專題03 新八省高考閱讀理解說明文通關(guān)20篇（滿分攻略+八省名校模擬）【含答案解析】

2025年新八省新高考英語滿分通關(guān)練專題03新八省高考閱讀理解說明文通關(guān)20篇解析版（山西、河南、陜西、內(nèi)蒙古、四川、云南、寧夏、青海）說明說明文滿分作答解題妙招一、命題特點(diǎn)1.選材特點(diǎn)文章主要源自主流雜志、報(bào)刊、網(wǎng)站等，通常是關(guān)于各學(xué)科的前沿問題，如自然科學(xué)類、前沿科技發(fā)明類和醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生類；高科技領(lǐng)域的最新科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題；涉及到太空、生物、心理、考古等領(lǐng)域話題。2.語篇結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)科普類說明文文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，通常開門見山，直奔主題。文章基本可以分為兩大類：事物性科普說明文和事理性科普說明文。兩類文章，通常都比較客觀、準(zhǔn)確地介紹一個(gè)新產(chǎn)品、前沿技術(shù)的功能、用途、材料、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)、市場(chǎng)前景等，或者說明某個(gè)科學(xué)道理、科學(xué)現(xiàn)象或科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)，目的是幫助讀者明白“為什么是這樣”。事物說明文一般會(huì)以實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程進(jìn)展為線索，多用描述法、問題與對(duì)策法等方法，通過列數(shù)據(jù)、作對(duì)比等來說明新的科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)及其產(chǎn)生的影響；事物說明文通常是介紹一種新產(chǎn)品、新技術(shù)，更多運(yùn)用描述法從功能、用途、材料和市場(chǎng)前景等方面進(jìn)行介紹。3.設(shè)題特點(diǎn)就語言來說，科普說明文通常篇幅較長(zhǎng)，用詞地道，專業(yè)性強(qiáng)，語言正式，且邏輯性強(qiáng)，句式結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)復(fù)雜。這就需要考生具備扎實(shí)的詞匯量和堅(jiān)實(shí)的語法基礎(chǔ)，且具備一定的科普相關(guān)知識(shí)，并能夠理解分析長(zhǎng)難句。4.命題熱點(diǎn)科普類說明文主要考查在把握文章核心主旨的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層理解。提問形式為：Whatdoyouknowfromthepassage?標(biāo)題判斷題、文章或段落主旨題也較為常見，考查對(duì)文章或段落主旨的理解，主要提問形式為：Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?其次，科普說明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)、產(chǎn)品工藝原理以及最新科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)步，文中易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的生詞，因此常出現(xiàn)詞義猜測(cè)題，提問形式為：Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase…inparagraph…mean/referto?5.語篇模式二、說明方法1.羅列法（listing）在文章開始時(shí)提出需要說明的東西和觀點(diǎn)，然后常用first，second，…andfinally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導(dǎo)性的說明文之中。羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí)：

Thereareseveralgoodreasonswhyweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.Firstofall，

…Secondly，

…Andfinally，

…WeshouldtryourbesttoplantmoretreesforseveralgoodreasonsFirstofall，

…Secondly，

…Andfinally，必須指出的是，有時(shí)羅列法并不一定有明確的first，

second…等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開的。2.舉例法（examples）舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達(dá)的意思，常用forexample，

forinstance，

stillanotherexampleis…等詞語引出，舉例法和羅列法有時(shí)可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實(shí)羅列的說明。3.比較法（comparisonandcontrast）比較法是對(duì)兩個(gè)對(duì)象進(jìn)行比較，從而進(jìn)行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細(xì)分為比較相同點(diǎn)（comparison）和比較不同點(diǎn)（contrast）兩種方法。在比較相同點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，常用到similarly，also，too，inthesamecase，inspiteofthedifference等這樣的詞語。however，ontheotherhand，incontrast，but，nevertheless等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語常用來引導(dǎo)對(duì)不同點(diǎn)的比較。4.定義法（definition）定義法也是英語說明文中常用的寫作手法，特別是在對(duì)具體事物概念進(jìn)行說明時(shí)經(jīng)常使用。定義法的基本要素是定義句。英語中常見定義句的模式是

被定義對(duì)象is所屬類別+限制性定語。比如Abatisasmallmouse-likeanimalthatfliesatnightandfeedson（以…為食品）fruitandinsectsbutisnotabird.5.順序法（sequenceoftime，spaceandprocess）順序法是指按時(shí)間、空間或過程的順序進(jìn)行說明的一種寫作手法。比如按照時(shí)間順序介紹一個(gè)科學(xué)家的生平，用空間順序闡述逐漸開發(fā)西部的重要意義，用過程順序法解釋葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)過程等等。6.分類法（classification）分類法是將寫作對(duì)象進(jìn)行分類說明的一種寫作手法。Somebooksaretobetasted，

otherstobeswallowed，

andsomefewtobechewedanddigested,thatis,

somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts，

otherstoberead，

butnotcuriously，andsomefewtobereadwholly,

andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,

andextractsmadeofthembyothers;

butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,

andthemeanersortofbooks…二、解題策略1.利用語篇結(jié)構(gòu)，概括全文主旨大意，明晰寫作意圖科普說明文主題鮮明、脈絡(luò)清晰，行文結(jié)構(gòu)模式比較固定，梳理文本結(jié)構(gòu)有助于把握文章主旨。學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)，可以首先用略讀法快速瀏覽每段的首尾句，分析文本結(jié)構(gòu)，然后根據(jù)作者謀篇布局的邏輯線索歸納主旨大意。在做主旨大意、寫作意圖和最佳標(biāo)題等題目時(shí)，需要重點(diǎn)關(guān)注首尾段落里面高頻復(fù)現(xiàn)的詞匯和內(nèi)容。文章導(dǎo)語、主體和結(jié)尾是有機(jī)整體，解題時(shí)要綜合起來進(jìn)行判斷。2.利用文中語境線索，分析長(zhǎng)難句，進(jìn)行邏輯推理判斷科普說明文往往專業(yè)術(shù)語較多、句式較復(fù)雜，且經(jīng)常采用舉例、對(duì)比、列數(shù)據(jù)、引用權(quán)威人士觀點(diǎn)等方法進(jìn)行說明。設(shè)題形式上，主要側(cè)重考查深層理解和推理判斷、猜測(cè)生詞含義以及代詞指代等。如果句子成分復(fù)雜、有生詞，學(xué)生不要退縮，抓住行文邏輯的標(biāo)志詞，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，厘清主句和分句或非謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系，蹭蹭剖析，就能明晰句意，進(jìn)行合理判斷。3.諳熟選項(xiàng)設(shè)置規(guī)律，對(duì)比原文，去偽存真高考作為一個(gè)成熟的考試體系，在選項(xiàng)設(shè)置上有章可循。正確選擇一般為文中內(nèi)容的“同義替換”或者“歸納概括”。而干擾項(xiàng)分為“張冠李戴”、“偷梁換柱”、“無中生有”和“以偏概全”四種類型。因此，仔細(xì)辨析選項(xiàng)，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)間的差異，甄別選項(xiàng)與原文的異同，會(huì)對(duì)同學(xué)們選出正確答案大有幫助。三、說明文實(shí)用答題妙招1.閱讀理解說明文深層理解解題居多，落實(shí)“題文同序”和“同義替換”。2.推理判斷題注重“源于文章，高于文章”，弄清來龍去脈再推斷。3主旨大意題要關(guān)注文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，尤其是“首段”和“段首”及關(guān)鍵詞。4.遵循“倒金字塔”模式，重視首尾段照應(yīng)和首段概括引領(lǐng)作用。5.滿分策略：讀題干→找原文→做標(biāo)記→留痕跡→看選項(xiàng)→扣字眼。新八省最新新八省最新名校模擬試題【新八省閱讀·說明文01】（24-25高三上·河南駐馬店·階段練習(xí)）Whenitcomestodiatoms(硅藻類)thatliveintheocean,newresearchsuggeststhatphotosynthesis(光合作用)isnottheonlystrategyforaccumulatingcarbon.Instead,thesesingle-celledarealsobuildingbiomassbyfeedingdirectlyonorganiccarbonintheocean.Thesenewfindingscouldleadresearcherstoreducetheirestimateofhowmuchcarbondioxidediatomspulloutoftheairviaphotosynthesis,whichinturn,couldtakeamuchcloserlookattheunderstandingoftheglobalcarboncycle,whichisespeciallyrelevantgiventhechangingclimate.ThenewfindingswerepublishedinScienceAdvancesonJuly17,2024.TheteamshowedthatthediatomCylindrothecaclosterium,whichisfoundinoceansaroundtheworld,regularlyperformsamixofbothphotosynthesisanddirecteatingofcarbonfromorganicsourcessuchasplankton(浮游生物).Inmorethan70%ofthewatersamplestheresearchersanalyzedfromoceansaroundtheworld,theteamfoundsignsofsimultaneousphotosynthesisanddirectorganiccarbonconsumptionfromCylindrothecaclosterium.Theteamalsoshowedthatthisdiatomspeciescangrowmuchfasterwhenconsumingorganiccarboninadditiontophotosynthesis.Furthermore,thenewresearchhintedatthepossibilitythatspecificspeciesofbacteriaarefeedingorganiccarbondirectlytoalargepercentageofthesediatomslivingallacrosstheglobalocean.Thisworkisbasedonagenome-scalemetabolicmodelingapproachthattheteamusedtorevealthemetabolismofthediatomCylindrothecaclosterium.Theteam’snewmetabolicmodelingdatasupportrecentlabexperimentssuggestingthatsomediatomsmayrelyonstrategiesotherthanphotosynthesistointakethecarbontheyneedtosurvive,thriveandbuildbiomass.TheUCSanDiegoledteamisintheprocessofexpandingthescopeoftheprojecttodeterminehowwidespreadthisnon-photosyntheticactivityisamongotherdiatomspecies.1．What’snewaccordingtotheresearch?A．Thewayofthediatom’scarbonaccumulation. B．Theimpactofclimateondiverseseaplants.C．Theprocedureofexploringcarbon. D．Thesystemofbuildingbiomass.2．Whatdothenewfindingsmakeresearchersmorefocuson?A．Thecausesofclimatechange. B．Thegraspofthecarboncycle.C．Thebadeffectofphotosynthesisondiatoms. D．Aroughestimateoftheamountofcarbondioxide.3．Whatdoweknowfromparagraph3?A．Alargenumberofdiatomsmayfeedonbacteria.B．Thediatomlivesonplankton.C．Watersamplesarekeyfactorsfortheresearch.D．Diatomspeciesgrowfasterwithsufficientsunlight4．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．PhotosynthesisinDiatoms B．Plankton’sRoleinOceansC．NewCarbonStrategiesinDiatoms D．AdvancesinModelingData【答案】1．A2．B3．A4．C【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了一個(gè)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)——海洋硅藻不僅通過光合作用積累碳，還通過直接攝取海水中的有機(jī)碳來構(gòu)建生物量。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“Whenitcomestodiatoms(硅藻類)thatliveintheocean,newresearchsuggeststhatphotosynthesis(光合作用)isnottheonlystrategyforaccumulatingcarbon.Instead,thesesingle-celledarealsobuildingbiomassbyfeedingdirectlyonorganiccarbonintheocean.(當(dāng)談到生活在海洋中的硅藻時(shí)，新的研究表明光合作用并不是積累碳的唯一策略。相反，這些單細(xì)胞生物也通過直接以海洋中的有機(jī)碳為食來產(chǎn)生生物量。)”可知，新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)海洋硅藻不僅通過光合作用積累碳，還通過直接攝取海水中的有機(jī)碳來構(gòu)建生物量。這說明硅藻積累碳的方式是新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。故選A。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Thesenewfindingscouldleadresearcherstoreducetheirestimateofhowmuchcarbondioxidediatomspulloutoftheairviaphotosynthesis,whichinturn,couldtakeamuchcloserlookattheunderstandingoftheglobalcarboncycle,whichisespeciallyrelevantgiventhechangingclimate.(這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致研究人員減少他們對(duì)硅藻通過光合作用從空氣中吸收多少二氧化碳的估計(jì)，這反過來又可以更深入地了解全球碳循環(huán)，這與氣候變化尤其相關(guān)。)”可知，這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致研究人員減少他們對(duì)硅藻通過光合作用從空氣中吸收二氧化碳量的估計(jì)，轉(zhuǎn)而更加關(guān)注全球碳循環(huán)的理解。故選B。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中“Furthermore,thenewresearchhintedatthepossibilitythatspecificspeciesofbacteriaarefeedingorganiccarbondirectlytoalargepercentageofthesediatomslivingallacrosstheglobalocean.(此外，這項(xiàng)新的研究暗示了一種可能性，即特定種類的細(xì)菌直接為生活在全球海洋中的大部分硅藻提供有機(jī)碳)”可知，大量的硅藻可能以細(xì)菌為食。故選A。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Whenitcomestodiatoms(硅藻類)thatliveintheocean,newresearchsuggeststhatphotosynthesis(光合作用)isnottheonlystrategyforaccumulatingcarbon.Instead,thesesingle-celledarealsobuildingbiomassbyfeedingdirectlyonorganiccarbonintheocean.(當(dāng)談到生活在海洋中的硅藻時(shí)，新的研究表明光合作用并不是積累碳的唯一策略。相反，這些單細(xì)胞生物也通過直接以海洋中的有機(jī)碳為食來產(chǎn)生生物量。)”以及通讀全文可知，文章主要介紹了硅藻在積累碳方面新的發(fā)現(xiàn)，即硅藻不僅通過光合作用積累碳，還通過直接攝取海水中的有機(jī)碳來構(gòu)建生物量。這是硅藻在碳積累方面的新策略，因此最適合的標(biāo)題是C選項(xiàng)“NewCarbonStrategiesinDiatoms(硅藻中的新碳策略)”。故選C?！拘掳耸￠喿x·說明文02】（24-25高三上·河南駐馬店·階段練習(xí)）Accordingtoareportin2023,theWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)recommendedthatnon-sugarsweetenersnotbeusedasameansofachievingweightcontrolorreducingtheriskofdiseases.Theguidelinecameasasurprise.Afterall,theverypurposeofnon-sugarsweeteners-whichcontainlittletonocalories—istohelpconsumerscontroltheirweightandreducetheirriskofdiseasebyreplacingsugar.Initsreport,theWHOcitedevidencethatlong-termuseofnon-sugarsweetenersisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdiabetes(糖尿病)anddeath.Howisitthatnon-sugarsweetenersarelinkedtothenegativehealtheffectsthey’resupposedtofendoff?TheWHOmadeitsrecommendationafterreviewinghundredsofpublishedstudies.Theproblemisthattheoverwhelmingmajorityofthesestudiesareobservational.Insuchstudies,subjectstendtoself-reporttheirfoodintake,whichmightnotguaranteeinaccuracy.Moreimportantly,observationalstudiescannotdeterminecauseandeffect.Arenon-sugarsweetenerscausingdiabetes,orarepeopleatriskofdiabetessimplymorelikelytoconsumethem?Lastly,therearenumerousvariablesthatresearcherscan’tpossiblycontrolforinthesestudiesthatcouldinfluencetheresults.Randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs)telladifferentstoryaboutnon-sugarsweeteners.Thesestudiescontrolforvariablesbyrandomlyassigningpeopletoeitheratreatmentorcontrolgroup,andtheycandeterminecauseandeffect.Theyshowthatsweetenersmodestlybenefitweightlossandhelpcontrolbloodsugar,withoutthenegativeeffectsseeninobservationalresearch.ThedownsideofRCTsisthattheyareshorterinduration,oftenlastingjustafewmonths.Sonegativeeffectscouldappearafterlongeruseandwewouldn’tbeabletotellfromtheseRCTs.Butwealsocan’ttellfromobservationalstudies,whichonlymeasurecorrelationandnotcausality(因果關(guān)系).Changingthecurrentsituationmightbehard,though.RCTsareexpensiveandrequirerecruitingparticipants,settingupdietplans,andregularlymeasuringsubjects’healthoutcomes.Forchangetohappen,itmightneedtostartatthetop,wherescienceisfundedGovernmentagencies,whichappropriatebillionsforresearch,shouldstartprioritizingRCTs.1．Whatdotheunderlinedphrase“fendoff”probablymeaninparagraph2?A．Putout. B．Defendagainst. C．Keepup. D．Counton.2．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．TheWHO’ssuggestionsonobservationalstudies.B．Thestrategiestodecidecauseandeffectinconductingstudies.C．Thesignificanceofcontrollingvariablesinobservationalstudies.D．ThelimitationsoftheobservationalstudiesintheWHOreport.3．WhatisafeatureofRCTsaccordingtothetext?A．Theycostlittle B．Theytendtolastlong.C．Theycancontrolvariablesanddeterminecausality. D．Theyrequireparticipantstoself-reportrelateddata4．HowshouldthegovernmenthelpRCTs?A．Bymakingappropriateplans B．ByprovidingfinancialsupportC．Byraisingpeople’sawarenessofhealth D．Byfoundingmorerelatedgovernmentagencies【答案】1．B2．D3．C4．B【導(dǎo)語】本文的體裁是一篇說明文。它主要解釋了世界衛(wèi)生組織（WHO）關(guān)于非糖甜味劑使用的推薦，并詳細(xì)分析了支持這一推薦的研究證據(jù)和現(xiàn)有研究的局限性。1．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段“Initsreport,theWHOcitedevidencethatlong-termuseofnon-sugarsweetenersisassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdiabetes(糖尿病)anddeath.Howisitthatnon-sugarsweetenersarelinkedtothenegativehealtheffectsthey’resupposedtofendoff?(在報(bào)告中，世界衛(wèi)生組織引用了長(zhǎng)期使用非糖甜味劑與糖尿病和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加有關(guān)的證據(jù)。非糖甜味劑是如何與它們本應(yīng)fendoff的負(fù)面健康影響聯(lián)系在一起的？)”可知，非糖甜味劑與糖尿病和增加死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)，即它們本應(yīng)“防御”的負(fù)面健康影響有關(guān)，這里的fendoff應(yīng)理解為“防御，抵擋”或“對(duì)抗”。A.Putout撲滅；B.Defendagainst防御，抵抗；C.Keepup跟上，趕上；D.Counton指望，依靠。故選B。2．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第三段“TheWHOmadeitsrecommendationafterreviewinghundredsofpublishedstudies.Theproblemisthattheoverwhelmingmajorityofthesestudiesareobservational.Insuchstudies,subjectstendtoself-reporttheirfoodintake,whichmightnotguaranteeinaccuracy.Moreimportantly,observationalstudiescannotdeterminecauseandeffect.Arenon-sugarsweetenerscausingdiabetes,orarepeopleatriskofdiabetessimplymorelikelytoconsumethem?Lastly,therearenumerousvariablesthatresearcherscan’tpossiblycontrolforinthesestudiesthatcouldinfluencetheresults.(世衛(wèi)組織在審查了數(shù)百項(xiàng)已發(fā)表的研究后提出了這一建議。問題是這些研究絕大多數(shù)是觀察性的。在這樣的研究中，受試者傾向于自我報(bào)告他們的食物攝入量，這可能不能保證不準(zhǔn)確。更重要的是，觀察性研究不能確定因果關(guān)系。是無糖甜味劑導(dǎo)致糖尿病，還是有患糖尿病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人更容易食用它們？最后，在這些研究中，有許多研究人員無法控制的變量可能會(huì)影響結(jié)果。)”可知，這一段主要講述了WHO報(bào)告中觀察性研究的局限性，包括自報(bào)告數(shù)據(jù)不準(zhǔn)確的問題和無法確定因果關(guān)系的問題，故選D。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Thesestudiescontrolforvariablesbyrandomlyassigningpeopletoeitheratreatmentorcontrolgroup,andtheycandeterminecauseandeffect(這些研究通過將人們隨機(jī)分配到治療組或?qū)φ战M來控制變量，他們可以確定因果關(guān)系。他們表明，甜味劑對(duì)減肥有一定的好處，有助于控制血糖，沒有觀察性研究中看到的負(fù)面影響。隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的缺點(diǎn)是持續(xù)時(shí)間較短，通常只持續(xù)幾個(gè)月。)”可知，RCTs能夠控制變量并確定因果關(guān)系，故選C。4．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Forchangetohappen,itmightneedtostartatthetop,wherescienceisfundedGovernmentagencies,whichappropriatebillionsforresearch,shouldstartprioritizingRCTs.(要想發(fā)生改變，可能需要從最高層開始，那里的科學(xué)是由政府機(jī)構(gòu)資助的，它們?yōu)檠芯繐芸顢?shù)十億美元，應(yīng)該開始優(yōu)先考慮RCTs。)”可知，政府應(yīng)該通過提供財(cái)政支持來幫助RCTs，故選B?！拘掳耸￠喿x·說明文03】（24-25高三上·河南南陽(yáng)·階段練習(xí)）Humanresponsestomoraldilemmas(兩難選擇)canbeinfluencedbystatementswrittenbytheartificialintelligencechatbotChatGPT,accordingtoastudypublishedinScientificReports.Thefindingsindicatethatusersmayunderestimatetheextenttowhichtheirownmoraljudgmentscanbeinfluencedbythechatbot.SebastianKrigelandcolleaguesaskedChatGPTmultipletimeswhetheritisrighttosacrifice(犧牲)thelifeofonepersoninordertosavethelivesoffiveothers.TheyfoundthatChatGPTwroterandomstatementsarguingbothforandagainstsacrificingonelife,indicatingthatitisnotbiasedtowardsacertainmoralstance(立場(chǎng)).Theauthorsthenpresented767U.S.participants,whowereonaverage39yearsold,withadilemmawhethertosacrificeoneperson’slifetosavefiveothers.Beforeanswering,participantsreadastatementprovidedbyChatGPTarguingeitherfororagainstsacrificingonelifetosavefive.StatementswerefromeitheramoraladvisororChatGPT.Afteranswering,participantswereaskedwhetherthestatementtheyreadinfluencedtheiranswers.Eightypercentofparticipantsreportedthattheiranswerswerenotinfluencedbythestatementstheyread.However,theauthorsfoundthattheanswersparticipantsbelievedtheywouldhaveprovidedwithoutreadingthestatementswerestillmorelikelytoagreewiththemoralstanceofthestatementtheydidreadthanwiththeoppositestance.ThisindicatesthatparticipantsmayhaveunderestimatedtheinfluenceofChatGPT’sstatementsontheirownmoraljudgments.Theauthorssuggestthatthepotentialforchatbotstoinfluencehumanmoraljudgmentshighlightstheneedforeducationtohelphumansbetterunderstandartificialintelligence.Theyproposethatfutureresearchshoulddesignchatbotsthateitherdeclinetoanswerquestionsrequiringamoraljudgmentoranswerthesequestionsbyprovidingmultipleargumentsandwarnings.1．WhatareChatGPT’sanswerstoacertainmoralstancelikeaccordingtoParagraph2?A．Inconsistent. B．Valuable. C．Creative. D．Simple.2．Whatislearnedabouttheparticipants?A．TheyadmittedthepowerofChatGPT.B．Theywereinterviewedbyamoraladvisor.C．TheywereaffectedbyChatGPTunknowingly.D．Theywerepresentedwithdifferentmoraldilemmas.3．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Differentfindingsofthestudy. B．Futurepotentialsforchatbots.C．Majorfocusesoffutureeducation. D．Solutionstotheimpactofchatbots.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ChatGPTTendstoCauseMoralPanics B．ChatGPT:IsItLikelytoAffectOurLife?C．ChatGPT:WhyIsItMakingUsSoNervous? D．ChatGPTCanInfluenceHumanMoralJudgments【答案】1．A2．C3．D4．D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了發(fā)表在《科學(xué)報(bào)告》上的一項(xiàng)研究表明，人類對(duì)道德困境的反應(yīng)可能會(huì)受到人工智能聊天機(jī)器人ChatGPT所寫語句的影響。文章介紹了研究開展的經(jīng)過以及發(fā)現(xiàn)，最后提到了解決聊天機(jī)器人影響的方法。1．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“TheyfoundthatChatGPTwroterandomstatementsarguingbothforandagainstsacrificingonelife,indicatingthatitisnotbiasedtowardsacertainmoralstance(立場(chǎng)).(他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，ChatGPT隨機(jī)寫出支持或反對(duì)犧牲一條生命的陳述，這表明它并不偏向于某種道德立場(chǎng))”可推知，ChatGPT對(duì)某種道德立場(chǎng)的回答不一致。故選A。2．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“ThisindicatesthatparticipantsmayhaveunderestimatedtheinfluenceofChatGPT’sstatementsontheirownmoraljudgments.(這表明參與者可能低估了ChatGPT的陳述對(duì)他們自己道德判斷的影響)”可知，參與者在不知不覺中受到了ChatGPT的影響。故選C。3．主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Theauthorssuggestthatthepotentialforchatbotstoinfluencehumanmoraljudgmentshighlightstheneedforeducationtohelphumansbetterunderstandartificialintelligence.Theyproposethatfutureresearchshoulddesignchatbotsthateitherdeclinetoanswerquestionsrequiringamoraljudgmentoranswerthesequestionsbyprovidingmultipleargumentsandwarnings.(作者認(rèn)為，聊天機(jī)器人影響人類道德判斷的潛力凸顯了教育的必要性，以幫助人類更好地理解人工智能。他們提出，未來的研究應(yīng)該設(shè)計(jì)出這樣的聊天機(jī)器人：要么拒絕回答需要道德判斷的問題，要么通過提供多種論證和警告來回答這些問題)”可知，最后一段主要講解決聊天機(jī)器人影響人類道德判斷力的方法。故選D。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Humanresponsestomoraldilemmas(兩難選擇)canbeinfluencedbystatementswrittenbytheartificialintelligencechatbotChatGPT,accordingtoastudypublishedinScientificReports.(發(fā)表在《科學(xué)報(bào)告》上的一項(xiàng)研究表明，人類對(duì)道德困境的反應(yīng)可能會(huì)受到人工智能聊天機(jī)器人ChatGPT所寫言論的影響)”以及倒數(shù)第二段“ThisindicatesthatparticipantsmayhaveunderestimatedtheinfluenceofChatGPT’sstatementsontheirownmoraljudgments.(這表明參與者可能低估了ChatGPT的陳述對(duì)他們自己道德判斷的影響)”并結(jié)合文章介紹了研究開展的經(jīng)過以及發(fā)現(xiàn)，最后提到了解決聊天機(jī)器人影響的方法?？芍?，D選項(xiàng)“ChatGPT可以影響人類的道德判斷”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選D?！拘掳耸￠喿x·說明文04】（24-25高三上·四川·階段練習(xí)）Aglobalstudycomparing2,062birdsfindsthatinhighlyvariableenvironmentsbirdstendtohaveeitherlargerorsmallerbrainsrelativetotheirbodysize,butbirdswithsmallerbrainstendtouseecologicalstrategiesthatarenotavailabletobig-brainedones.Thefactisthatthereareagreatmanyspeciesthatdoquitewellwithsmallbrains.Previousstudieshadfoundgeneraltrendstowardlargerrelativebrainsizesathigherlatitudes(緯度)whereconditionsaremorevariable.Thisnewstudyisdifferentbecauseitlooksatthefulldistributionofbrainsizesacrossenvironments,allowingtheresearcherstotestwhetherdifferentsizesareover-orunder-represented.Theyfoundthatathigherlatitudes,somebirdbrainsaresignificantlymorelikelytoberelativelysmallercomparedtobodysize.“InAlaska,theptarmigan(雷鳥)mightbeatypicalexampleofthesmall-brainedspecies.Lovablethoughitis,it’snotexactlyknownforitssmarts.Theptarmigancan,however,feedonbranchesandwillowleaves.”saidTrevorFristoe,firstauthorofthestudyfromWashingtonUniversity.“Wefindthatsmall-brainedspeciesintheseenvironmentsemploystrategiesthatareunachievablewithalargebrain.Thesespeciesareabletoliveonreadilyavailablebutdifficulttodigestresourcessuchasneedlesofconifers(針葉樹)orevenbranches.Thesefoodscanbefoundevenduringextremewinterconditions,buttheyarefibrousandrequirealargegut(腸道)todigest,”Fristoesaid.“Guttissue,likebraintissue,isenergeticallydemanding,andlimitedbudgetsmeanthatitischallengingtomaintainalotofboth.”“Brainsarenotevolvingseparately—theyarepartofabroadersuiteofadaptationsthathelpcreaturessucceedintheirlives,”saidCarlosBotero,assistantprofessorofbiologyandco-authorofthestudy.“Biologists,ourselvesincluded,havehistoricallybelievedthatenvironmentalvariabilitydrivestheexpansionofbrainsize.Butwhenwetakeabroaderview,werealizethatotherstrategiesalsoworkandremarkably,thealternativehereinvolvesmakingabrainactuallysmaller!”1．HowdoesFristoe’sresearchdifferfrompreviousstudies?A．Itrevealsbirds’evolvingprocesses. B．Itarrivesataconflictingconclusion.C．Itfocusesonbirdswithsmallerbrains. D．Itcoversawiderrangeofbrainsizes.2．Whatdoweknowabouttheptarmigan?A．Ithasachangeablefeedinghabit. B．Itisconsideredfairlyintelligent.C．Ithasanextremelylargebodysize. D．Ithasapowerfuldigestingsystem.3．WhatdoesBoterothinkofsmallerbrains?A．Theyarearesultoflimitedbudgets. B．Theyareaneffectivesurvivalstrategy.C．Theyarenotforvariableenvironments. D．Theyaretypicalofindependentevolution.4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．BigBrainsorBigGuts.ChooseOne B．EvolutionofBrainSizeinBirdsC．BigBrains:AdapttoHigherLatitudes D．TheSmallertheBrain,theSmartertheBird【答案】1．D2．C3．A4．A【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了關(guān)于鳥類大腦大小和智慧之間關(guān)系的研究，列舉了研究人員對(duì)研究結(jié)果的看法。1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Thisnewstudyisdifferentbecauseitlooksatthefulldistributionofbrainsizesacrossenvironments,allowingtheresearcherstotestwhetherdifferentsizesareover-orunder-represented.(這項(xiàng)新研究的不同之處在于，它觀察了不同環(huán)境下大腦大小的完整分布，使研究人員能夠測(cè)試不同大小的大腦是被過度代表還是被低估了)”可知，弗里斯托的研究涵蓋了更大范圍的大腦大小。故選D。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Theyfoundthatathigherlatitudes,somebirdbrainsaresignificantlymorelikelytoberelativelysmallercomparedtobodysize.(他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在高緯度地區(qū)，一些鳥類的大腦相對(duì)于身體來說更有可能相對(duì)較小)”以及第三段“InAlaska,theptarmigan(雷鳥)mightbeatypicalexampleofthesmall-brainedspecies.(在阿拉斯加，雷鳥可能是小腦袋物種的典型例子)”可推知，雷鳥的體型非常大。故選C。3．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Butwhenwetakeabroaderview,werealizethatotherstrategiesalsoworkandremarkably,thealternativehereinvolvesmakingabrainactuallysmaller!(但當(dāng)我們從更廣闊的角度來看，我們意識(shí)到其他策略也起作用，值得注意的是，這里的替代方案涉及到讓大腦變得更?。?”可知，波特羅認(rèn)為小腦袋是預(yù)算有限的結(jié)果。故選A。4．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段“Aglobalstudycomparing2,062birdsfindsthatinhighlyvariableenvironmentsbirdstendtohaveeitherlargerorsmallerbrainsrelativetotheirbodysize,butbirdswithsmallerbrainstendtouseecologicalstrategiesthatarenotavailabletobig-brainedones.Thefactisthatthereareagreatmanyspeciesthatdoquitewellwithsmallbrains.(一項(xiàng)對(duì)2062只鳥類進(jìn)行比較的全球研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在高度多變的環(huán)境中，鳥類的大腦相對(duì)于它們的身體大小往往更大或更小，但大腦較小的鳥類往往會(huì)使用大腦大的鳥類無法使用的生態(tài)策略。事實(shí)上，有很多物種的大腦都很小)”結(jié)合文章主要介紹了關(guān)于鳥類大腦大小和智慧之間關(guān)系的研究，列舉了研究人員對(duì)研究結(jié)果的看法?？芍?，A選項(xiàng)“腦大還是智慧大。選擇一個(gè)”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選A?！拘掳耸￠喿x·說明文05】（24-25高三上·四川內(nèi)江·開學(xué)考試）Thestreets,sidewalksandroofsofcitiesallabsorbheatduringtheday,makingsomeurbanareasacrosstheUnitedStatesupto6degreesFahrenheithotterthanruralonesduringtheday-and22degreesFhotteratnight.These“urbanheatislands”canalsodevelopundergroundasthecityheatspreadsdownward,beneaththesurface.Andbasements,subwaytunnelsandotherundergroundinfrastructurealsoconstantlybleedheatintothesurroundingearth,creatinghotspots.Nowtheundergroundheatisbuildingupastheplanetwarms.AccordingtoanewstudyofdowntownChicago,undergroundhotspotsmaythreatentheverysamestructuresthatemittheheatinthefirstplace.Suchtemperaturechangesmakethegroundaroundthemexpandandcontract(收縮)enoughtocausepotentialdamage.“Withoutanyonerealizingit,thecityofChicago’sdowntownwasdeforming,”saysthestudy’sauthorAlessandroF.RottaLoria,acivilandenvironmentalengineeratNorthwesternUniversity.Thefindings,publishedinCommunicationsEngineering,exposea“silenthazard(危險(xiǎn))”tocivilinfrastructureincitieswithsofterground-especiallythosenearwater-RottaLoriasays.“Theremighthavebeenstructuralissuescausedbythisundergroundclimatechangethathappened,andwedidn’tevenrealize,”headds.Whilenotanimmediateordirectdangertohumanlives,thispreviouslyunknowneffecthighlightstheimpactsofalesser-knowncomponentofclimatechange.Similartoclimatechangeabovethesurface,theseundergroundchangesoccuroverlongperiodsoftime.“Theseeffectstookdecades,acentury,todevelop,”RottaLoriasays,addingthatelevatedundergroundtemperatureswouldlikewisetakealongtimetodissipate(逐漸消失)ontheirown.Butotherresearchersinterviewedforthisstoryallsaythiswastedenergycouldalsoberecycled,presentinganopportunitytobothcoolthesubsurfaceandsaveonenergycosts.Subwaytunnelsandbasementscouldbeupdatedwithtechnologiestorecapturetheheat.Forexample,waterpipescouldbeinstalledtorunthroughundergroundhotspotsandpickupsomeoftheheatenergy.1．Whatcanwelearnaboutthe“urbanheatislands”?A．Theycandevelopundergroundstructures. B．Theyareimpactedbyglobalwarming.C．Theycandestroythegroundaround. D．TheyonlyexistintheUnitedStates.2．WhydoesAlessandroF.RottaLoriamention“silenthazard”inparagraph3?A．Todiscussstructuralissues. B．Tocategorizeclimatechange.C．Toexplainundergroundheat. D．Toemphasizetheneglectedreality.3．Whatwilltheauthorprobablywriteaboutintheparagraphthatfollows?A．Thefutureoftunnelsandbasements. B．Thereusingapproachesofheatenergy.C．Thecostofmaintainingstructures. D．Theevolutionofundergroundenvironment.4．Whatdoestheauthorintendtotellus?A．Undergroundclimatechangeisasilentdanger.B．Humansfailtonoticethedramaticclimatechange.C．Coolingthesurfacehelpscontrolurbanheatrises.D．Researchingundergroundheathelpssaveonenergycosts.【答案】1．B2．D3．B4．A【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了地下氣候變暖對(duì)城市地面建筑的負(fù)面影響的隱蔽性與長(zhǎng)期性，以及介紹潛在的解決方案.1．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“These“urbanheatislands”canalsodevelopundergroundasthecityheatspreadsdownward,beneaththesurface.Andbasements,subwaytunnelsandotherundergroundinfrastructurealsoconstantlybleedheatintothesurroundingearth,creatinghotspots.Nowtheundergroundheatisbuildingupastheplanetwarms.(這些“城市熱島”也會(huì)在地下形成，因?yàn)槌鞘械臒崃繒?huì)向下傳播，到達(dá)地表以下。而且，地下室、地鐵隧道和其他地下設(shè)施也會(huì)不斷向周圍的土壤散發(fā)熱量，從而形成熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域?，F(xiàn)在，隨著地球變暖，地下熱量也在不斷積聚。)”可知，“城市熱島”是受到全球氣候變暖的影響。故選B。2．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中AlessandroF.RottaLoria所說的“Theremighthavebeenstructuralissuescausedbythisundergroundclimatechangethathappened,andwedidn’tevenrealize(發(fā)生的這種地下氣候變化可能已經(jīng)造成了建筑結(jié)構(gòu)上的問題，我們甚至沒有意識(shí)到)”以及最后一句話“Whilenotanimmediateordirectdangertohumanlives,thispreviouslyunknowneffecthighlightstheimpactsofalesser-knowncomponentofclimatechange.(雖然這不是對(duì)人類生命的立即或直接威脅，但這種以前未知的影響突顯了氣候變化中一個(gè)鮮為人知的組成部分的影響)”可推知，提出“無聲的危險(xiǎn)”是想強(qiáng)調(diào)地下氣候變暖這一被人忽略的事實(shí)。故選D。3．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Butotherresearchersinterviewedforthisstoryallsaythiswastedenergycouldalsoberecycled,presentinganopportunitytobothcoolthesubsurfaceandsaveonenergycosts.Subwaytunnelsandbasementscouldbeupdatedwithtechnologiestorecapturetheheat.Forexample,waterpipescouldbeinstalledtorunthroughundergroundhotspotsandpickupsomeoftheheatenergy.(但其他在接受采訪的研究人員都表示，這種浪費(fèi)的能源也可以被回收利用，這不僅提供了冷卻地下空間的機(jī)會(huì)，還能節(jié)省能源成本。可以通過更新技術(shù)來重新捕獲地鐵隧道和地下室的熱量。例如，可以安裝水管穿過地下熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域，以吸收部分熱能)”可知，該段是介紹針對(duì)地下氣候變暖提出了潛在的解決方案，即可以通過更新地鐵隧道和地下室的相關(guān)技術(shù)來回收利用熱能，并舉例了可通過安裝水管這種方法來獲取熱能。由此推知，接下來應(yīng)該是介紹對(duì)這種熱能的再使用方法。故選B。4．推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容及第二段中“Withoutanyonerealizingit,thecityofChicago’sdowntownwasdeforming(在無人察覺的情況下，芝加哥市中心發(fā)生了變形)”和第三段中““Theremighthavebeenstructuralissuescausedbythisundergroundclimatechangethathappened,andwedidn’tevenrealize,”headds.Whilenotanimmediateordirectdangertohumanlives,thispreviouslyunknowneffecthighlightstheimpactsofalesser-knowncomponentofclimatechange.(“可能會(huì)有由于這種地下氣候變化導(dǎo)致的結(jié)構(gòu)性問題出現(xiàn)，而我們甚至沒有意識(shí)到，”他補(bǔ)充道。雖然這對(duì)人類生命沒有立即或直接的危險(xiǎn)，但這一此前未知的影響突顯了氣候變化中一個(gè)較少為人知的組成部分所帶來的影響)”可知，整篇文章都在圍繞地下熱島效應(yīng)及其對(duì)城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的影響展開，特別是強(qiáng)調(diào)了這種地下氣候變化帶來的隱患。因此，作者想傳達(dá)的主要信息是地下氣候變化是一種無聲的危險(xiǎn)。故選A?！拘掳耸￠喿x·說明文06】（24-25高三上·四川雅安·開學(xué)考試）Anartificialintelligence(AI)toolofstreetviewcould