區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)發(fā)展研究外文文獻翻譯2017

word文檔可自由復制編輯外文文獻翻譯原文及譯文文南犬出處：KateB.Theresearchofblockchaintechnologydevelopment[J].AppliedInnovation，2017,3(12):6-17.原文TheresearchofblockchaintechnologydevelopmentKateBranAbstractIn2015，blockchaintechnologybyEuropeanandAmericanmainstreamfinancialinstitutions-Thetechnologyofthefirstbythefounderofthecurrencyinthecurrencyinthewhitepaperto"workcertificateChain(Proof-of-workChain)”formisputforward"Blockchain”isthebasisofthecurrency，istimeorder,donottamperwiththebook,bydistributedconsensusalgorithm,soastorealize"decentralized”trust.COINsinanarrowsensecanbeunderstoodasanewkindofdigitalcurrency，broadly，arethoughttobeakindofdecentralizeddigitalcurrencypaymentsystem.Blockchaintechnologysolutions,thereisnocentralservereachrunchainsoftwarecomputingdevicesaretheblockinthechainnetwork,apeernodeneednotestablishtrustrelationshipbetweennodes，ofanynumberofnodesinthesystem，allthetimeinthesystemofinformationcommunicationdata，throughthecryptographyalgorithmstocalculateandrecordtoablockofdata,andgeneratingthedataolockoffingerprintusedtolinkthenextblockofdataandcalibration,andmaintenanceareverifiedthroughthecollectivewaytoestablishareliabledatabase.Keywords:Blockchain,Bitcion,ServerThecurrencyblockchaintechnologyrevolutionarywaytosolvetheproblemstheByzantinegeneralsnotchange，donotfake,fullytraceablesecurityfeatures,implementsaconsensuswithouttrustnetworksystem.Thisconsensuswithouttrustacenternodenetworksystem,fundamentallywithtoday'shumansocietyandtheorganizationalstructureofdifferentInternetnetworksystem,closertothenatureandhumannatureisakindoforganizationalstructure.Moreandmoretechnologygiants，researchinstitutionsandtechnologygrouphaverealizedblockchaindisruptivetechnology,andparticipateintheblocksinthestudyofchain.Blockchainisthefoundationofthecurrencysupporttechnology,firstpublishedinSatoshiNakamotoakindofpointtopointelectroniccashsystem11,thispaperdescribesindetailhowtobuildanew,decentralized,don'tneedtotrustthepoint-to-pointtransactionsystem,themethodofitsreliabilityhasbeenrunningsince2009,hasdemonstratedtheBitcoin.Blockchaintechnologyistheprominentadvantagesofdecentralizeddesign,byusingencryptionalgorithm，timestamp，treestructure，consensusandrewardmechanism，inthenodewithouttrustbasedonthedecentralized,distributednetworkcreditpoint-to-pointtransactions，tosolvethecurrentcentralizedmodeexistingproblemofpoorreliabilityandlowsecurity,highcostandlowefficiency,etc.Althoughcurrencyinrecentyears,rapiddevelopment,itstradinganonymityandascurrencydistributioncannotbemastered,moststateinstitutionsadmititsmonetaryattribute，andchainblockswithitsuniqueadvantages,attractsalotofattention,relatedresearchandthetrendofapplicationforawhileagusher.Blockchaintechnologyisconsideredtobethemorelargecomputers,personalcomputersandtheInternetandmobilesocialafterthefifthsubvertcomputingparadigm，isfollowingthebloodinthehistoryofhumancredit，preciousmetals，andthecentralbankcreditnotesafterthefourthmilestone.Generalizedblockchaintechnologyisexpectedtocompletelyreshapehumansocialactivities，suchasfinance，scienceandtechnology，culture,politicalfieldbringsprofoundchanges-2ThetechnicalanalysisofblockchainChainblockbyblockchainnetworkallnodestoparticipateinthemaintenanceofdecentralized,distributeddatabasesystemwhichisproducedbyaseriesofmethodbasedoncryptographydatablocks,eachblockisablockinachainblock.Accordingtotimesequence，blocksareorderlylinkedtogether,formingachaindata.Thecurrencyasakindofdigitalcurrencytradingsystem,transactionrecordsisthemostbasicpartofthecurrencysystem.Throughtheuseofthecleverdesignofthedatastructureandprotecttheauthenticationmechanismbasedoncryptography,thecurrencyblockchainwillrecordallthetransactioniscompleteandcorrecttothevarioussections.Therefore,wecanputtheBitcoinsintheblockchainasadistributedbillingsystem.Thecurrencyofthetradingrecordsisessentiallythecurrencytransferinformation,atransactionrecordstoreatransferofinformation.Transactionrecordsmainlyconsistoftwoparts,capitalsourceandmoneyto.Adeal,butthereareanumberofsourcesoffunding,andeachhasoccurredbeforethesourcesoffundingarepointingandlegal(recordedintothechainblock)foratransactionrecordsinamoneygoes.Everymoneywhereaboutsarerecordedinthelockinstructioncanusethemoneyofallinformation,usethemoneytotrademustbeinthetransactiondataofthestructureofthesourcesinunlockinstructionsprovideallprovedthatcanmaketradingbecomealegalandvalid.Incurrencytradingsystem，fundsalladoptthecontrolpublickeyBase58codedrepresentationsofhashvalue,proofoffundsallgenerallyincludestwoparts，onepartisthepublickeyitself，theotherpartiscalculatedbyusingthepublickeycorrespondingtotheprivatekeyofdigitalsignatures.Afterthetransactionispublishedtoblockchainnetwork，eachnodeinthenetworkwillusetransactiondatastructureprovidedbythefundsallprooftoverifythelegitimacyofthetransaction，ifthedealisnotvalid，blockchainnetworknodewilldirectlytoabandonthedealBlockistorecordthecurrencytradinginformationdataunit,itconsistsoftwoparts,theheadandtheblockcontent.Linkisthroughtheblockheaderdatahashvaluetocomplete,allusethishashvaluechainastheblockofauniqueidentifier,throughrecordedintheheadofthefathertheblockhashvaluecanbefoundintheblockchainlinkstotheonlyblock.Thusthrougheachlinktotheirfathertheblocksequencecreatesahashvaluefromthelatestdatebacktothefirsttheblockchain,toformachainofallblocksindatastructure.BlockchainnetworkUSESisreferredtoasa"workproof?ofcompetitionmechanismtogeneratenewblocks,eachnodeblockchaininthenetworkcanparticipateinthecompetition.Therootisakindofneedmethod,whichUSEScryptographytosolvetheneedtoconsumealargeamountofcomputingpowerandtimeofmathproblems.Specifically,blocksinthechainoffftargetndifficulttoidentifytheuniquenessoftheblockhascarriedonthestrictruleshashvalue，namelya"difficultgoalsrepresentthe”blockhashvaluestartingfromthefirstdigitvalueis0,thisneedstogeneratenewblocksnodesusedifferentMrandomfftocalculatethehashvalueofthenewblock，untilyoufindahashvalueiscalculatedbytheblockmeetthecorresponding"difficultgoals'4ThedevelopmentandimprovementofblockchainBitcoinsintheblockchainisspeciallydesignedfordigitalcurrencytrading,adoptsthemechanismbasedonthecomputingpowerofconsensus，tosomeextent，andlimitsitsapplicationscope.Withtheimportanceofblockchaintechnologyconstantlyimprove,onthebasisoftheoriginalblockchain,theappearanceofsomenewblockchaintechnologiesandconcepts-Currencyblockchainiscompletelyopen，everyonecanparticipate,canbethoughtofasachainof"public'relativetothis，limitblockchainnetworkwithinacertainrangebecomesaf,privatenchain.Accordingtotheprivatizationwillblockchaintechnologyadoptedbydifferentways，andcanbesubdividedintoprivatechainalliancechain,licensingchain，etc.Entericlaneassimilardigitalcurrencytothecurrencytradingsystematthesametimeisalsoacompletesetofdecentralizedapplicationplatform.AtthesametimeofusingEthernetfangdigitalcurrencytrading,anyonecanApplicationreleaseanduseofDecentralizationintheentericfang(DecentralizationApplication).Entericoutstandinginitsapplicationandprovidesadecentralizeddevelopment，deploymentanduseofacompletetoolchain,makestheapplicationdevelopmentbasedontheblockchainbecomeextremelyconvenient.Blockchainisdecentralization，totrust,datatamper-proofadvantages,atthesametimeintheanonymousandhasthecharacteristicsofdatatransparency,butdoesnotmeanthatblockchaintechnologydoesnothavelimitations.Block,forexample,capacitylimits,confirmedalongtime，basedontheworkprovedthattheconsensusofthemechanism,problemssuchaslargeenergyconsumptionlimitsitslarge-scaleapplicationinthebusiness.Transparencyatthesametime,thedataprivacy,howtosmoothintegrationwiththeexistingsystem,lawandregulation,alsoneedtoconstantlyresearchandsolution,likeanynewtechnology,blockchaintechnologybreakthrough,alsoneedalongtimeaccumulation.譯文區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)發(fā)展研究KateBran摘要2015年，區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)受到歐美主流金融機構(gòu)的高度關注。該技術(shù)最先由比特幣創(chuàng)始人在比特幣白皮書中以作量證明鏈（Proof-of-workChain）形式提出。塊鏈比特幣的基礎，是時間有序、不可篡改的賬本，通過分布式共識算法，從而實現(xiàn)中心化任。比特幣狹義上可以理解為一種全新的數(shù)字貨幣，廣義上則被認為是一種去中心化的數(shù)字貨幣支付系統(tǒng)塊鏈技術(shù)方案中沒有中心服務器個運行區(qū)塊鏈軟件的計算設備都是區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡中的一個對等節(jié)點點之間無需建立信任關系統(tǒng)中的任意多個節(jié)點，把一段時間系統(tǒng)內(nèi)全部信息交流的數(shù)據(jù)過密碼學算法計算和記錄到一個數(shù)據(jù)塊，并且生成該數(shù)據(jù)塊的指紋用于鏈接下個數(shù)據(jù)塊和校驗，通過集體驗證和維護的方式來建立一個可靠數(shù)據(jù)庫。關鍵詞：區(qū)塊鏈，比特幣，服務器1引言比特幣的區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)革命性地解決了占庭將軍問題有不可更改、不可偽造、完全可追溯的安全特性，實現(xiàn)了一種無信任的共識網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)。這種無需信任某個中心節(jié)點的共識網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)，從根本上與當今人類社會和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)不同一種更貼近自然界與人性的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。越來越多的科技巨頭、研究機構(gòu)和技術(shù)團體已認識到區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的顛覆性，并參與到區(qū)塊鏈的研究中。區(qū)塊鏈是比特幣的基礎支撐技術(shù)次出現(xiàn)在SatoshiNakamoto發(fā)表比特幣：一種點對點式的電子現(xiàn)金系統(tǒng)文中詳細描述了如何建立一套全新的、去中心化的、不需要信任基礎的點到點交易體系的方法，其可實現(xiàn)性已經(jīng)被自2009年運行至今的比特幣所證明。區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的突出優(yōu)勢在于去中心化設計，通過運用加密算法、時間戳、樹形結(jié)構(gòu)、共識機制和獎勵機制節(jié)點無需信任的分布式網(wǎng)絡中實現(xiàn)基于去中心化信用的點到點交易，解決了目前中心化模式存在的可靠性差、安全性低、高成本、低效率等問題。雖然近幾年比特幣快速發(fā)展，但其交易的匿名性和作為貨幣的發(fā)行權(quán)無法被掌握數(shù)國家機構(gòu)不承認其貨幣屬性，而區(qū)塊鏈憑借其獨特的優(yōu)勢，吸引眾多目光，相關研究和應用一時之間呈現(xiàn)井噴的趨勢塊鏈技術(shù)更是被認為是繼大型計算機、個人計算機、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、移動社交之后的第5次顛覆式計算范式，是人類信用進化史上繼血親信用、貴金屬信用、央行紙幣信用之后的第4個里程碑。廣義的區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)有望徹底重塑人類社會活動形態(tài)，為金融、科技、文化、政治等領域帶來深刻的變革。2區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)分析區(qū)塊鏈是由區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡中所有節(jié)點共同參與維護的去中心化分布式數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)，它是由一系列基于密碼學方法產(chǎn)生的數(shù)據(jù)塊組成，每個數(shù)據(jù)塊即為區(qū)塊鏈中的一個區(qū)塊。根據(jù)產(chǎn)生時間的先后順序，區(qū)塊被有序地鏈接在一起，形成一個數(shù)據(jù)鏈條。比特幣作為一種數(shù)字貨幣交易系統(tǒng)，交易記錄是比特幣系統(tǒng)中最基本的組成部分。通過使用巧妙設計的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)和基于密碼學的保護驗證機制特幣的區(qū)塊鏈將所有交易完整無誤地記錄到各個區(qū)塊中。因此，可以把比特幣中的區(qū)塊鏈看作一種分布式賬單系統(tǒng)特幣中的交易記錄本質(zhì)上是比特幣的轉(zhuǎn)賬信息，一條交易記錄存儲一次轉(zhuǎn)賬的信息。交易記錄主要由資金來源和資金去向兩部分組成。一條交易中，可有多項資金來源，每項資金來源均指向之前已發(fā)生且合法（已記錄入?yún)^(qū)塊鏈）的某條交易記錄中的某項資金去向項資金去向均在鎖定指令中記錄了可使用該項資金的所有人信息用該資金去向的交易必須在交易數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)的資金來源解鎖指令中提供資金所有人證明能使交易成為一條合法有效的交易。在比特幣交易系統(tǒng)中，資金所有人采用其掌握公鑰哈希值的Base58編碼表示，資金所有人的證明一般包括兩部分，一部分是上述公鑰本身一部分是采用上述公鑰所對應私鑰計算得到的數(shù)字簽名。當交易被發(fā)布到區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡后，網(wǎng)絡中的每個節(jié)點都將使用交易數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)中所提供的資金所有人證明來驗證交易的合法性，如果交易不是合法有效的，區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡節(jié)點將直接丟棄該交易區(qū)塊是記錄比特幣交易信息的數(shù)據(jù)單元由區(qū)塊頭和區(qū)塊內(nèi)容兩部分組成。區(qū)塊的鏈接是通過區(qū)塊頭數(shù)據(jù)的哈希值來完成的，區(qū)塊鏈使用這個哈希值作為所有區(qū)塊的唯一標識過區(qū)塊頭中所記錄的父區(qū)塊哈希值便可在區(qū)塊鏈中找到所鏈接的唯一區(qū)塊樣就通過每個區(qū)塊鏈接到各自父區(qū)塊的哈希值序列創(chuàng)建了一條從最新區(qū)塊追溯到第一個區(qū)塊的鏈條，從而形成所有區(qū)塊的一種鏈狀數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。區(qū)塊鏈網(wǎng)絡采用一種被稱之為作量證明競爭機制來產(chǎn)生新區(qū)塊塊鏈網(wǎng)絡中的每個節(jié)點都可參與該競爭根本是一種需要利用密碼學方法來解決的需消耗大量計算能力和時間的數(shù)學問題。具體來說，區(qū)塊鏈中的度目標標識區(qū)塊唯一性的區(qū)塊哈希值進行了嚴格規(guī)定，即一定的度目標表了區(qū)塊哈希值從第1位開始值為0的位數(shù)就需要產(chǎn)生新區(qū)塊的節(jié)點使用不同機數(shù)計算新區(qū)塊的哈希值到找到一個機數(shù)計算得到的區(qū)塊哈希值滿足對應的度目標3區(qū)塊鏈架構(gòu)比特幣和以太坊是兩種具代表性的區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)應用個是區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的起源，另一個是區(qū)塊鏈2.0的代表應用，市面上其他使用區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的數(shù)字貨幣大都與之雷同，所以，比特幣和以太坊的基礎