語料庫研究基本方法.ppt

1、語料庫研究基本方法,中國外語教育研究中心 梁茂成,主要內(nèi)容,語料庫語言學(xué)的性質(zhì) 幾個常用術(shù)語 語料庫研究的基本方法,語料庫語言學(xué)的性質(zhì),理性主義與經(jīng)驗主義 Rationalism: I think therefore I am. Empiricism: My mind is a blank slate. Seeing is believing.,語料庫語言學(xué)的性質(zhì),the Wax Argument: He considers a piece of wax; his senses inform him that it has certain characteristics, such as sh

2、ape, texture, size, color, smell, and so forth. When he brings the wax towards a flame, these characteristics change completely. However, it seems that it is still the same thing: it is still a piece of wax, even though the data of the senses inform him that all of its characteristics are different.

3、,語料庫語言學(xué)的性質(zhì),the Wax Argument: Therefore, in order to properly grasp the nature of the wax, he cannot use the senses. He must use his mind. Descartes concludes: “ And so something which I thought I was seeing with my eyes is in fact grasped solely by the faculty of judgment which is in my mind.,語料庫語言學(xué)

4、的性質(zhì),Empiricism: Empiricism emphasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related to evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world, rath

5、er than resting solely on reasoning and intuition.,語料庫語言學(xué)的性質(zhì),Science is considered to be methodologically empirical in nature. Corpus linguistics is empirical in nature.,語料庫語言學(xué)的性質(zhì),語言研究中的數(shù)據(jù)類型 內(nèi)省數(shù)據(jù)（introspective data）: rationalism 實驗數(shù)據(jù)（experimental data）: empiricism 真實數(shù)據(jù)（anthentic data）: empricism,語料庫

6、語言學(xué)的性質(zhì),語料庫語言學(xué)提倡真實數(shù)據(jù) 我們不排斥其他數(shù)據(jù)類型,語料庫語言學(xué)的性質(zhì),即便在語料庫語言學(xué)陣營之中 Corpus-driven: minimum theory-reliance. Exclusive reliance on corpus data for all theories Corpus-based: Reliance on corpus data for hypothesis-testing Corpus-referenced/informed: Occasionally resorting to corpus data for illustrations,語料庫語言學(xué)的性

7、質(zhì),我們堅決反對不顧語言事實的任何論斷 No introspection can claim credence without verification through real language data (Teubert 2005).,幾個常用術(shù)語,Corpus Corpus linguistics,幾個常用術(shù)語,Token, type, lemma The little boy looked at the other boys.,幾個常用術(shù)語,Collocation is defined as a sequence of words which co-occur more often t

8、han would be expected by chance. a big smoker a strong smoker a hard smoker a heavy smoker a furious smoker,幾個常用術(shù)語,It is quite possible, in fact, to describe a woman as handsome. However, this implies that she is not beautiful at all in the traditional sense of female beauty, but rather that she is

9、mature in age, has large features and a certain strength of character. Similarly, a man could be described as beautiful, but this would usually imply that he had feminine features.,幾個常用術(shù)語,Colligation is defined as a sequence of grammatical categories which co-occur more often than would be expected

10、by chance.,幾個常用術(shù)語,Semantic prosody is instantiated when a word such as CAUSE co-occurs regularly with words that share a given meaning or meanings, and then acquires some of the meaning(s) of those words as a result. This acquired meaning is known as semantic prosody. (Stewart 2010),語料庫研究的基本方法,Corpu

11、s-based approach: a hypothesis-testing approach Corpus-driven approach: with as “few preconceived ideas” as possible, “keeping the amount of theory-reliance to a minimum in order not to hinder the process of discovering new phenomena” (Rmer 2005),語料庫研究的基本方法,Both approaches almost always involve a co

12、mparion of some kind.,語料庫研究的基本方法,Sizes of corpora in comparison (Rayson 2003) Small big Equal sizes,語料庫研究的基本方法,Types of comparison Across genres Across users Across different times Across (varieties of) language(s),語料庫研究的基本方法,Corpus comparability,語料庫研究的基本方法,Linguistic features in corpus comparison Lexical Lexico-grammatical Syntactic Discoursal,語料庫研究的基本方法,Statistic tests in corpus comparison Simple: Relationship (correlation, etc) Diff