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中級(jí)口譯閱讀寫作能力unit2foodreadingBThePleasuresofEating

ThePleasuresofEating

1Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfood，insteadofeatingitraw，livedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknow，however，thatforthousandsofyears，foodwasalwayseatencoldandraw.Perhapsthefirstcookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybyaforestfireorbythemoltenlavafromaneruptingvolcano.Nodoubt，whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencooked，theyfoundittastedbetter.However，evenafterthisdiscovery，cookedfoodmusthaveremainedararityuntilmanlearnedhowtomakeandcontrolfire.

2Earlypeopleswholivedinhotregionscoulddependontheheatofthesuntocooktheirfood.Forexample，inthedesertareasothesouthwesternUnitedStates，theIndianscookedtheirfoodbyplacingitonaflatstoneinthehotsun.Theycookedpiecesofmeatandthincakesofcornmealinthisfashion.

3Wecansurmisethattheearliestkitchenutensilwasasticktowhichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwasreplacedbyanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeatonallsides.

4Cookingfoodinwaterwasimpossiblebeforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbedestroyedbyfire.Thefirstcookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas1600B.C.，theEgyptianshadlearnedtomakemorepermanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.Manyyearslater，theEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans.

5TheNorthAmericanIndiansadoptedadifferentmethodofcookingtheirfood.Theyplacedtheirfoodinskinbagsorbirchbarkkettles，thendroppedhotstonesinwiththefood.Whenthestonescooledoff，theIndiansreplacedthemwithhotstones.TheIndianscontinuedtoaddfreshhotstonestothecontainersuntilthefoodwascooked.

6RecordsleftbytheancientEgyptiansshowthattheyknewhowtocookfoodinmanyways.Theirfrescoesportraypeoplebaking，boiling，roasting，fryingandstewingfood.TheEgyptiansalsoknewhowtopreservemeatbysmokingandsaltingit.

7TheBibletellsusthattheJewswereskilledcooks.TheBookofGenesis，forinstance，relatesthestoryofRebecca，whoputfoodinapanandplaceditoverburningcharcoal.TheJewsalsoknewtheartofbakingatanearlypointintheirhistory.CarvingsleftbytheancientJewsshowdoughbeingputintoasmallroundoventobebaked.

8HistoryrevealsthatearlyGreeksknewhowtocookporridgeandhowtomakeflat，roundloavesofbreadfromwheatandbarley.Theyusedoliveoilasacookinggrease.SincefoodwasscarceintheGreekpeninsula，theGreeksexpandedtheirterritoryinordertoincreasetheirfoodsupply.Fromthepeopletheyconquered，theGreekslearnedhowtocookandenjoymanynewfoods.

9TheRomanswerefamousfortheirelaboratebanquets.Fromallovertheirempire，theyimportedfoodsthattheycookedoverstonehearthsorgrilledovercharcoal.ThefactthatRomansalsobakedtheirfoodisevidentfromtheovensfoundintheruinsofPompeii.

l0InthetroubledtimesoftheMiddleAges，tradebetweencountriesdwindled.Peoplelivedonwhattheycouldgrowintheirgardensorbringbackfromthehunt，andthefoodtheyatewassimplyprepared.BeansandturnipswerethemainvegetableseateninEurope，andhoneywasusedtosweetenfood.ThemanuscriptsoftheMiddleAgestellusthatboilingandbroilingwerethetwomostcommonmethodsofcooking.Breadwasbakedinthehomesofrichpeopleorinpublicbakeries，butthecommonmanhadnooveninhishome.Peoplekilledtheirlivestock，hopingtopreserveitthroughthewinterbysaltingit.However，saltwasexpensiveandpeopledidnotalwaysuseenoughofittokeepthemeatfromspoiling.

11DuringtheperiodoftheCrusades，manynewfoodswerediscoveredbyEuropeanswhotraveledtotheEast.WhentheCrusadersreturnedtoEurope，theywantedtocontinueeatingthenewthingstheyhadtried.Asaresult，tradedevelopedagainbetweenEuropeandAsiaMinor.

12ItwasnotuntilthenineteenthcenturythatthemassesofpeopleinEuropechangedtheirwaysofcooking.Thischangetookplacebecausethecast-ironcookingstovewasinvented.Untilthestovecameintouse，fireplacesandspitshadbeeningeneraluse;sometimesabakingovenhadbeenbuiltintothesidesofthefireplace.InnorthernEurope，stoveshadbeenusedforseveralcenturiesforheating.However，itwasalongtimebeforeastovewasdevelopedthatwouldcookandbake，aswellasheating.However，itwasalongtimebeforeastovewasdevelopedthatwouldcookandbake，aswellasheat.

13Ourmethodsofcookinghavenotchangedverymuchinthelastcentury，butwedohavebetterequipmentthatmakescookingeasierandmoreconvenient.Withmodernstandardizedmeasures，wecanfollowrecipesexactlyandproducesuccessfuldishesmoreoften.

14Allofman’shistoryhasbeenshapedbyhissearchforfood.Man’sfirstoccupationwasthatofhunter，andhisfirststoneweaponsweremadeforhunting.Mandiscoveredthatgroupsofmen，bandedtogether，couldhuntanimalsmoreeasily.Asaconsequence，menbegantolivetogether.Then，whenmenlearnedtogrowplantsforfood，theysettledincommunitiesnexttothefields.Morepeoplelivedintheplaceswherefoodgrewthebest.Progresshasbeengreaterinthosepartsoftheworldwherethereismorefoodtoeat.

15Manywarshavebeenfoughtbypoor，hungrycountrieswhichtrytoco

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