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1、College English Grammar,1,學習交流PPT,語法簡介,語法的涵義、特點及分類 語法的三個層面:形式、意義、用法 掌握語法的重要性及語法教學的目標 英語語法的構成和特點 大學英語語法教學的重難點 如何更有效地掌握大學英語語法,2,學習交流PPT,語法是語言的規(guī)則 語法是詞的構成、變化和用詞造句的規(guī)則 語法包括詞法和句法 語法是語言學的一個分支,研究按確定用法來運用的詞類、詞的屈折變化或表示相互關系的其他手段以及詞在句中的功能和關系,語法的涵義,3,學習交流PPT,語法具有高度的抽象性 語法具有強大的遞歸性 語法具有嚴密的系統(tǒng)性 語法具有相對的穩(wěn)固性 語法還具有民族性,語法
2、的特點,4,學習交流PPT,從歷時角度,可分為傳統(tǒng)語法和現(xiàn)代語法 (以結(jié)構主義語言學出現(xiàn)為界) 從描寫目的,可分為理論語法和教學語法 (英語語法屬教學語法的范疇),語法的分類,5,學習交流PPT,語法的三個層面:形式、意義、用法,形式:某個語法結(jié)構怎樣構成的。比如“現(xiàn)在完成進行時”的結(jié)構形式是have been doing。這是使用語法規(guī)則的起點,即首先要做到能夠準確地構造某個語法結(jié)構,這是語法結(jié)構的準確性問題。,6,學習交流PPT,意義:某個語法結(jié)構表達的意義。比如“現(xiàn)在完成進行時”可以表示“一個活動從過去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在說話時刻”這樣的含義,這就是現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)這一結(jié)構所具備的語法意義。由此可
3、以看出,特定意義一般是對應于特定的結(jié)構形式的,或者說,特定的結(jié)構形式能夠表達特定的意義(Particular forms will express their particular meanings)。對于一個句子,它的含義不僅僅是來自于句中所使用的詞匯的含義,而是還有來自于其中特定語法結(jié)構所含有的語法意義。,7,學習交流PPT,用法:關于何時/為什么使用某一語法結(jié)構的問題。這與在實際交流中的語境有關系,即什么樣的語境中,采用何種語法結(jié)構來表達特定的意義才合適,這是有關語法結(jié)構的合適型問題。意義和用法是密切相關的,有時難以嚴格界定。,8,學習交流PPT,某一特定的語法結(jié)構的形式、意義和用法這三
4、者之間是相互聯(lián)系的,圖示如下:,形式(Form) 語法結(jié)構怎樣構成 (準確性),意義(Meaning) 語法結(jié)構表達什么意義 (表意性),用法(Usage) 何時/為什么使用 (合適性),9,學習交流PPT,語法形式、意義、用法三者之間的關系: 英語學習者要能夠準確地、有意義地、恰當?shù)厝ミ\用英語語言結(jié)構。 做到這一點,才能真正靈活使用語法規(guī)則,并進而在思維高度上來使用英語。比如:,10,學習交流PPT,I have been coming to Beijing for fourteen years. 翻譯一:我來北京有14年了。 翻譯二:在過去這14年中,我常常來北京。,11,學習交流PPT,
5、翻譯二正確。 Have been doing 在英文中表示的是一個重復的動作,具體來說:用短暫動詞(如come)的完成進行時(如have been coming)來表示到目前為止的一段時間內(nèi)重復發(fā)生的動作。,12,學習交流PPT,因此,知道語法結(jié)構的正確構造形式只是第一步,還要清楚其表達的語法意義。但知其二并不能保證能夠正確使用,還要知道其用法。其用法與語言環(huán)境密切相關。,13,學習交流PPT,句子與語境 在真實的語言交際過程中,任何一個句子都不能夠孤立存在,都有一個賴以生存的環(huán)境。甚至有時候,語境決定了一個句子真正要表達的意思。 比如下面這個電影對白發(fā)生在一位父親與自己女兒的男朋友之間:,1
6、4,學習交流PPT,Father: Do you drink? Young Man: No,thanks,Im cool. Father: Im asking If you drink. Do you think Id offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my daughter out?,15,學習交流PPT,這位父親問他女兒的男朋友(其正準備開車帶他女兒出門):Do you drink?他真正的意思是問這個年輕男子是否有飲酒的習慣,即在詢問情況,而不是問他現(xiàn)在想不想喝酒,即不是在提議。,16,學習交流PPT,因此,從交際的角度去看待語法,在具體語境
7、中考查語法規(guī)則的使用,通過語篇、語境駕馭語法來達到十分具體的交際目的。我們不僅知道“應該”怎么說(what learners should say),更應該去了解為什么英語本族語者要“這樣”說(what native speakers of English actually do say and why)。,17,學習交流PPT,“要掌握一門語言,首先要掌握其語法。只有掌握了語法,最終才能掌握語言,才能得心應手地運用之?!?The first and most important step in gaining over the language is gaining control over
8、 its grammar. It is the knowledge of grammar that yields access to the rich possibilities of the language and the means to use it. -不列顛英語用法大全,掌握語法的重要性,18,學習交流PPT,“語言的科學和藝術” -英國著名語言學H.Sweet,19,學習交流PPT,兩個目標、三個階段: 高級階段 過渡階段 初級階段 由此看出學習語法知識是第一步,通過不斷的練習才能實現(xiàn)向語言能力的轉(zhuǎn)換,最終達到言語交際的目的。,練,語法教學的目標,20,學習交流PPT,外語語法學
9、習示意圖: 高級階段 過渡階段 初級階段 學習方式,21,學習交流PPT,語法知識與語言技能 語法知識如何轉(zhuǎn)化為語言技能,要做到下面兩點: 首先,要“多思考”(think much),要認真領悟書中所講到的語法規(guī)則。認真思考語法規(guī)則背后的合乎情理的思維規(guī)律,把“課本上的語法”(a textbook grammar)變?yōu)椤邦^腦中的語法”(a mental grammar)即逐漸培養(yǎng)自己運用英語思維的能力。,22,學習交流PPT,其次,要“多練習”(practice much),這里的練習,不僅是指為了應付考試而做的大量的閱讀練習和單項選擇題練習,而是包括聽、說、讀、寫、譯全方位的練習,尤其是口語
10、和寫作這種語言產(chǎn)出能力的練習。,23,學習交流PPT,英語語法包括詞法和句法 詞法:名詞(noun)、動詞(verb)、形容詞(adjective)、冠詞(article)、數(shù)詞(numeral)、介詞(preposition)、代詞(pronoun)、連詞(conjunction)、副詞(adverb)等詞類的用法 句法:一般規(guī)則的用法和特殊規(guī)則的用法,英語語法的構成,24,學習交流PPT,1、名詞(n.): 表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代詞(pron.): 主要用來代替名詞。如:who, she
11、, you, it . 3、形容詞(adj.):表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、數(shù)詞(num.): 表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、動詞(v.): 表示動作或狀態(tài)。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副詞(adv.): 修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞,說明時間、地點、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠詞(art.):用在名詞前,幫助說明名詞。如:a, an, the.
12、 8、介詞(prep.): 表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、連詞(conj.): 用來連接詞、短語或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感嘆詞(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、樂等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.,25,學習交流PPT,英語語法構成示意圖,26,學習交流PPT,英語句子五個層次的變化,簡單的簡單句 復雜的簡單句 非簡單句 復雜結(jié)構充當句子成分 從句套從句的結(jié)構,27,學習交流PPT,動態(tài)中把握英語語法,把握英語句子由易到難的五個層次的變化 學會從動態(tài)發(fā)展的角度去理解和思
13、考語法在句子中的體現(xiàn),28,學習交流PPT,簡單的簡單句 六個最基本句型,以及其中包含的六種句子成分(主謂賓系表補)。 SV(主謂) SVO(主謂賓) SVP(主系表) SVOOC(主謂賓賓補) SVIODO(主謂雙賓語) There be + O (There be),29,學習交流PPT,英語詞類與句子成分關系圖:,30,學習交流PPT,復雜的簡單句 在六大句型基礎上加三大修飾成分(定語、狀語、同位語)后句子變得更加復雜了,但仍屬于簡單句(即句號前只有一個主謂結(jié)構)。 如: I left the beautiful city Beijing yesterday. 主 謂 定 賓 同位 狀,
14、31,學習交流PPT,非簡單句 當一個句號前出現(xiàn)兩個、甚至更多個主謂結(jié)構時,簡單句就變成了并列句或復合句。 并列句(并列連詞連接) 復合句(從句引導詞引導),32,學習交流PPT,復雜結(jié)構充當句子成分 簡單句子中的成分一般由簡單的詞或詞組充當,而隨著句子變長變難,句中的一個成分可能就會由長而且復雜的結(jié)構充當,如從句、非謂語動詞短語、動詞短語、形容詞短語、介詞短語等等。 如: Feeling upset and not wanting to try, I left the city which I loved. (分詞短語作狀語、從句作定語),33,學習交流PPT,從句套從句的結(jié)構 一個復雜的句
15、子中,可以有兩個以上的從句,這些從句相互之間可以是平行關系,也可以是從屬關系(即從句套從句),這種情況理解難度較大。,34,學習交流PPT,如: The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and
16、 services thatthey want most. (1994年考研英語passage 1),35,學習交流PPT,下面通過英漢語法的對比來看英語語法的特點,英語語法的特點,36,學習交流PPT,英漢語法對比,一、 漢語中有很多無主語句子或省略主語的句子,在用英語表達時,須補出主語(祈使句的情形例外)。如:,37,學習交流PPT,1、暑假過得很開心 The summer vacation is happy. We/They had a good time in the summer vacation.,(T),(上面的這個漢語句子實際上沒有主語,“暑假”在句中是狀語。譯成英語時須加主語
17、We/They/He/I 等。),38,學習交流PPT,2、天氣糟透了。整天刮大風下大雨的。 The weather was so bad. It blew hard and rained heavily all the day. (翻譯時必須補出主語It。),39,學習交流PPT,3、考試沒過別泄氣。 Dont lose heart if you dont pass the exam. (翻譯時在從句中要補充出主語you.),40,學習交流PPT,二、漢語中有很多無生物名詞作主語,但在英語中要改用生物即人作主語。如: 1、你的英語真棒。 Your English is excellent.
18、You are excellent in English.,(T),41,學習交流PPT,2、史密斯先生雙目失明。 Mr Smiths eyes are blind. Mr Smith is blind in both eyes.,(T),42,學習交流PPT,三、漢語中的一些句子以生物即人作主語,但受表語形容詞的制約,在英語中不可以人為主語。如:,43,學習交流PPT,1、你方便的話,請在六點鐘來。 Please come at six if it is convenient to you. Please come at six if you are convenient.,(T),44,學
19、習交流PPT,2、你很難說服他不去逛街。 You are difficult to persuade him out of going shopping. It is difficult for you to persuade him out of going shopping. 但是我們可以說:English is difficult to learn for some people.,(T),45,學習交流PPT,四、漢語中有大量的無謂語動詞句子,但英語是一種以動詞為中心的語言,每個句子幾乎都少不了謂語動詞(省略句除外)。如:,46,學習交流PPT,1、這本書值得一讀。 The book
20、is worth reading. The book worth reading.,(T),47,學習交流PPT,2、我父母每天都很忙。 My parents are very busy every day. My parents very busy every day.,(T),48,學習交流PPT,五、漢語中及物動詞與不及物動詞、狀態(tài)動詞與動作動詞的差別不大,界限不明,但在英語 中卻有嚴格區(qū)別和固定的用法模式。如: 1、他與她結(jié)婚了。 He married with her. (with 是多余的),49,學習交流PPT,2、凡是黨和人民所要求的,我一定做到。 Ill do what th
21、e Party and the people require me. ( 譯句中require 后須加 of。),50,學習交流PPT,3、我開始學英語到現(xiàn)在已有十年了。 I have begun to learn English for ten years. It has been ten years since I began to learn English.,(T),51,學習交流PPT,4、這本雜志我可以借多久? How long can I keep this magazine? How long can I borrow this magazine? (borrow 是一個表示瞬
22、間短暫行為的動作動詞,當然不能與how long 連用。),(T),52,學習交流PPT,5、父親直到半夜才睡覺。 Father went to bed until midnight. Father didnt go to bed until midnight. Or: Father stayed up until midnight.,(T),53,學習交流PPT,六、在漢語中,詞形沒有變化;在英語中卻有豐富的詞形變化。如:,54,學習交流PPT,醫(yī)生建議他每天喝兩杯牛奶。 The doctor suggests that he (should) drink two glasses of mi
23、lk every day. The doctor suggest that he drinks two glass of milk every day.,(T),55,學習交流PPT,英語中名、形、副、動、數(shù)詞等均有詞形變化,其中以動詞的形式變化最多,看下例:,56,學習交流PPT,1、西瓜切成了八等份。 The watermelon divides into eight equal shares. The watermelon is divided into eight equal shares.,(T),57,學習交流PPT,2、從這一角度看,情況似乎沒那么令人失望。 Looked at
24、in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. Looking at in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.,(T),58,學習交流PPT,強化重點、突出難點:情態(tài)動詞、虛擬語氣、從句、強調(diào)、倒裝、否定、省略、主謂一致、比較等是大學英語語法的重難點 從詞法、句法層面上升到語篇層面:大學英語語法教學則更偏重句法的教學。句法教學體現(xiàn)在理解語篇當中的長難句,而理解長難句最多運用到的語法知識就是從句、平行比較結(jié)構和非謂語動詞短語三大語法規(guī)則,大學英語語法的重難點,
25、59,學習交流PPT,如:The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element (分詞短語作介賓)and prevented the decline in efficiency (and連接平行結(jié)構)that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms (that引導定語從句)in the second and third generation after the energetic founders
26、.(1996年考研英語閱讀理解passage 3),60,學習交流PPT,英語語法學得好不好,主要不是看你讀了多少語法書,記了多少條語法規(guī)則,而是要看你在實踐中能否正確掌握所學的這些語法規(guī)則能聽懂,說得好,寫得好,理解得好,譯得準確。 要掌握好一個語法項目,就得靠多聽、多說、多寫、多讀、多譯,也就是做反復的、大量的、多樣化的練習。,如何掌握英語語法,61,學習交流PPT,目錄,(一)時態(tài) (二)語氣(虛擬語氣) (三)形容詞、副詞及比較級、最高級 (四)代詞及其指代一致 (五)主謂一致 (六)倒裝結(jié)構 (七)省略問題 (八)否定句及其慣常用法 (九)獨立主格結(jié)構 (十)名詞性從句 (十一)冠詞
27、 (十二)介詞 (十三)名詞所屬格,固定搭配等,62,學習交流PPT,第一講,語氣,mood,63,學習交流PPT,Please sit down! I am a teacher./I am not a teacher./Are you a teacher? If I were you, I would do better.,Mood,64,學習交流PPT,英語中有三種語氣: 祈使語氣(Imperative mood) 直陳語氣(Indicative mood) 虛擬語氣(Subjunctive mood),65,學習交流PPT,Subjunctive mood,66,學習交流PPT,If h
28、e had driven (drive) more carefully, he would not have had (have) the car accident yesterday.,67,學習交流PPT,虛擬語氣是一種表示假設、意愿、建議、請求、命令、猜測、可能或主觀打算的一種語氣。,68,學習交流PPT,近兩年虛擬語氣在英語四六級中的考查情況:體現(xiàn)在翻譯題型中,69,學習交流PPT,【CET-4:2006.6】 The professor required that we hand in our research report (s) . (我們交研究報告)。 【CET-6:2007.
29、6】 It is absolutely unfair that these children (should) be deprived of the right to receive education . (被剝奪了受教育的權利).,70,學習交流PPT,Its time something was done/some measures were taken (采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.,71,學習交流PPT,【CET-4:2006.12】 The victim would have survived (本來會有機會活下來)if he
30、had been taken to hospital in time. 【CET-6:2007.12】 But for mobile phone, our communication would not have been so efficient and convenient. (我們的通訊就不可能如此迅速和方便),72,學習交流PPT,【CET-6:2007 】 If you had followed my advice/ suggestion, you would not have been in trouble. (聽從了我的忠告, 你就不會陷入麻煩).,73,學習交流PPT,虛擬語氣
31、的考點歸納如下: (should)+動詞原形的情形 wish, if only, it is time的用法 if或but for等引導的條件句,Summary,74,學習交流PPT,1.1 虛擬語氣的類別,從虛擬語氣的形式和內(nèi)容兩方面著眼,可將其分為三大類: be型虛擬語氣 Were型虛擬語氣 條件虛擬語氣,75,學習交流PPT,1.2 be型虛擬語氣,Be型虛擬語氣指在任何情況下,不分時態(tài)、人稱,句子謂語動詞統(tǒng)統(tǒng)使用原形動詞的虛擬形式,be型虛擬語氣主要有兩種用途,76,學習交流PPT,1)用于含有命令、建議、要求等意義的結(jié)構中 含有上述意義的動詞后的賓語從句 含有上述意義的名詞后的同位語
32、從句或表語從句 含有上述意義的某些It is +過去分詞+that 或it is +形容詞+that 的結(jié)構中 在英國英語中,這一類的虛擬語氣也可以用should+原形動詞的形式,77,學習交流PPT,The teacher insisted that we be in his office at 5 oclock. 老師堅持讓我們五點鐘到他的辦公室去。 The general ordered that his troops retreat from the frontline. 將軍命令部隊從前線撤退。,78,學習交流PPT,All I request of you is that you
33、be punctual. 我只要你準時到。 It is essential that the new technique be introduced. 引進新工藝很重要。 It is imperative that you present yourself at the meeting. 你務必親自出席會議。,79,學習交流PPT,Instructions are issued that the war prisoners be released. 釋放所有戰(zhàn)犯的命令已經(jīng)下達。 It is the committees decision that the meeting be put off
34、until next Friday. 委員會決定會議延至下星期五舉行。,80,學習交流PPT,常與be型虛擬語氣連用的 動詞主要有:advise,agree,decide,demand,insist,move,order,prefer, propose, request,require,suggest等 名詞主要有:decision,advice.demand,instruction,order,insistence, proposal, requirement,resolution,suggestion等 形容詞主要有:advisable,desirable,appropriate,esse
35、ntial,fitting, important,imperative,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,vital,urgent等,81,學習交流PPT,用于表示祝愿、詛咒、假定、讓步、擔憂等含義的結(jié)構和一些固定用法中。 這些虛擬語氣多由某些特定的連接詞引導,它們多為古英語虛擬語氣的殘余,現(xiàn)僅限于正式場合使用,一般可為直陳語氣所取代。,82,學習交流PPT,如: If that be the case, we have to give up our original plan. 倘若情況果真如此,我們將不得不放棄原定計劃。 Whatever be
36、your reason, you have no right to be rude to your elders. 無論你有什么理由,你都無權對長輩們粗魯無禮。,83,學習交流PPT,They evacuated the building lest the wall collapse. 他們撤出了大樓,以防墻壁倒塌。 Though he slay me, will I trust in him? 即使他要殺我,我也要信賴他嗎? Long live our motherland! 祖國萬歲!,84,學習交流PPT,God save his soul. 上帝保佑他的靈魂得到安息。 Far be i
37、t from me to accept his advice blindly.我決不會盲目接受他的意見。 Home is home, be it ever so homely. 家縱簡陋,總歸是家。 We can always lend you a helping hand if need be. 倘有必要,我們隨時可以援一引手。,85,學習交流PPT,1.3 were型虛擬語氣,Were 型虛擬語氣主要指be動詞在某些表示與事實相反的語境里使用固定的were形式 其他動詞在類似的語境里使用過去時或過去完成體形式的虛擬語氣。,86,學習交流PPT,Were型虛擬語氣主要用于表示與事實相反的愿望
38、、假設、印象、看法等意義的結(jié)構中 Wish一類動詞后的賓語從句 If only, as if, would rather/sooner, it is time 等短語后邊的句子,如與現(xiàn)在情況相反,虛擬語氣用動詞的過去時(be動詞用were), 與過去情況相反,則用過去完成體形式,87,學習交流PPT,We earnestly wish he were here with us sharing our happiness. 我真希望他此刻正與我們在一起分享我們的快樂。 I do wish the frightful calamity had not befallen us. 我真希望那場可怕的災
39、難沒有降臨到我們頭上。,88,學習交流PPT,If only his advice had been acted upon. 當時要是采納了他的意見該有多好。 How dare you come in as if you owned the place? 你怎么敢象是這地方的主人似的隨意進來? I would rather we had dinner now. 我倒愿意現(xiàn)在就吃飯。,89,學習交流PPT,I would sooner he stayed at home. 我倒寧愿他現(xiàn)在呆在家里。 It is high time you turned over a new leaf. 現(xiàn)在該是你
40、改過自新重新做人的時候了。,90,學習交流PPT,1.4 條件虛擬語氣,從總體上說,條件虛擬語氣基本上可理解為是在直陳語氣的基礎上將時間點朝過去的方向推移了一步。 條件虛擬語氣中與各時間情況相反的虛擬動詞形式如下表:,91,學習交流PPT,92,學習交流PPT,1. 4.1與各時間基準相反條件虛擬語氣例示 注意虛擬句中隱含的真實情況和作者、說話人的情感、意愿意義,如: If his suggestions had been acted upon, circumstances would have been entirely different. 倘若早將他的建議付諸實施,情況早就完全不同了。,
41、93,學習交流PPT,If it hadnt rained so heavily I would surely have come to your meeting on Friday afternoon. 倘若不是天下大雨,我肯定會來出席你們星期五下午召開的會議。 If he knew you are here, he would certainly come to see you . 如果他知道你在這里,他肯定會來看你。,94,學習交流PPT,If she dyed her hair a little darker, she would look much younger. 如果她把頭發(fā)染一
42、點,她看起來會顯得年輕很多。 If the sun should rise in the west, I would not change my mind. 就是太陽從西邊出來,我也不會改變主意。,95,學習交流PPT,1. 4.2省略if的條件虛擬語氣 條件虛擬語氣的條件從句中如有助動詞、動詞be或動詞have時,可以將if省略,將以上這些詞與主語位置倒置,這些用法往往見于比較正式的語體中,如:,96,學習交流PPT,Were it not for the heavy fog, the plane would have taken off on schedule. 要不是因為濃霧彌漫,飛機就
43、會按預定時間起飛。 Were he allowed to exercise a choice, which would he choose of the three? 倘若讓他們使選擇權,三者之中他將挑選哪一個?,97,學習交流PPT,Should there be a misfortune, how could its loss be lightened? 如果發(fā)生不幸,怎樣才能減輕損失? Had I known of your difficulties I would have helped you . 要是我當時知道你的窘境,我就會幫你了。,98,學習交流PPT,1. 4.3 錯綜條件虛
44、擬語氣 有時條件從句對應的時間基準與結(jié)果主句對應的時間基準可能會出現(xiàn)錯位,如從句表示與過去事實相反的意義,主句表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反等,這時應該針對情況對動詞形式予以調(diào)整,如:,99,學習交流PPT,If it had not been for the prolonged drought in May ,we should reap a bumper harvest this year. 要不是五月那場持續(xù)的干旱,我們今年可能奪得大豐收。(條件從句與過去事實相反,主句與將來可能情況相反),100,學習交流PPT,Had he not turned a deaf ear to my warning,
45、 he would not be in such a difficult situation. 倘若他對我的告誡不置若罔聞的話,他就不會陷入目前的困境了。(條件從句與過去事實相反,主句與現(xiàn)在情況相反),101,學習交流PPT,Had he enough courage he would certainly take your challenge. 假如他有足夠的勇氣,他肯定會勇敢地接受你的挑戰(zhàn)。(條件從句與現(xiàn)在事實相反,主句與將來情況相反),102,學習交流PPT,Had you worked a bit harder, you would not have to be so extremel
46、y worried about the coming examination now. 如果你過去學習用功一點,現(xiàn)在也不必象這樣為即將來臨的考試憂心如焚了。(條件從句與過去事實相反,結(jié)果主句與現(xiàn)在情況相反),103,學習交流PPT,1. 4.4 含蓄條件虛擬語氣 有時條件虛擬語氣的條件不是由從句表達的,而是由介詞詞組或上下文等表達的,這樣的虛擬語氣稱為含蓄條件虛擬語氣,如:,104,學習交流PPT,We could not have achieved such brilliant achievement in the war without the selfless support from
47、the allied forces. 要不是盟軍的無私援助,我們不可能取得如此輝煌的成績。,105,學習交流PPT,The plan would have turned out to be quite effective under other circumstances. 換個環(huán)境,該計劃完全可能非常有效。,106,學習交流PPT,He would have got much higher scores in the final examination, but he was so lazy. 他本來在期末考試中得分會高得多的,只是他太懶惰了。,107,學習交流PPT,It was snow
48、ing heavily or we could have got there on time. 那天正值天降大雪,不然我們本來可以按時到達的。 With more capital, I would have succeeded. 假如有更多的資本,我可能會取得成功。 The same thing, happening in a crowded place, would have brought a great disaster. 假如相同的事件發(fā)生在人群擁擠的地方,一定會引起一場大災難。,108,學習交流PPT,But for the doctors skill, he would have
49、died. 要不是醫(yī)生醫(yī)術高明,他早就死了。 Five minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last train. 如果早到五分鐘,我們就可以趕上一班火車了。 To hear him speak English, youd take him for an American. 假如你聽他說英語,你會以為他是美國人。,109,學習交流PPT,Exercise One,1. If the earth suddenly _ spinning, we would all fly off it.(1990 年6月四級題) A. stopped B.
50、had stopped C. has stopped D. would stop,110,學習交流PPT,2. “How should the city be run?” “If I _ a mayor, I would make the streets cleaner and hire more policemen.”(托福題) A. would B. were C. would be D. should,111,學習交流PPT,3. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have
51、been lost.(1999年6月四級題) A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned,112,學習交流PPT,4. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四級題) A. has to get B. were to get
52、 C. had got D. could have got,113,學習交流PPT,5. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.(1999年1月四級題) A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile,114,學習交流PPT,6. I apologize if I _ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.(1998年考研題) A. offen
53、d B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended,115,學習交流PPT,7. It is of the utmost importance that you _ here on time.(1995年6月六級題) A. be B. shall be C. are to be D. must be,116,學習交流PPT,8. It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.(1995年6月四級題) A.
54、is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started,117,學習交流PPT,9. Who would you rather his daughter _ in the same office.(2002年6月四級題) A. going B. to go C. have gone D. went,118,學習交流PPT,10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,_ they Christina, I
55、slamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.(2001考研題) A. be B. being C. were D. are,119,學習交流PPT,Translation,1.要是我哥哥在這兒,一切都沒有問題了。 If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 2.昨晚如果有時間,我就回來看你的。 If I had had time last night,I would have come to see you.,120,學習交流PPT,3.You would be much better now if
56、 you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意見,你現(xiàn)在就會好得多。 4. As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. 作為陸??杖姷目偹玖?,我已下令采取一切防御措施。,121,學習交流PPT,Listening Practice,Enjoy the following english songs and practice the subjunctive mood. Because I love you Sh
57、oulda woulda coulda,122,學習交流PPT,Oral Practice,Suppose tomorrow was Teachers Day. You wanted very much to celebrate it for your middle school teacher,but you would be very busy then. What would you do then? Talk over your planning with your partners. Whenever you have difficulties with grammar,do con
58、sult with your partners.,123,學習交流PPT,Writing Practice,First, write a short Passage with the title “ If I were Bill Gates” in15 minutes. Then, exchange your work with your partner and point out the grammatical errors in the writing for each other. Finally, corret the errors in your own writing . Pay
59、attention to the usage of the subjunctive mood in it.,124,學習交流PPT,第二講,情態(tài)動詞,modal verb,125,學習交流PPT,Olympics: He believes rowers could have done better.,A gold and two bronze is an amazing achievement but I think all of us would agree that if everything went our way we could have gone better, he said.,126,學習交流PPT,情態(tài)動詞的特征 情態(tài)動詞(modal verb)表示說話人的語氣或情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞本身雖有詞義,但不完全,不能單獨作
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