真題講練-理念闡述：2021北京卷C篇-2021天津卷D篇-2017全國(guó)新課標(biāo)II D?

年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試北京卷·英語(yǔ)CHundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinanopenletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobalcollapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario(情景)thiscentury”.Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,foodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmightcreateglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanon-humanspecies,collapseiswellunderway.Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notverylongago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovensodisastrouslylackinginflexibility.Theinternationalscholars’warningletterdoesn’tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmighthappen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangersofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories(簽署者)ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe“ecologicalfootprint”concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintainagivenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,“itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsomeform,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,”Johnsonsaidinanemail.“Onlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicallimits,”theDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwehavethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm”.Andyetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.Asapoetwrote,Manisavictimofdope(麻醉品)Intheincurableformofhope.Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent(執(zhí)著)onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.“Let’slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Scientific. B.Credible.C.Original. D.Relevant.29.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris________.A.worried B.puzzledC.surprised D.scared30.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.B.Theauthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.【答案】28.D29.A30.B【解析】【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文，文章闡述了全球崩塌（globalcollapse）的概念。數(shù)百名科學(xué)家、作家和學(xué)者在去年12月發(fā)表的一封公開(kāi)信中向全人類發(fā)出了警告：政策制定者和我們每個(gè)人必須直面“全球崩塌”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。文章具體闡釋了學(xué)者們對(duì)這一概念的定義、理解和它的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義?！?8題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)該詞所在的具體語(yǔ)境，第三段第一句“Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstill-uncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld’smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.”（呼吁公眾對(duì)世界不確定性的關(guān)注，尤其與此時(shí)此刻的情況密切相關(guān)：此時(shí)此刻，在世界上技術(shù)最先進(jìn)的國(guó)家，仍處于無(wú)法控制流行病和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的泥潭中），下文也提到，一場(chǎng)病毒肆虐，一個(gè)國(guó)家社會(huì)停止了運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，大流行無(wú)法控制，經(jīng)濟(jì)下行，這樣的事情在不久之前都是無(wú)法想象，不可思議（unthinkable）的，即世界充滿了不確定性。而此時(shí)此刻呼吁人們對(duì)這種unthinkable加以關(guān)注，正是和此時(shí)此刻的世界實(shí)況密切相關(guān)。A.Scientific科學(xué)的；B.Credible可信的，可靠的；C.Original原來(lái)的，原創(chuàng)的；D.Relevant相關(guān)的，有重大關(guān)系的。根據(jù)上面的分析，僅有D符合語(yǔ)境，故選D?！?9題詳解】推理判斷題。本題要求判斷作者的情感態(tài)度，根據(jù)原文第五段“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未來(lái)崩潰的先行信號(hào)很可能被忽略，我們都希望事情在未來(lái)會(huì)變好）和倒數(shù)最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他們說(shuō)，“讓我們直面全球崩塌的議題，真正去解決我們看到的可能的糟糕情況，以便使未來(lái)沒(méi)那么糟?！保┛芍?，作者認(rèn)為公眾對(duì)“全球崩塌”的重視意識(shí)不夠，比較擔(dān)心，A.worried擔(dān)憂的；B.puzzled困惑的，茫然的；C.surprised驚訝的；D.scared害怕的，綜合以上的分析，可見(jiàn)作者對(duì)此是“擔(dān)憂的”，故選A。【30題詳解】推理判斷題。原文詩(shī)歌“Manisavictimofdope;Intheincurableformofhope.”（人類是麻醉品的受害者；沉迷于無(wú)可救藥的幻想中）表達(dá)的是，人類無(wú)視未來(lái)全球崩塌的巨大危險(xiǎn)，把頭埋進(jìn)沙子里，假裝不知道，充滿不切實(shí)際的幻想和希望。而詩(shī)歌前面的段落就提到“yetmessengersofthecomingdisturbancearelikelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未來(lái)崩潰的先行信號(hào)很可能被忽略，我們都希望事情在未來(lái)會(huì)變好），結(jié)合上下文，這里指的是人們都幻想著未來(lái)就會(huì)變好。詩(shī)歌之后的最后一段則提到執(zhí)著于“quietinghopethatignorespreparedness.”（掐滅不做準(zhǔn)備的空有幻想），接著又借學(xué)者之口，提到“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,”theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.”（他們說(shuō)，“讓我們直面全球崩塌的議題，真正去解決我們看到的可能的糟糕情況，以便使未來(lái)沒(méi)那么糟?！保┛梢?jiàn)，上下文一脈相承，表達(dá)相同的一方觀點(diǎn)，未對(duì)另一方的觀點(diǎn)有任何呈現(xiàn)，理解文章后可知，作者有明顯的態(tài)度傾向，作者對(duì)于這首詩(shī)表達(dá)的信息是贊同的，故選B。2021年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試（天津卷）英語(yǔ)筆試（第二次）DArtiseverywhere.Anypublicspacehasbeencarefullydesignedbyanartisticmindtobebothfunctionalandbeautiful.Why,then,isartstillsowidelyconsideredtobe“theeasysubject”atschool,insignificanttowidersociety,awasteoftimeandeffort?Artcanconnectculturewithcommercialproductsinawaythatnotmanyotherthingscan;artgeneratesmoneyandholdssignificantemotionalandculturalvaluewithincommunities.Whenpeopleattendaconcert,theyarepayingformusic,sure,maybeevenhotelrooms,meals,andtransport,buttheyalsogainanincredibleexperience,auniqueatmosphereandamemorythatwillgothroughtherestoftheirlives.Peopledon'tjustwantmaterialthingsanymore,theywanttoexperiencelife--theartsareaperfectcrossover(交迭)betweencultureandcommerce.Furthermore,theartscanbringcommunitiestogether,reducinglonelinessandmakingpeoplefeelsafer.Socialbondsarecreatedamongindividualswhentheysharetheirartsexperiencesthroughreflectionanddiscussion,andtheirexpressionofcommonvaluesthroughartworksinhonourofeventssignificanttoanation'sexperience.Theartsclearlyhaveaprettypositiveimpactonphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeoplewhofrequentculturalplacesorparticipateinartisticeventsaremorelikelytogaingoodhealthcomparedtothosewhodonot;moreengagementwiththeartsislinkedtoahigherlevelofpeople’swellbeing.TheRoyalSocietyofPublicHealthdiscoveredthatmusicandart,whenusedinhospitals,helptoimprovetheconditionsofpatientsbyreducingstress,anxietyandbloodpressure.Childrenwhoareinvolvedwiththeartsmakegreaterachievementsintheireducation:thoseengagedwithdramahavegreaterliteraryabilitywhileotherstakingpartinmusicalpracticeexhibitgreaterskillsinmathandlanguages.Kidswithpreferencefortheartshaveagreaterchanceoffindingemploymentinthefuture.Participatingintheartsisessentialforchilddevelopment;encouragingchildrentoexpressthemselvesinconstructivewayscouldhelptoformhealthyemotionalresponsesinlaterlife.Vitaltohumanlife,artiscelebratedandusedbynationsacrosstheworldforvariouspurposes.Lifewithoutartwouldbeboringanddeadstill,forartisapartofwhatmakesushuman.51.Artproductsdifferfrommostothercommercialproductsbecause____________.A.mostpeoplepurchasethemforcollectionB.theyaremoreexpensiveandlessaccessibleC.theyhavebothcommercialandculturalvaluesD.theirpricesmayclimbupastimepasses52.Bysharingtheirartsexperiences,communitymemberscan_________.A.keepthecommunitysafefromillnessesB.developastrongertiebetweenthemC.learntoappreciatetheirownworksofartD.offerhonourablesolutionstotheirproblems53.Whatcanwelearnaboutpeoplewhoareinvolvedinartisticactivities?A.Theyenjoybetterlivingconditions.B.Theyliketocomparethemselveswithothers.C.Theyareparticularlygoodatbothmusicandart.D.Theytendtobehealthierphysicallyandmentally.54.Howdoeskids’engagementwiththeartsbenefitthem?A.Itpromotestheiracademicperformanceandemotionalgrowth.B.Itgivesthemmoreconfidenceinexhibitingtheirlearningskills.C.Itinspirestheircreativityindesigningtheirfuturecareer.D.Ithelpstomakeresponsiblepeopleoutofthem.55.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A.HowArtCuresOurHeartsB.Art:ABlessingtoHumankindC.HowArtBenefitsCommunitiesD.Art:ABridgeBetweenCultures【答案】51.C52.B53.D54.A55.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。講述了藝術(shù)這一活動(dòng)對(duì)人類的重要意義，是我們不可或缺的社會(huì)生活之一。從賦予商品的商業(yè)價(jià)值，人類的身心健康和青少年的學(xué)術(shù)和情感發(fā)展等方面論述了藝術(shù)的重要意義?！?1題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Anypublicspacehasbeencarefullydesignedbyanartisticmindtobebothfunctionalandbeautiful.”（任何公共空間都是由藝術(shù)家精心設(shè)計(jì)的，既實(shí)用又美觀。）以及“Artcanconnectculturewithcommercialproductsinawaythatnotmanyotherthingscan”（藝術(shù)可以將文化與商業(yè)產(chǎn)品聯(lián)系起來(lái)，這是其他很多東西都做不到的。）可以看出，可見(jiàn)藝術(shù)參與的作品兼具文化價(jià)值和商業(yè)價(jià)值。故選擇C?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Socialbondsarecreatedamongindividualswhentheysharetheirartsexperiencesthroughreflectionanddiscussion,,andtheirexpressionofcommonvaluesthroughartworksinhonorofeventssignificanttoanation'sexperience.”（當(dāng)個(gè)人通過(guò)反思和討論分享他們的藝術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并通過(guò)藝術(shù)作品表達(dá)共同的價(jià)值觀，以紀(jì)念對(duì)一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有重要意義的事件時(shí)，社會(huì)紐帶就在他們之間建立起來(lái)。），可見(jiàn)通過(guò)分享經(jīng)歷，可以建立一種特殊的聯(lián)系和紐帶。故選擇B?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Itisfoundthatpeoplewhofrequentculturalplacesorparticipateinartisticeventsaremorelikelytogaingoodhealthcomparedtothosewhodonot”（研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)常出入文化場(chǎng)所或參加藝術(shù)活動(dòng)的人比不經(jīng)常出入文化場(chǎng)所或參加藝術(shù)活動(dòng)的人更容易獲得健康;），可見(jiàn)參加藝術(shù)活動(dòng)的人們?cè)谏硇纳隙枷鄬?duì)更加健康。故選擇D。【54題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第五段“Childrenwhoareinvolvedwiththeartsmakegreaterachievementsintheireducation”（參與藝術(shù)的孩子在他們的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouragingchildrentoexpressthemselvesinconstructivewayscouldhelptoformhealthyemotionalresponsesinlaterlife.”（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反應(yīng)。）可見(jiàn)藝術(shù)活動(dòng)促進(jìn)了孩子們的學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)和情感成長(zhǎng)。故選擇A。【55題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段“Vitaltohumanlife,artiscelebratedandusedbynationsacrosstheworldforvariouspurposes.Lifewithoutartwouldbeboringanddeadstill,forartisapartofwhatmakesushuman.”（藝術(shù)對(duì)人類的生命至關(guān)重要，世界各國(guó)為各種目的慶祝和使用藝術(shù)。沒(méi)有藝術(shù)的生活將是無(wú)聊和死氣沉沉的，因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)是我們?nèi)祟惖囊徊糠帧＃┛梢?jiàn)藝術(shù)是人類重要的部分，文章中也詳細(xì)描述了藝術(shù)對(duì)不同人群的好處。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“藝術(shù):人類的福祉”。故選擇B。2017全國(guó)新課標(biāo)IIDWhenaleafyplantisunderattack,itdoesn’tsitquietly.Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.Thesechemicalscomefromtheinjuredpartsoftheplantandseemtobeanalarm.Whattheplantspumpthroughtheairisamixtureofchemicalsknownasvolatileorganiccompounds,VOCsforshort.ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It’saplant’swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Instudyafterstudy,itappearsthatthesechemicalconversationshelptheneighbors.Thedamageisusuallymoreseriousonthefirstplant,buttheneighbors,relativelyspeaking,staysaferbecausetheyheardthealarmandknewwhattodo.Doesthismeanthatplantstalktoeachother?Scientistsdon’tknow.Maybethefirstplantjustmadeacryofpainorwassendingamessagetoitsownbranches,andso,ineffect,wastalkingtoitself.Perhapstheneighborsjusthappenedto“overhear”thecry.Soinformationwasexchanged,butitwasn’tatrue,intentionalbackandforth.CharlesDarwin,over150yearsago,imaginedaworldfarbusier,noisierandmoreintimate(親密的)thantheworldwecanseeandhear.Oursensesareweak.There’sawholelotgoingon.32.Whatdoesaplantdowhenitisunderattack?A.Itmakesnoises. B.Itgetshelpfromotherplants.C.Itstandsquietly. D.Itsendsoutcertainchemicals.33.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inparagraph3?A.Theattackersgetattacked. B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback. D.Theperfumesattrac