

Scientistshavelongwonderedhowthesespeciesdoso.Ithasbeenassumedthatnaturalselectionkeepssomespecies

unchangedbyselectingformoderateoraveragequalities（stabilizingselection）ratherthanselectingformoreextreme

qualitiesthatwouldcauseaspeciestochange（directionalselection）.

ButastudypublishedintheNationalAcademyofSciencesUSAcontradictsthisidea,showingthatevolution

constantlyfavorsdifferentqualitiesinseeminglyunchanginganimalstoimproveshort-termsurvival.Inthelongterm,

though,t6allthatevolutioncancelsoutandleadstonochange,9,saysthestudy'sleadauthor,JamesStroud.

Stroudandhiscolleaguesstudiedforlizard（蜥蜴）specios;allrelativelyunchangedfor20millionyears.The

researcherscaughtmembersofthesepopulationseverysixmonthsforthreeyears.Theymeasuredeachlizard'sheadsize,

leglength,massandheight,aswellasthesizeofitsstickytoes（腳趾頭）,notingwhichindividualssurvived.Stroud

expectedtoobservestabilizingselectionatworkpreservingmoderatequalities.Insteadhesawclearerevidenceof

directionalselection:somelizardswithuniquecharacteristics,suchasstickiertoes,survivedbetter.

“Thestudyoffersagoodexplanationforwhyweseewhatwethinkisstabiliringselection,9,saysTadashiFukami,an

ecologiststudyingevolutionatStanfordUniversity.Manynewqualitiesareevolvingintheshortterm,buttheydon't

provideacrucialadvantageoverthelongterm.Inotherwords,speciesstayingunchangedmaysimplyhavefoundthebest

possiblecombinationofqualitiesforlastingsuccessintheirenvironment.Sowhathappenswhenthelizards5environment

changesmoredramatically?Tohelpanswerthisbiggerquestion,Stroudisstillmakingtripstovisitthelizards.

8.Whydoestheauthormentionthe<4coelacanthfish“inparagraph1?

A.Todemonstratethepowerofevolution.B.Toaddevidencetonaturalselection.

C.Togiveanexampleofunchangedspecies.D.Toprovespecies*extraordinarymakeovers.

9.What'sthefocusofparagraph2?

A.Unsolvedmysteries.B.Acommonbelief.

C.Asharpcontrast.D.UniqueCharacteristics.

10.HowdidStroudconducthisresearch?

A.Byanalyzinglizardfossils.B.Bytrackingresearchobjects.

C.Byillustratingstabilizingselection.D.Bycategorizingqualitiesoflizards.

11.WhatwillStroudprobablydointhefuture?

A.Maketripstovisitlizardexperts.B.Summarizeaveragefeaturesoflizards.

C.Revealthebestcombinationsofqualities.D.Examinelizardsunderextremeconditions.

【答案】8.C9.B10.B11.D

【解析】本文是說明文。文章通過介紹科學(xué)家對看似沒有發(fā)生變化的生物物種進行研究，揭示了這些物種在進化過

程中的選擇機制。

8.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Evolution（進化）canperformextraordinarymakeovers;today'sairbornesongbirdsevolved

fromthewingless,earthbounddinosaursthatwanderedmillionsofyearsago.Butsomeorganismsseemtobeunchanged

一inotherwords,escapenaturalselection.Thecoelacanth,amodern-dayfish,isnearlyidenticaltoits41O-million-year-old

fossils.（進化能夠產(chǎn)生非凡的變化；今天在空中飛翔的鳴鳥是從數(shù)百萬年前無翅、陸生的恐龍演化而來的。但有些生

物似乎沒有改變——換句話說，它們逃脫了自然選擇。現(xiàn)代魚類腔棘魚與其4.1億年前的化石幾乎一模一樣）”可知，

本段提到腔棘魚是為了舉一個物種不變的例子。故選C項。

9.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Scientistshavelongwonderedhowthesespeciesdoso.Ithasbeenassumedthatnatural

selectionkeepssomespeciesunchangedbyselectingformoderateoraveragequalities（stabilizingselection）ratherthan

selectingformoreextremequalitiesthatwouldcauseaspeciestochange（directionalselection）」科學(xué)家們長期以來一直

想知道這些物種是如何做到這一點的。人們一直認(rèn)為，自然選擇通過選擇適中或平均的品質(zhì)（穩(wěn)定選擇）來保持某

些物種的不變性，而不是選擇會導(dǎo)致物種發(fā)生變化的更極端的品質(zhì)（定向選擇）。）”可知，本段主要講述了人們一

直認(rèn)為自然選擇是穩(wěn)定選擇而不是定向選擇，也就是一個共同的信念。故選B項。

10.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Stroudandhiscolleaguesstudiedforlizard（蜥蜴）specios;allrelativelyunchangedfor

20millionyears.Theresearcherscaughtmembersofthesepopulationseverysixmonthsforthreeyears.Theymeasured

eachlizard'sheadsize,leglength,massandheight,aswellasthesizeofitsstickytoes（腳趾頭）,notingwhichindividuals

survived.Stroudexpectedtoobservestabilizingselectionatworkpreservingmoderatequalities.Insteadhesawclearer

evidenceofdirectionalselection:somelizardswithuniquecharacteristics,suchasstickiertoes,survivedbetter.（斯特勞德

和他的同事研究了蜥蜴物種；所有這些在2000萬年間都相對沒有變化。研究人員連續(xù)三年每六個月捕捉這些種群

中的成員。他們測量了每只蜥蜴的頭部大小、腿長、體重和身高，以及粘性腳趾的大小，并記錄了哪些個體存活了

下來。斯特勞德原本希望觀察到穩(wěn)定選擇在保持中等品質(zhì)方面的作用o然而，他看到的卻是更明確的定向選擇證據(jù)：

一些具有獨特特征的蜥蜴，比如更粘的腳趾，存活率更高）”可知，斯特勞德是通過跟蹤研究對象來進行他的研究的。

故選B項。

11.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段"Inotherwords,speciesstayingunchangedmaysimplyhavefoundthebestpossible

combinationofqualitiesforlastingsuccessintheirenvironment.Sowhathappenswhenthelizards'environmentchanges

moredramatically?Tohelpanswerthisbiggerquestion,Stroudisstillmakingtripstovisitthelizards.（換句話說，保持不變

的物種可能只是找到了在其環(huán)境中持久成功的最佳品質(zhì)組合。那么，當(dāng)蜥蜴的環(huán)境發(fā)生更劇烈的變化時會發(fā)生什么

呢？為了幫助回答這個更大的問題，斯特勞德仍在繼續(xù)探訪這些蜥蜴）”可知，接下來斯特勞德會在極端條件下檢查

蜥蜴。故選D項。

3.（2025?河北省衡水中學(xué)第一次綜合素養(yǎng)測評）Imaginethis.Youneedanimageofaballoonforawork

presentationandturntoanAItext-to-imagegeneratortocreateasuitableimage.Youentertheprompt（提示詞）“red

balloonagainstabluesky“butthegeneratorreturnsanimageofanegginstead.

Whafsgoingon?Thegeneratoryou'reusingmayhavebeen“poisoned”.Whatdoesthismean?Text-to-image

generatorsworkbybeingtrainedonlargedatasetsthatincludemillionsorbillionsofimages.Someofthegeneratorshave

beentrainedbyindiscriminatelyscrapingonlineimages,manyofwhichmaybeundercopyright.Thishasledtomany

copyrightinfringement（侵害）caseswhereartistshaveaccusedbigtechcompaniesofstealingandprofitingfromtheir

work.

Thisisalsowheretheideaof"poison“comesin.Researcherswhowanttoempowerindividualartistshaverecently

createdatoolnamed“Nightshade“tofightbackagainstunauthorisedimagescraping.Thetoolworksbyslightlyalteringan

image'spixels（像素）inawaythatconfusesthecomputervisionsystembutleavestheimageunalteredtoahuman?seyes.

IfanorganizationthenscrapesoneoftheseimagestotrainafutureAImodel,itsdatapoolbecomes"poisoned”.Thiscan

resultinmistakenlearning,whichmakesthegeneratorreturnunintendedresults.Asinourearlierexample,aballoonmight

becomeanegg.

Thehigherthenumberof“poisoned“imagesinthetrainingdata,thegreatertheimpact.Becauseofhowgenerative

AIworks,thedamagefrom^tpoisoned^^imagesalsoaffectsrelatedpromptkeywords.

Possibly,toolsHkeNightshadecanbeabusedbysomeuserstointentionallyupload"poisoned“imagesinorderto

confuseAIgenerators.ButtheNightshade'sdeveloperhopesthetoolwillmakebigtechcompaniesmorerespectfulof

copyright.Itdoeschallengeacommonbeliefamongcomputerscientiststhatdatafoundonlinecanbeusedforanypurpose

theyseefit.

Humanrightsactivists,forexample,havebeenconcernedforsometimeabouttheindiscriminateuseofmachine

visioninwidersociety.Thisconcernisparticularlyseriousconcerningfacialrecognition.Thereisaclearconnection

betweenfacialrecognitioncasesanddatapoisoning,asbothrelatetolargerquestionsaroundtechnologicalgovernance.It

maybebettertoseedatapoisoningasaninnovativesolutiontothedenialofsomefundamentalhumanrights.

12.Theunderlinedword“scraping”（para.2）isclosestinmeaningto.

A.facilitatingB.collectingC.damagingD.polishing

13.Accordingtothepassage,addingpoisoneddatamight.

A.increasetheaccuracyofreturnedinformation

B.leaduserstoforgetthepromptkeywords

C.causetroubletowiththetrainingofgenerativeAI

D.discriminateagainstgreatmasterpieces

14.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Datapoisoningissomehowjustifiedtodirectattentiontohumanrights.

B.Computerscientistshaslearnedtorespectthecopyrightofmostartists.

C.Nightshadeisbeingabusedbyhumanrightsactiviststorecognizefaces.

D.Theissueoftechnologicalgovernancehasarousedthelawyers5interest,

15.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.DataPoisoning:GovernmentEmpoweringCitizenstoProtectThemselves

B.DataPoisoning:AddressingFacialRecognitionIssuesAmongArtists

C.DataPoisoning:RisksandRewardsofGenerativeAIDataTraining

D.DataPoisoning:RestrictingInnovationorEmpoweringArtists

【答案】12.B13.C14.A15.D

【解析】本文是一篇說明文。本文介紹了一種名為“Nightshade”的工具，該工具通過微妙地修改圖像的像素來混淆

計算機視覺系統(tǒng)，以此對抗未經(jīng)授權(quán)的圖像抓取，保護藝術(shù)家的版權(quán)，同時引發(fā)了對數(shù)據(jù)中毒現(xiàn)象及其對人工智能

模型訓(xùn)練影響的討論。

12.詞句猜測題。根據(jù)第二段劃線詞前面的句子“Text-to-imagegeneratorsworkbybeingtrainedonlargedatasetsthat

includemillionsorbillionsofimages.（文本到圖像生成器是通過在包含數(shù)百萬或數(shù)十億圖像的大型數(shù)據(jù)集上進行訓(xùn)練

來工作的。）”可知，生成器是通過對大型數(shù)據(jù)集進行訓(xùn)練來工作的，這些大型數(shù)據(jù)集包含著數(shù)百萬或者數(shù)十億圖像，

由此推斷生成器是通過收集這些數(shù)百萬或者數(shù)十億圖像進行訓(xùn)練來工作的。同時根據(jù)第二段劃線詞后的“...online

images,manyofwhichmaybeundercopyright.Thishasledtomanycopyrightinfringement（侵害）caseswhereartists

haveaccusedbigtechcompaniesofstealingandprofitingfromtheirwork.（.......在線圖片，其中許多可能是受版權(quán)保護

的，這導(dǎo)致了許多侵犯版權(quán)的案件，藝術(shù)家們指責(zé)大型科技公司竊取他們的作品并從中獲利。）”可知，一些生成器

是通過不加選擇地抓取在線圖像來訓(xùn)練的，其中許多圖像可能是受版權(quán)保護的，由此導(dǎo)致藝術(shù)家對大型科技公司進

行指責(zé)。由此可推理出劃線詞的含義為“收集”，故選B項。

13.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段"Thetoolworksbyslightlyalteringanimage'spixels（像素）inawaythatconfusesthe

computervisionsystembutleavestheimageunalteredtoahuman,seyes.Ifanorganizationthenscrapesoneofthese

imagestotrainafutureAImodel,itsdatapoolbecomes“poisoned”.Thiscanresultinmistakenlearning,whichmakesthe

generatorreturnunintendedresults.（該工具通過以人類肉眼無法察覺、但能迷惑計算機視覺系統(tǒng)的方式，對圖像的像

素進行輕微修改。如果一個組織隨后抓取這些圖像來訓(xùn)練未來的AI模型，其數(shù)據(jù)池就會變得“中毒”。這可能導(dǎo)致

錯誤的學(xué)習(xí)，使得生成器返回非預(yù)期的結(jié)果。）”可知，添加“中毒”數(shù)據(jù)可能干擾生成人工智能的訓(xùn)練，故選C項。

14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Possibly,toolslikeNightshadecanbeabusedbysomeuserstointentionallyupload

ttpoisoned^^imagesinordertoconfuseAIgenerators.ButtheNightshade'sdeveloperhopesthetoolwillmakebigtech

companiesmorerespectfulofcopyright.（可能的是，像Nightshade這樣的工具可以被一些用戶濫用,故意上傳“有毒”

圖片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的開發(fā)者希望這個工具能讓大型科技公司更加尊重版權(quán)。廠以及最后一段

“Humanrightsactivists,forexample,havebeenconcernedforsometimeabouttheindiscriminateuseofmachinevisionin

widersociety.（例如，人權(quán)活動家一直對機器視覺在更廣泛社會中的不加選擇使用表示關(guān)切）”可推理出，數(shù)據(jù)中毒在

某種程度上將人們的注意力引向人權(quán)是有道理的，故選A項。

15.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第——段“Youentertheprompt（提示詞）"redballoonagainstabluesky"butthegeneratorreturnsan

imageofanegginstead.（你輸入了提示詞“紅色氣球?qū)Ρ人{色天空”，但是生成器返回的卻是一張雞蛋的圖片）“可知，

文章提出了“生成器中毒的現(xiàn)象"；第二段“Thegeneratoryou'reusingmayhavebeen"poisoned”.（你正在使用的生成器

可能已經(jīng)被"毒化"）"以及"Someofthegeneratorshavebeentrainedbyindiscriminatelyscrapingonlineimages,manyof

whichmaybeundercopyright.Thishasledtomanycopyrightinfringementcaseswhereartistshaveaccusedbigtech

companiesofstealingandprofitingfromtheirwork.”（一些生成器是通過不力口選擇地抓取在線圖像來訓(xùn)|練的，其中許

多圖像可能屬于版權(quán)所有。這導(dǎo)致了許多侵犯版權(quán)的案件，藝術(shù)家指控大型科技公司竊取他們的作品并從中獲利）

不僅闡述了“生成器中毒”的問題，同時還提及了生成器是通過不加選擇地抓取在線圖像來訓(xùn)練的，其中許多圖像引

發(fā)侵犯版權(quán)的問題；同時根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Possibly,toolslikeNightshadecanbeabusedbysomeuserstointentionally

upload"poisoned“imagesinordertoconfuseAIgenerators.ButtheNightshade'sdeveloperhopesthetoolwillmakebig

techcompaniesmorerespectfulofcopyright.（可能的是，像Nightshade這樣的工具可以被一些用戶濫用，故意上傳“有

毒”圖片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的開發(fā)者希望這個工具能讓大型科技公司更加尊重版權(quán)。）”以及最后一段

“Humanrightsactivists,forexample,havebeenconcernedforsometimeabouttheindiscriminateuseofmachinevisionin

widersociety.（例如，人權(quán)活動家一直對機器視覺在更廣泛社會中的不加選擇使用表示關(guān)切）”可知，此處強調(diào)

Nightshade的開發(fā)者呼吁該工具能讓大型科技公司更加尊重藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作者的版權(quán)。通讀全文，文章主要講述了人工智

能圖像生成器可能受到“毒害”的現(xiàn)象，即由于研究者為了保護藝術(shù)家版權(quán)而創(chuàng)造的工具Nightshade對圖像進行細(xì)微

像素修改，從而使得AI在訓(xùn)練時產(chǎn)生錯誤學(xué)習(xí)，生成錯誤的圖像結(jié)果。這種“毒害”現(xiàn)象導(dǎo)致了許多侵犯藝術(shù)家版

權(quán)的案件，引起藝術(shù)家的不滿。由此文章提出質(zhì)疑：到底該“中毒現(xiàn)象”是給藝術(shù)家賦權(quán)了還是限制了其創(chuàng)新能力。

D項“DataPoisoning:RestrictingInnovationorEmpoweringArtists（數(shù)據(jù)中毒：限制創(chuàng)新還是賦權(quán)藝術(shù)家）”表達的含義

適合用做本文標(biāo)題，故選D項。

4.（2025?河南省洛陽市第一高級中學(xué)高三開學(xué)考試）Superhumanartificialintelligenceisalreadyamongus.Well,

sortof.WhenitcomestoplayinggameslikechessandGo,orsolvingdifficultscientificchallengeslikepredictingprotein

structures,computersarewellaheadofus.Butwehaveonesuperpowertheyaren'tclosetomastering:mindreading.

Humanshaveamysteriousabilitytoreasonthegoals,desiresandbeliefsofothers,avitalskillthatmeanswecan

predictotherpeople'sactionsandtheconsequencesofourown.Readingmindscomessoeasilytous,though,thatweoften

don'tthinktospelloutwhatwewant.IfAisaretobecometrulyusefulineverydaylife,wehavetogivethemthisgiftthat

evolutionhasgivenustoreadotherpeople'sminds.

Psychologistsrefertotheabilitytoinferother?smentalstateastheoryofmind.Inhumans,thisabilitystartsto

developataveryyoungage.Howtoreproducethecompetenceinmachinesisfarfromclear,though.Oneofthemain

challengesiscontext.Forinstance,ifsomeoneaskswhetheryouaregoingforarunandyoureply"it'sraining”,theycan

quicklyconcludethattheanswerisno.Butthisrequireshugeamountsofbackgroundknowledgeaboutrunning,weather

andhumanpreferences.Moreover,whetherhumansorAI,thetheoryofmindissupposedtoappearnaturallyfromone's

ownlearningprocess.

YetwemightstillwantAItohaveamorehuman-likeformoftheoryofmind.WhilelettingAIformthetheoryof

mindintheirlearningprocessislikelytoleadtodevelopingmorepowerfulAI,plainlybuildinginsharedwaystorepresent

knowledgemaybecrucialforhumanstotrustandcommunicatewithAL

Itisimportanttoremember,though,thatthepursuitofmachineswiththeoryofmindisaboutmorethanjustbuilding

moreusefulrobots.ItisalsoasteppingstoneonthepathtowardsadeepergoalforAIandroboticsresearch:buildingtruly

self-awaremachines.Whetherwewillevergetthereremainstobeseen,butweareonthepathtolearningtothinkabout

ourselves.

12.Whydoestheauthormention“games"and"proteinstructures^^inthefirstparagraph?

A.Tostresshowimportantthescienceis.B.TopromotetheuseofAIindailylife.

C.TopresentAFstheoryofmind.D.TocontrastwithAl'slackofmindreading.

13.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontextscanAIunderstandwell?

A.Whenkidsseetheirmomafterhurtingthemselvesandtheycrylouder.

B.Whenamomtellsherkidtoeatthefoodthatisgoodforhealthandheeatsit.

C.Whenateacherasksforaboy'shomeworkandheanswers“mydogateit”.

D.Whenyouareaskedtoeatspicyfoodfordinnerandyoureply"asorethroat".

14.Whatmaytheauthoragreewith?

A.Weshouldrejecthuman-likeformsofabilitiesforAL

B.Humans9theoryofmindisfarfromperfect.

C.Mindreadingrequireshugeamountsofcontext.

D.Thetheoryofmindisindependentofone'slearningprocess.

15.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AIwithItsOwnTheoryofMindIsExpected

B.AIwithTheoryofMindWillReshapeOurFuture

C.AFsTheoryofMindIsaBlessingorSufferingtoHumans

D.TheoryofMindBridgestheGapBetweenHumansandAI

【答案】12.D13.B14.C15.A

【解析】本文是一篇議論文。文章討論了人工智能在模擬人類“讀心”能力方面的挑戰(zhàn)和前景。雖然AI在棋

類游戲和科學(xué)預(yù)測方面已超越人類，但缺乏理解他人目標(biāo)和信念的能力。文章認(rèn)為，為了讓AI在日常生

活中更有用，需要賦予其類似人類的“讀心”能力，即理論思維。這不僅是提高AI實用性的關(guān)鍵，也是實

現(xiàn)真正自我意識機器的重要步驟。

12.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中“Superhumanartificialintelligenceisalreadyamongus.Well,sortof.Whenitcomesto

playinggameslikechessandGo,orsolvingdifficultscientificchallengeslikepredictingproteinstructures,computersare

wellaheadofus.Butwehaveonesuperpowertheyaren'tclosetomastering:mindreading.（超人的人工智能已經(jīng)在我們

身邊了。嗯，算是吧。在下棋和圍棋等游戲，或解決預(yù)測蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等困難的科學(xué)挑戰(zhàn)方面，計算機遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)領(lǐng)先于我

們。但我們有一個超能力，他們還遠(yuǎn)沒有掌握：讀心術(shù)）”可知，作者在第一段中提到人工智能擅長游戲和預(yù)測蛋白

質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)，也提到它還沒有掌握的的讀心術(shù)，將兩者進行對比。由此推知，作者在第一段中提到“游戲”和“蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)

構(gòu)”是為了與“人工智能缺乏讀心術(shù)”進行比較。故選Do

13.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段"Butwehaveonesuperpowertheyaren'tclosetomastering:mindreading.（但我們有一個

他們還沒有掌握的超能力：讀心術(shù)）”和第二段"Humanshaveamysteriousabilitytoreasonthegoals,desiresandbeliefs

ofothers,acrucialskillthatmeanswecananticipateotherpeople'sactionsandtheconsequencesofourown.（人類有一

種神秘的能力來推理他人的目標(biāo)、欲望和信仰，這是一項至關(guān)重要的技能，意味著我們可以預(yù)測他人的行為和自己

的后果）”和第三段的“Forinstance,ifsomeoneaskswhetheryouaregoingforarunandyoureply"it'sraining^^,theycan

quicklyconcludethattheanswerisno.（例如，如果有人問你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他們很快就會得出結(jié)

論，答案是否定的）”可知，讀心需要經(jīng)過一定的推理和預(yù)測能力，需要理論思維能力，而計算機不具備人類所擁

有的讀心的能力。對A項“Whenkidsseetheirmomafterhurtingthemselvesandtheycrylouder.（當(dāng)孩子們在傷害自己

后看到他們的媽媽時，他們哭得更大聲）"、C項"Whenateacherasksforaboy'shomeworkandheanswers"mydogate

it”.（當(dāng)老師問一個男孩的家庭作業(yè)時，他回答說“我的狗吃了和D項"Whenyouareaskedtoeatspicyfoodfbrdinner

andyoureply“asorethroat”.（你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物時，你回答說“喉嚨痛的理解都需要運用到思維理論去解釋

人們的目標(biāo)和欲望,這是人工智能無法理解的。只有B項“Whenamomtellsherkidsomefoodisgoodforhealthandthe

kideatsit.（當(dāng)媽媽告訴她的孩子一些食物對健康有益時，孩子就會吃）”是直接的陳述，不需要運用思維理論，人工

智能能很好的理解其意思。故選B。

14.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Inhumans,thisabilitystartstodevelopataveryyoungage.Howtoreproducethe

competenceinmachinesisfarfromclear,though.Oneofthemainchallengesiscontext.Forinstance,ifsomeoneasks

whetheryouaregoingforarunandyoureply"it'sraining”,theycanquicklyconcludethattheanswerisno.Butthis

requireshugeamountsofbackgroundknowledgeaboutrunning,weatherandhumanpreferences.（在人類中，這種能力在

很小的時候就開始發(fā)展。然而，如何在機器中復(fù)制這種能力還遠(yuǎn)不清楚。其中一個主要的挑戰(zhàn)是背景。例如，如果

有人問你是否要去跑步，你回答“下雨了”，他們可以很快得出結(jié)論，給出否定答案。但這需要大量關(guān)于跑步、天氣

和人類偏好的背景知識）”可知，理解別人的想法需要大量的背景信息。由此推知，作者會贊成“讀心術(shù)需要大量的背

景信息”這一觀點。故選C。

15.主旨大意題。通讀全文，結(jié)合最后一段的“Itisimportanttoremember,though,thatthepursuitofmachineswiththeory

ofmindisaboutmorethanjustbuildingmoreusefulrobots.Itisalsoasteppingstoneonthepathtowardsadeepergoalfor

AIandroboticsresearch:buildingtrulyself-awaremachines.（然而，重要的是要記住，追求具有心智理論的機器不僅僅

是為了制造更有用的機器人。這也是通往人工智能和機器人研究更深層目標(biāo)的墊腳石：制造真正具有自我意識的機

器）”可知，文章討論了人工智能在模擬人類“讀心”能力方面的挑戰(zhàn)和前景，作者期待建造真正有自我意識的機

器，即作者期待人工智能具備思維理論。故A項“AIwithItsOwnTheoryofMindIsExpected（期待人工智有擁有自己

的心智理論）”可以作為本文的最佳標(biāo)題。故選A。

5.（2025?湖北省騰云聯(lián)盟高三上學(xué)期8月聯(lián)考）Researcherssaythey'veusedcutting-edgegravitationalwave

researchtocastnewlightonamystery-a2000-year-oldcomputer,theAntikytheramechanismfoundinshipwreck.

Welloveracenturyafteritsdiscovery,researchersattheUniversityofGlasgowsaythey'veusedstatisticalmodeling

techniques,originallydesignedtoanalyzegravitationalwaves-ripplesinspacetimecausedbymajoreventsinthe

universesuchastwoblackholescombining-tosuggestthattheAntikytheramechanismwaslikelyusedtotracktheGreek

lunaryear.Inshort,ifsafascinatingcollisionbetweenmodern-dayscienceandthemysteriesofanancientartifact.

Ina2021paper,researchersfoundthatpreviouslydiscoveredandregularlyspacedholesina"calendarring^^were

markedtodescribethe“motionsofthesun,moon,andallfiveplanetsknowninancientGreeksandhowtheywere

displayedatthefrontasanancientGreekuniverse.^^Now,inanewstudypublishedintheOfficialJournaloftheBritish

HorologicalInstitute,UniversityofGlasgowgravitationalwaveresearcherGrahamWoanandresearchassociateJoseph

Bayleysuggestthattheringwaslikelyperforated（打孔）with354holes,whichhappenstobethenumberofdaysinalunar

year.

Theteamusedstatisticalmodelsderivedfromgravitationalwaveresearch,alarge-scalephysicsexperimentdesigned

tomeasureripplesinspacetimemillionsoflight-yearsfromEarthandBayesiananalysis,atechniqueusingprobabilityto

quantifyuncertaintybasedonincompletedata,tocalculatethelikelynumberofholesinthemechanismusingthepositions

ofthesurvivingholesandtheplacementofthering'ssurvivingsixfragments.

Surprisingly,theinspirationforthestudycamefromaYouTuberChrisBudiselic,whohasbeenattemptingto

physicallyrecreatetheancientmechanismandinvestigatingwaystodeterminejusthowmanyholesitcontained.

"It'saneatsymmetrythatwe'veadaptedtechniquesweusetostudytheuniversetodaytounderstandmoreabouta

mechanismthathelpedpeoplekeeptrackoftheheavensnearlytwomillenniaago,“Woansaid.

“WehopethatourfindingsabouttheAntikytheramechanism,althoughlesssupematurallyspectacularthanthose

madebyI