美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn).ppt

1、The American Civil War, reasons,1. territorial dispute: the northern free labor system, and the Southern slavery fierce struggle between North and South in the western competition for land in the most intense. Northern bourgeoisie and the peasants proposition to prohibit slavery in new states, to de

2、termine the new state for the Free State. Southern slaveholders strive hard to bring slavery to expand to the west, and advocates to New Jersey identified as slave states. 1854 in the north, the U.S. Republican Party.In the same year, the Southern slaveholders in Kansas, the outbreak of armed strugg

3、le against the slaveholders of the South Western farmers and immigrants from the Free State, the 1857 slave owners attempting to slavery extended to the entire territory of the United States up. Leading to the John Brown uprising. 領(lǐng)土爭(zhēng)端： 北部自由勞動(dòng)制度與南部奴隸制度之間的矛盾發(fā)展激烈，南北之間的斗爭(zhēng)在西部土地的爭(zhēng)奪中表現(xiàn)得最為激烈。北方資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和農(nóng)民主張?jiān)谛轮?/p>

4、內(nèi)禁止奴隸制度，要求把新州確定為自由州。南方奴隸主則力圖把奴隸制擴(kuò)大到西部，主張把新州確定為蓄奴州。1854年在北方成立了美國(guó)共和黨。同年，南方奴隸主在堪薩斯州爆發(fā)了西部農(nóng)民與來(lái)自自由州的移民反對(duì)南方奴隸主的武裝斗爭(zhēng), 1857年奴隸主又企圖把奴隸制擴(kuò)展到美國(guó)全部領(lǐng)土上去。從而導(dǎo)致約翰布朗起義。,Couse 1,2. Root cause: The root cause of this problem lies in “the struggle between two social systems of slavery and free labor system. In the north,

5、the economic development of capitalism quickly require the development of capitalism in the western region, which makes to restrict or prohibit the expansion of slavery. In the south, the plantation Negro slavery try to nationwide expansion of slavery in the west and even north of capitalism sharp e

6、conomic contradictions of the economic and Southern plantation-based plantations. So, slavery waste deposit has become the focus of conflict. 根本原因 ：在于“兩種社會(huì)制度即奴隸制度與自由勞動(dòng)制度之間的斗爭(zhēng)”。在北方，資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速要求在西部地區(qū)發(fā)展資本主義，限制甚至禁止奴隸制度的擴(kuò)大 ;而在南方，則實(shí)行的是種植園黑人奴隸制度,力圖在西部甚至全國(guó)擴(kuò)展奴隸制度 .北部資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)和南方以種植園為基礎(chǔ)的種植園經(jīng)濟(jì)矛盾尖銳，奴隸制廢存問(wèn)題成為矛盾焦點(diǎn)。,

7、Harriet Beecher Stowe the author of Uncle Toms Cabin,3. Other couses . Uncle Toms Cabin,斯托夫人,The Theme,The story is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery. This book depicted 描繪 life for African Americans under slavery. It energized 激發(fā)antislavery forces in the American North

8、, while provoking 激起widespread anger in the South.,Uncle Toms Cabin,It was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. Stowes Puritanical religious beliefs show up in the novels final, the exploration of the nature of Christianit

9、y, and how she feels Christian theology神學(xué) is fundamentally incompatible從根本上不相容 with slavery.,The Significance,This novel gave a fairly accurate picture of southern plantation life and the most important was that it touched off 引發(fā)the American Civil War.,2. Stowe convinced readers that the institution

10、 of slavery itself was evil, because it supported people like Legree and enslaved people like Uncle Tom. Because of her work, thousands rallied to團(tuán)結(jié)起來(lái) the anti-slavery cause.,II BATTLES,the Confederacy,theUnion,Date： April 12, 1861 April 9, 1865 (June 22, 1865) Location：Southern United States,Northe

11、astern United States,Western United States, Atlantic Ocean Result：Unionvictory Territorial integritypreserved Reconstruction Slaveryabolished,1.THE OVERVIEW,A military analysis,The American Civil War was one of the earliest trueindustrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph,steamships, and mass-produced

12、weapons were employed extensively,Hostilities 敵對(duì)行動(dòng)began on April 12,1861, whenConfederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation軍事設(shè)施 at Fort Sumter ,South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture 奪回federal property, which led to declarations of s

13、ecession byfour moreslave states: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas.田納西州和阿肯色州,2. The Gettysburg Campaign 葛底斯堡戰(zhàn)役,The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought in June and July 1863, during the American Civil War. After his victory in the Battle of Chancellorsville錢瑟勒斯維爾之役, Con

14、federate General Robert E. Lees羅伯特李將軍 Army of Northern Virginia moved north for offensive operations in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Gen. George G. Meade約瑟夫胡克, pursued Lee, defeated him at the Battle of Gettysburg, but allowed him to escape back to Virginia.,Brief Introduction,Battle of Gettysburg,Cam

15、paign timeline,白蘭地車站之役 第二次溫徹斯特之役 奧迪之役 間堡之役 上谷之役 卡利爾之役 漢諾威之役 葛底斯堡之役 加萊爾之役 獵師城之役 蓋茨堡之役 威廉史波特之役本斯 波羅之役 曼那薩斯峽谷之役,Battle of Gettysburg,The three-day battle in and around Gettysburg resulted in the largest number of casualties（傷亡） in the battlebetween 46,000 and 51,000. In conjunction with （聯(lián)同）the Union v

16、ictory at Vicksburg on July 4, Gettysburg is frequently cited as the wars turning point.,3. 維克斯堡戰(zhàn)役,The Battle of Vicksburg,Vicksburg was the key to success for the side who claimed victory and when the Union did just that, the war was changed from that point forward.,.This battle can be roughly divi

17、ded into three stages,The first stage is from November 6, 1862 to January 31 the following year .Grant army (格蘭特軍隊(duì))exploratory attack on Vicksburg. The second stage is from January 31, 1863 to May 2 , Grant command of the army reached the outside Vicksburg to the difficulties and obstacles . The thi

18、rd stage is from May 23 to July 4 , Vicksburg, the siege(圍攻)and its surrender,The importance,By the great victory of the Battle of Vicksburg, the Union Army controlled the Mississippi River, completed a federal confederation of river trade blockade, which cut the South, to be cut into the head and t

19、ail do not care of two isolated parts, undoubtedly sets inthe noose on the neck of the South once again tighten. Most importantly, the victory in the battle of Vicksburg, the lifting of the Northern Army to enter the worries of the South in the heart of the Northern Army can successfully overcome th

20、e communications center in Chattanooga查塔努加, and trap the industrial city of Atlanta, swept through Georgia. The capture of Vicksburg, which means the Northern military victory and a confederation of collapse.,羅伯特李Robert E. Lees和尤里西斯格蘭特Ulysses S. Grant是美國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的兩位偉大的將軍，又是兩位紳士， 他們是真誠(chéng)的朋友，又是高尚的敵人；他們都是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的

21、天才，一個(gè)體現(xiàn)了失敗者 的高貴和尊嚴(yán)，一個(gè)體現(xiàn)了勝利者的道德和仁慈。, After the American Civil War,The Deaths in the War,The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties (3% of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deathstwo-thirds by disease. Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier death

22、s was approximately 750,000, 20% higher than traditionally estimated, and possibly as high as 850,000. The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined.,1.Results,The Significance,The triumph of the North, above and beyond its superior naval fo

23、rces, numbers, and industrial and financial resources, was due in part to the statesmanship of Lincoln, who by 1864 had become a masterful war leader, to the pervading valour of Federal soldiers, and to the increasing skill of their officers. The victory can also be attributed （歸因）in part to failure

24、s of Confederate transportation, matriel, and political leadership.,2.,Main achievements in his term of office,Singed the Homestead Act of America（宅地法） in May 1862 Issued the Emancipation Proclamation （解放宣言）on Sept. 22, 1862 A great victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863 Reconstruction of

25、his country Win the Civil War,Assassination 暗殺,He was killed on April14 1865, just 5 days after the surrendering of Southern army in the Fords Theatre（福特劇院） .,8/13/2020,BILLS,It required individuals to return runaway slaves to their owners. During the war, Union generals such as Benjamin Butler(本杰明巴

26、特勒), declared that slaves in occupied areas were contraband 禁運(yùn)品of war and accordingly refused to return them. This decision was controversial爭(zhēng)議 because it implied recognition of the Confederacy as a separate nation under international law, a notion that Lincoln steadfastly堅(jiān)定不移地 denied.,1.The Fugitiv

27、e Slave Act of 1850 1850年逃亡奴隸法,2. The Emancipation Proclamation（解放宣言）,The Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order (行政命令)issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War using his war powers. It was not a law passed by Congress. It proclaimed

28、 the freedom of slaves in the ten states then in rebellion, thus applying to 3.1 million of the 4 million slaves in the U.S. at that time.,Implementation 執(zhí)行情況,The Proclamation was issued in two parts. The first part, issued on September 22, 1862, was a preliminary初步 announcement outlining the intent

29、 the second part, which officially went into effect 100 days later on January 1, 1863, during the second year of the Civil War. It was Abraham Lincolns declaration that all slaves would be permanently freed in all areas of the Confederacy that had not already returned to federal control .,Areas cove

30、red by the Emancipation Proclamation are in red. Slave holding areas not covered are in blue,Impacts,Immediate Impact It is common to encounter a claim that the Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately free a single slave. As a result of the Proclamation, many slaves were freed during the cours

31、e of the war, beginning with the day it took effect.,International impactOverseas, like Lincolns expectations, this declaration so that other countries and public opinion in favor of the commitment eral end of slavery.,Military Impact Declaration different response in the army. Some units almost mob

32、ilized soldiers remonstrance(抗議）. For federal, slaves are part of the war engine: These slaves are responsible for the production and kept food, repair the railway and so on.,3 . 宅地法運(yùn)動(dòng),Homestead act宅地法,The United States after independence, the federal government to western land practise nationalizat

33、ion, and decided to press section sells pieces, to increase the governments income and the repayment of national debt and meet the requirements of the land speculators. But sell the land area is large, price high unit, unable to buy the western migration. In February 28, 1862 and May 6, has adopted

34、a homestead law. May 20, Lincoln issued the regulations. In May 1862, Lincoln signed the homestead act, provisions to every American pay only $10 registration fee, can be in the west have to 160 acres of land, continuous farming five years later became the rightful owner of this land.,Background,sig

35、nificance,Established the small-scale peasant land ownership, thus for agriculture in the United States the development of capitalism have created favorable conditions. It also inspired the implementation of the western farmers in southern struggle against the sons of former slave owners, contain th

36、e slavery plantation spreads to the west. And the homestead act was the most affected is to promote the development of the west. From 1862 to 1900, at least six hundred thousand families get benefits. And thousands of projects from the southern African-American removed to Kansas state, they are beco

37、me exodusters -意為逃離的人們 In the civil war, the western farmers for federal troops 聯(lián)邦軍隊(duì)sent more than half of the soldiers, and provide enough food, get to the north to the victory of the war of play an important role., Literature,1.Novels about Civil War,The Basic Information,In a general sense, the t

38、itle is ametaphorfor the departure of a way of life that existed in the South prior to the Civil War,Author: Margaret Mitchell 瑪格麗特米切爾 Gone with the Wind, first published in 1936, is aromance novelwritten byMargaret Mitchell, who received thePulitzer Prize for Fiction普利策獎(jiǎng)for the book in 1937. Gone w

39、ith the Windis the only novel by Mitchell published during her lifetime,Introduction,The story is set inClayton County, 克萊頓縣GeorgiaandAtlanta during theAmerican Civil WarandReconstruction, and depicts the experiences ofScarlett OHara郝思嘉, the spoiled被溺愛(ài)daughter of a well-to-do富裕的 plantation owner, wh

40、o must use every means at her disposal 處置to come out of the poverty 。,Slavery,SlaveryinGone with the Windis a backdrop背景 to a story that is essentially about other things.Southern plantation fiction (also known asAnti-Tom literature) from the early 19th century culminating inGone with the Windis written from the perspective and values of the slaveholder and tends to present slaves as docile and happy. The slaves depicted inGone with the Windare primarily loyal house servants, such as Mammy, Po