全國職稱英語等級考試全真模擬題-理工類

全國職稱英語等級考試全真模擬題理工類A級（一）

第一部分：詞匯選項(第1~15題，每題1分，共15分)

下面共有15個句子，每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有底橫線,

請從每個句子后面所給的4個選項中選擇1個與劃線部分意義最相近

的詞或短語。答案一律涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。

1.Thatproblemissecondarytotheonenowfacingus.

A)lessimportantthan

B)laterthan

C)betterthan

D)moreexcitingthan

2.Itisdifficulttoassesstheimportanceofthedecision.

A)comment

B)report

C)discuss

D)evaluate

3.Youmusttrytowipeoutthememoryofthesehorribleevents.

A)unfair

B)strange

C)terrible

D)unusual

4.HespokeinsuchapleasantmannerthatIfeltateasewithhimatonce.

A)confident

B)relaxing

C)formal

D)comfortable

5.Heworkedsohardthateventuallyhefellill.

A)finally

B)recently

C)then

D)surely

6.Hethoughtitbettertobeginworkingimmediately.

A)recently

B)atonce

C)early

D)rapidly

7.Shealwaysfindsfaultwitheverything.

A)simplifies

B)examines

C)evaluates

D)criticizes

8.Shehasasteadyincome.

A)sharp

B)continuous

C)general

D)relative

9.,Sometimesitisadvisabletobookhotelsinadvance.

A)easy

B)profitable

C)wise

D)possible

10.Thereasonfortheirunusualbehaviorremainsapuzzle.

A)statement

B)game

C)mystery

D)fact

11.Theydepictedthethrillingsituationtousingreatdetail.

A)praises

B)writes

C)imitates

D)describes

12.WilliamFaulkner'sstoriesreflecthisMississippiupbringing.

A)show

B)cover

C)visit

D)appear

13.AccordingtotheAmericanRedCross,bloodandplasmadonorsare

urgentlyneededafternaturaldisastersorothercatastrophes.

A)typically

B)desperately

C)tentatively

D)conceivably

14.DumpedwastemightcontaminateWatersupplies.

A)delay

B)destroy

C)decrease

D)pollute

15.Afterlisteningtothetestimony,themembersofthejurydelivered

theirverdict.

A)foreman

B)decision

C)crossexamination

D)sentence

第二部分：閱讀判斷(第16?22題，每題1分，共7分)

閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后列出7個句子，請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對

每個句子做出判斷。如果該句提供的是正確信息，請在答題卡上把A

涂黑；如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請在答題卡上把B涂黑；如果

該句的信息在文章中沒有提及，請在答題卡上把C涂黑。

GreenRoofResearch

Theconceptofgreenroofsisbasicallyaboutgrowingplantson

roofs，thushelpingtoreplacethegreenfootprintthathadbeendestroyed

duetotheconstructionofthebuilding.Greenroofsarethemostprevalent

(流行)inGermany,whichiswidelyregardedastheleaderingreenroof

research.

Thegreenroofsthatareusedthesedayscanbeclassifiedas

'extensive'and

'intensive'systems.Extensivegreenroofsusemosses,grassesand

herbs,whicharetoleranttodroughts.TheseplantsdonotReedmuch

maintenance,canbegrowninalayerofsubstrate（土層）thatcanbeas

shallowas1.5inches,andgenerallyareinaccessibletothepublic.In

contrast,awiderangeofspeciesofplantsaregrownonintensivegreen

roofs,suchasshrubs（灌木）andeventrees,whichrequiredeeper

substratelayers,andareusuallygrownonflatroofs.Theyneedintensive

maintenance,andareusuallyareasthatresembleparkswhichare

accessibletopeople.

Thereareseveralbenefitsofadoptinggreenrooftechnologies.Apart

fromtheobviouspsychologicalandaesthetic（美學的）benefitsof

garden-likeenvironmentssurroundingyou,someofthecommon

economicandecologicalbenefitsare：areductionintheconsumptionof

energy；airandwaterpurification；recoveringgreenspaces；andthe

mitigation（緩解）oftheheatislandeffectinurbanareas.

Thegreenroofresearchthatiscurrentlyongoingisfocusedon

evaluatingthespeciesofplantsthataresuitabletobegrownonroofs,the

methodsofpropagation（繁殖）aswellasestablishment,nutrient（養(yǎng)

料）andwaterrequirement,substrates,andthequantityandqualityof

waterrunoff.Theevaluationcriteriaofplantspeciesare：atwhatratethey

canbeestablished：theircapacitytowithstandinvasiveweeds：tolerance

ofcoldandheat:toleranceofdroughtconditions:capacityofpersistence

andsurvival.

Anumberofexperimentsarebeingconductedonroofplatform

simulationsatvariousresearchcenters.Thesesitesaregenerallyoutfitted

withequipment,whichareusedtomeasuretemperaturesatdifferent

depthsofthegrowingsubstrates,andtherateandvolumeoftherunoffof

stormwatersfromeachoftheplatforms.

Greenrooftechnologyisrepresentativeofacompletelynewmarket

forlandscapecontractors.Andallroofsthatcurrentlyexistandthefuture

onestobeconstructedarethepotentialmarket-amarketthatistoohuge

tobeoverlooked.

16Itisestimatedthataround10percentoftheflatroofsinGermany

aregreen.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

17Germanpeoplepreferextensivegreenroofsystemstointensive

ones.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

18Smallplantslikegrassesandherbsaregrownwidelyonintensive

greenroofs.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

19Greenroofisanecologicallysoundstrategyofspreadinggreenin

urbanareas.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

20Oneofthebenefitsofgreenroofsisthereductionoftheheat

islandeffectincities.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

21Onefocus；nthegreenroofresearchistheevaluationofsuitable

plantspecies.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

22Althoughgreenrooftechnologycancreateagarden-like

environment,itspotentialmarketisrathersmall.

ARightBWrongCNotmentioned

第三部分：概括大意與完成句子（第23?30題，每題1分，共8分）

閱讀下面這篇短文，短文后有2項測試任務(wù)：（1）第23?26題要

求從所給的6個選項中為第2,3,5,6段每段選擇1個正確的小標

題；（2）第27?30題要求從所給的6個選項中選擇4個正確選項，分

別完成每個句子。請將答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。

MoreThan8HoursSleepTooMuchofaGoodThing

Althoughthedangersoftoolittlesleeparewidelyknown,new

researchsuggeststhatpeoplewhosleeptoomuchmayalsosufferthe

consequences.

InvestigatorsattheUniversityofCaliforniainSanDiegofound

thatpeoplewhoclockup9or10hourseachweeknightappeartohave

moretroublefallingandstayingasleep,aswellasanumberofothersleep

problems,thanpeoplewhosleep8hoursanight.Peoplewhosleptonly

7hourseachnightalsosaidtheyhadmoretroublefallingasleepand

feelingrefreshedafteranight'ssleepthan8-hoursleepers.

Thesefindings,whichDLDanielKripkereportedinthejournal

PsychosomaticMedicine,demonstratethatpeoplewhowanttogeta

goodnight'srestmaynotneedtosetasideomorethan8hoursanight.He

addedthat“itmightbeagoodidea"forpeoplewhosleepmorethan8

hourseachnighttoconsiderreducingtheamountoftimetheyspendin

bed,butcautionedthatmoreresearchisneededtoconfirmthis.

Previousstudieshaveshownthepotentialdangersofchronic

shortagesofsleep-forinstance,onereportdemonstratedthatpeople

whohabituallysleeplessthan7hourseachnighthaveahigherriskof

dyingwithinafixedperiodthanpeoplewhosleepmore.

Forthecurrentreport,Kripkereviewedtheresponsesof1,004

adultstosleepquestionnaires,inwhichparticipantsindicatedhowmuch

theysleptduringtheWeekandwhethertheyexperiencedanysleep

problems.Sleepproblemsincludedwakinginthemiddleofthenight,

arisingearlyinthemorningandbeingunabletofallbacktosleep,and

havingfatigueinterferewithday-to-dayfunctioning.

KriDkefoundthatpeoplewhosleptbetween9and10hourseach

nightweremorelikelytoreportexperiencingeachsleepproblemthan

peoplewhoslept8hours.Inaninterview,Kripkenotedthatlongsleepers

maystruggletogetrestatnightsimplybecausetheyspendtoomuchtime

inbed.Asevidence,headdedthatonewaytohelpinsomniaistospend

lesstimeinbed."Itstandstoreasonthatifapersonspendstoolonga

timeinbed,thenthey'11spendahigherpercentageoftimeawake."he

said.

23.Paragraph2.

24.Paragraph4.

25.Paragraph5.

26.Paragraph6.

A.Keprike'sresearchtool

B.DangersofHabitualshortagesofsleep

C.CriticismonKripke'sreport

D.Awayofovercominginsomnia

E.Sleepproblemsoflongandshortsleepers

F.Classificationofsleepproblems

27.Togetagoodnight?srest,peoplemaynotneedto.

28.Longsleepersarereportedtobemore1汰elyto.

29.Oneofthesleepproblemsiswakinginthemiddleofthenight,

unableto.

30.Onesurveyshowedthatpeoplewhohabituallyeachnight

haveahigherriskofdying.

Afallasleepagain.

Bbecomemoreenergeticthefollowingday

Csleeplessthan7hours

Dconfirmthoseseriousconsequences

Esuffersleepproblems

Fsleepmorethan8hours

第四部分：閱讀理解（第31?45題，每題3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題，每題后面有4個選項。

請仔細閱讀短文并根據(jù)短文回答其后面的問題，從4個選項中選擇1

個最佳答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。

第一篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas“Ecosystem

Engineers^^

ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshavea

bigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas

“ecosystemengineers“andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournal

ofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocal

environment.

Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding!activityandby

collectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscan

indirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,from

decomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.

Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,including

largerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.

DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentre

forEcologyandConservation,said:"Antsareveryeffectivepredators

whichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorialsandvery

aggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.

Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea.”

“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactis

andthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,

theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityof

otheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocal

environment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,“Sanders

said.

Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthe

presenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsand

commonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,

includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanarea

increasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,

particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigher

densitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationis

counteractingthepositiveinfluence.

DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:"Whatwefind

isthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffecton

animalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,their

predatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthe

positiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering.

Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausethey

constituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactas

ecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandthese

organismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviously

reducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbance

damagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem?.Antsare

importantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthe

physicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,

microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.

31.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?

ABecausetheybuildtheirownnests.

BBecausetheycollectfood.

CBecausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.

DBecausetheyarepredators.

32.Aspredators,ants

Apreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.

Bcollectnutritiousfoodfromthesoil

Ccollectfoodasdecomposers.

Dpreyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.

33.DirSanders'studycenteredonhowants

Acanmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.

Bdefendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.

Cattackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.

Dproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.

34.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?

AAntsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheir

populationissmall.

BAntsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheir

populationissmall.

CAnts'predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhave

onanarea.

DAthigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.

35.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelast

paragraph?

AWhatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?

BHowdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?

CHowdohumanactivitiesaffectants'influenceonagiven

ecosystem?

DHowdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?

第二篇CellPhones:HangUporKeepTalking?

Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitis

actuallyconsideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountries,cell

phonesareverypopularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesare

morethanameansofcommunication—havingamobilephoneshows

thattheyarecoolandconnected.

Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesome

healthprofessionalworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefuture

manypeoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.

InEngland,therehasbeenaserousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephone

companiesareworriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.They

saythatthereisnoproofthatmobilephonesarebadforyourhealth.

Ontheotherhand,whydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthe

braincellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangein

theissuesofthebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning

（掃描）equipment.Inonecase,atravelingsalesmanhadtoretireata

youngagebecauseofseriousmemoryloss.Hecouldn'tremembereven

simpletasks.Hewouldoftenforgetthenameofhisownson.Thisman

usedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsixhoursaday,everydayof

hisworkingweek,foracoupleofyears.Hisfamilydoctorblamedhis

mobilephoneuse,buthisemployer'sdoctordidn'tagree.

Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theanswer

isradiation.High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsof

radiationfrommobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthere

issomeradiation,buttheysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout.

Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinues,itappearsthatit'sbest

tousemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwantto

talkforalongtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.

Mobilephonescanbeveryusefulandconvenient,especiallyin

emergencies.Inthefuture,mobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthat

saystheyarebadforyourhealth.Sofornow,it'swisenottouseyour

mobilephonetoooften.

36.PeoplebuycellphonesforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat

A.they'repopular.

B.they'recheap.

C.they're,useful

D.they'reconvenient.

37.Theword"detected"inparagraph3couldbebestreplacedby

A.cured.

B.removed.

C.discovered.

D.caused.

38.Thesalesmanretiredyoungbecause

A.hedislikedusingmobilephones.

B.hewastiredoftalkingonhismobilephone.

C.hecouldn,tremembersimpletasks.

D.hisemployer'sdoctorpersuadedhimto.

39.Onthesafetyissueofmobilephones,themanufacturing

companies

A.denytheexistenceofmobilephoneradiation.

B.developnewtechnologytoreducemobilephoneradiation.

C.trytoprovethatmobilephonesarenotharmfultohealth.

D.holdthattheamountofradiationistoosmalltoworryabout.

40.Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthisarticleistoadvisepeople

A.tobuymobilephones.

B.toupdateregularphones.

C.tousemobilephoneslessoften.

D.tostopusingmobilephones.

第三篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety

Inanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,

thepsychologistsattheUniversityofChicago1SianBeilockandSusan

Levinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachers

thinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:Ifafemaleteacheris

uncomfortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsare

morelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath.

"Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers?inlater

grades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachievements,"said

Levine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfrom

theirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelieving

thatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoas

wellastheywouldhaveiftheyweremoreconfident.

Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfind

certainsubjectstobedifficulttolearn-andteach.Thesubjectofmath

canbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.Researchersusetheword

"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:anxietyisuneasinessorworry.

Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,

thatfeelingcaninfluencehowherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.The

studyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-andsecond-gradeteachers

inelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmath

achievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andthe

researcherscomparedthescores.

Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthe

studentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thenthe

researchersturnedtotheteachers:Tofindoutwhichteacherswere

anxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltat

timeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.

Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,for

example,wasprobablyanxiousaboutmath.

Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.On

average,girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredloweronthe

end-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthe

testshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,

20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath-andallof

thesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety.

"Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedas

preliminaryandinneedofreplicationwithalargersample6,"saidDavid

Geary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.

41.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,

accordingtothefirstparagraph?

AGirlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboys

atmath.

BGirlsuncomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgood

asboysatmath.

CFemaleteachers'mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'

mathskills.

DFemaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedto

girl'smathskills.

42.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?

AMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectdueto

itsdifficulty.

BAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidencein

teachingthesubject.

CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudents

learningmath.

DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.

43.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobably

anxiousaboutmathwhentheyfelt

Anervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Bhelplesssavingthe,numbersofasalesreceipt.

Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.

Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.

44.Thesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindings

Aproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyand

theirfemalestudents'mathachievements.

Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheir

mathanxietythanfemalestudents.

Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelyto

bemalesthanfemales.

Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheir

students'mathachievements.

45.DavidGearythinksthat

Athestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearch

process.

Btheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.

Ctheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobemeaningful.

Dthestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificantresults.

第五部分：補全短文（第46?50題，每題2分，共10分）

閱讀下面的短文，文章中有5處空白，文章后面有6組文字，請

根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容選擇5組文字，將其分別放回文章原有位置，以恢復(fù)

文章原貌。請將答案涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。

Garlic

Fromearlytimesmanhasusedgarlic（大蒜）.TheBiblespeaksofit.

TheIsraelites(古以色歹U人)wereoncefarfromhome.Theycriedoutto

Moses,theirleader,forthefoodstheyloved:leeks(韭菜)，onions,and

garlic.TheRomans,liketheIsraelites,lovedtoeatgarlic.Andtheyhung

bagsofgarlicaroundtheirnecks.(46)Theyalsothoughtitwould

keepthemfromgettingsick.

Asimilarideaisstillheld.Manypeopletakegarlicthinkingitwill

preventorcuredisease.Mostdoctorssayitdoesnosuchthing.(47)

Itssmellmayforcepeopletostayfarapart.Atleastthentheycan'tpass

germsontoeachother.(48)Whatifyou'reinaplay,forinstance?

Actorshavebeenknowntoforgettheirlinesbecausetheycouldn'tstand

thegarlicsmellonafellowactor'sbreath.Somehaveevenmadeupnew

linesandactionsthatkeptthemfarawayfromtheonewhohadeaten

garlic.

Throughtheyearsmanhastriedtocopewiththesmellofgarlic.

(49)Wenowknowwhy.It'sbeenfoundthattheoilsofthegarlic

donotsticktotheteeth,Garlictongue,orgums(齒齦).Theygointothe

lungsinstead.Fromtheretheyarebreathedout.Theypassoutthrough

theskintoo.

Strangeasitseems,foodmayhaveagreatdealofgarlicinit

withoutsmellingortastingstrong.Italldependsonhowitiscooked.

Frenchcooksmakeagoodsoupwithwholecloves（瓣）ofgarlic.They

usemorethanthirtyclovesinonebowlofsoup.Buttheytakecarenotto

crushthem.Andtheycookthemwhole.（50）Andasthecloves

cooktheychangeinsomestrangeway.Thesoupturnsouttobedelicious.

It'snotstrongatall.

AButnomedicine,mouthwash,chewinggum,ortoothpaste

seemstohelpmuch

BAsaresult,thestrongoilsstayinthecloves.

CTheysayitmayhelpinoneway,though.

DManypeopleeatgarlic.

EButkeepingyourdistancecanbehardattimes.

FTheyhopeditwouldkeepawaytheevileye.

第六部分：完形填空（第51?65題，每題1分，共15分）

閱讀下面的短文，文中有15處空白，每處空白給出了4個選項,

請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容從4個選項中選擇1個最佳答案，涂在答題卡相應(yīng)

的位置上。

“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamage

ThemassivesubductionzoneearthquakeinJapancauseda

significantlevelofsoil“l(fā)iquefaction“thathassurprisedresearcherswith

itswidespreadseverity,anewanalysis51.

“Weveseenlocalizedexamplesofsoilliquefactionasextremeas

thisbefore,butthedistanceand52ofdamageinJapanwere53severe,v

saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnicalengineeringatOregon

StateUniversity."Entirestructuresweretiltedandsinkingintothe

sediments,Ashfordsaid."Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,drainand

gaspipelines,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunities

needtofunction.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankas54asfourfeet.^^

Somedegreeofsoilliquefactioniscommoninalmostanymajor

earthquake.Itsaphenomenoninwhichsoilssoakedwithwater,55

recentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir56andflowduringan

earthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkorcollapse.

ButmostearthquakesaremuchshorterthantherecenteventinJapan,

Ashfordsaid.ThelengthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfive

minutes,mayforceresearchersto57theextentofliquefactiondamage

possiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis.

“Withsuchalonglastingearthquake,wesaw58structuresthat

mighthavebeenokayafter30secondsjustcontinuedtosinkandtiltas

theshakingcontinuedforseveralmoreminutes,vhesaid."Anditwas

clearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuiltonrecentlyfilled

ground,aremuchmore59.”

ThedataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researchers

said,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoil

phenomenonandbetterprepare60itinthefuture.Ashfordsaiditwas

criticalfortheteamtocollecttheinformation61,beforedamagewas

removedintherecoveryefforts.

“Theresnodoubtthatwe11learnthingsfromwhathappenedin

Japanthatwillhelpustoreducerisksinothersimilar62,“Ashford

said.uFutureconstructioninsomeplacesmaymakemoreuseof

techniquesknowntoreduceliquefaction,suchasbettercompactionto

makesoilsdense,oruseofreinforcingstonecolumns.^^

AshfordpointedoutthatnorthernCaliforniahaveyoungersoils

vulnerabletoliquefaction—onthecoast,nearriverdepositsorinareas

withfilledground.The“young“sediments,ingeologicterms,maybe

those63withinthepast10,000yearsormore.InOregon,forinstance,

thatdescribesmuchofdowntownPortland,thePortlandInternational

Airportandothercities.

Anythingnearariverandoldfloodplainsisasuspect,andtheOregon

DepartmentofTransportationhasalreadyconcludedthat1,100b