salient 2010-11 Unit 5__ reading.ppt

1、1,Unit 5,Japanese and American Workers: Two Casts of Mind,2,cast,模型; 模具 a cast of her face made in wax 用蠟做出她的臉部模型 類型 sbs cast of mind 他的思維方式不尋常。 He has an unusual cast of mind.,3,Main idea,Firstly, the author points out with examples that Japanese workers attach more importance to collectivism while

2、 American workers emphasize individualism. Then the author explains how Japanese collectivism and American individualism evolved.,4,organization, (1-4) general introduction and 2 examples (5-9) two interpretations of the 2 examples (10-14) how Japanese collectivism and American individualism evolved

3、 (15) conclusion,5,P1-4,Two examples,6,orientation: 傾向 anecdote: 軼事，趣聞 approach: N method V 靠近 corporate:公司的/團(tuán)體的 incentive: 刺激; 誘因; 動(dòng)機(jī) piecework: 計(jì)件工作 appraisal: appraise 評(píng)價(jià) assembly:裝配; 安裝 wire: 用金屬絲將sth捆在一起 piece rate: 計(jì)件工資 forelady / forewoman: 女工頭 compensation: salary automatic: 自動(dòng)的; 當(dāng)然的 humilia

4、te:使屈辱，使丟臉 a fraction of: 一小部分 submit: 提交或呈遞(以供考慮裁決等) commitment: 致力, 獻(xiàn)身；loyalty come up with:找到或提出（答案 辦法等） single out: 選中 bonus:獎(jiǎng)金,Vocabulary P1-4,7,Skim the first two paragraphs and then complete the following table:,compensation system,8,compensation system,piece-rate system: salary increases are

5、 tied to individual performance.,improve productivity and reward individual achievement and initiative,humiliating / threaten to quit work,change to the Japanese compensation system: salary increases are tied to age.,Seniority plays an important role in the compensation system. a strong sense of col

6、lectivism,9,Skim the 3rd and 4th paragraphs and then complete the following table:,10,Collectivism plays a vital role in Japan.,individual suggestions system reward the individual with a bonus,improve productivity / encourage participation, inventiveness,suggestion system,group suggestion system rew

7、ard the group with a bonus,No suggestion was submitted.,11,difficult expressions in P1,the strong orientation to collective values 強(qiáng)烈的集體主義價(jià)值觀取向 The American company frequently attracts attention within the business community for its novel approaches to planning, organizational design and management

8、systems. 由宗教信仰/種族/職業(yè)等方面相同的人構(gòu)成的集體 這個(gè)美國公司以其在計(jì)劃，組織策劃和管理系統(tǒng)上的新穎手段經(jīng)常引起業(yè)內(nèi)的關(guān)注。,12,In their study they discovered that Japanese firms almost never make use of individual work incentives, such as piecework or even individual performance appraisal tied to salary increases. 激勵(lì)人努力工作的措施 基于個(gè)人工作表現(xiàn)的評(píng)價(jià)制度 與個(gè)人工作表現(xiàn)掛鉤的工資

9、制度,difficult expressions in P1,13,We are embarrassed to be so forward. Bold, presumptuous To have this happen, of course, would be a great disaster for all concerned. Affected, involved,difficult expressions in P2,14,To single one person out as being more productive is wrong and is also personally h

10、umiliating to us. 將某個(gè)人單獨(dú)挑出來，表彰她生產(chǎn)效率比其他人高這種做法是不對(duì)的，同時(shí)對(duì)是我們個(gè)人的羞辱。 If one of us was singled out for being responsible for such an idea, it would embarrass all of us. 如果將我們中的某個(gè)人單獨(dú)挑出來，表彰她提出了某個(gè)建議，這將讓我們難堪。 這么多人都曠課了，為什么只懲罰我？ Why do you single me out for punishment while many others were also absent?,15,instal

11、l a suggestion system place suggestions to improve productivity into special boxes For an accepted idea, the individual received a bonus amounting to some fraction of the productivity savings realized from his or her suggestion. amount to: 等于，相當(dāng)于 saving：節(jié)省的花銷或成本 若員工的某條建議被采納，并提高了公司效益。那么他就可以得到一筆獎(jiǎng)金。該獎(jiǎng)金

12、與(因他的建議而)節(jié)省下來的成本成一定比例。,difficult expressions in P3,16,The suggestions and productivity improvements rained down on the plant. rain down: flow or come down in large quantities大量落下: 她淚流滿面。 松動(dòng)的巖石大量滾下（山坡）。 Tears rained down her cheeks. Loose rocks rained down (the hillside). rain down (on sb/sth) 來訪的這位作

13、家收到了許多邀請(qǐng)信。 Invitations rained down on the visiting writer.,difficult expressions in P4,17,shower (down) on sb/sth; 陣雨般地降落: 小石塊陣雨般地落在我們身上。 大家紛紛向新娘新郎祝福。 Small stones showered (down) on us from above. Good wishes showered (down) on the bride and bridegroom. snow sb under (with sth) (usu passive) overwh

14、elm sb 使某人不勝負(fù)荷: 我正為博士畢業(yè)論文忙得不可開交。 該公司收到的求職申請(qǐng)書多得接應(yīng)不暇。 I am snowed under with my doctoral dissertation. The company was snowed under with job applications.,18,Filling in the blanks with the suitable words:,Praise on the singer. Her _to work is beyond question. No doctor has a cure for the swine flu. Mo

15、ney is still a major in most occupations. The country was by defeat. He is unhappy with the commercial _ of many tourist sites. We her from the list of applicants. Students should _their papers before the deadline.,rained down,commitment,come up with,incentive,humiliated,orientation,submit,19,commit

16、ment: devotion anachronism: 被視為過時(shí)的人習(xí)俗 思想: fit with: suit/match inimical: harmful maverick: 獨(dú)立思考/行事的；未打烙印的小牛；獨(dú)行其是者/不隨俗者 exemplify:舉例說明 excel: surpass. 優(yōu)于；超過 far-reaching implication: 深遠(yuǎn)的影響 accountability: accountable（樂意）負(fù)責(zé)任,Vocabulary P5-6,20,P5-6,different interpretations of the two examples Japanes

17、e collectivism doesnt fit with modern industrialism. Japanese collectivism is economically efficient.,21,paraphrase,Perhaps the Japanese commitment to collective value is an anachronism that does not fit with modern industrialism but brings economic success. The Japanese loyalty to collective value

18、may be considered as something out of date and incompatible with modern industrialism, but it brings economic profits.,22,translation,Collectivism does not seem to provide the individual incentive (to excel) which has made a great success of American enterprise. 集體主義好像并不能起到激勵(lì)個(gè)人超越他人的作用，而正是這種對(duì)個(gè)人的激勵(lì)給美國

19、企業(yè)帶來極大的成功。 Collectivism seems to be inimical to the kind of maverick creativity exemplified in Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Edison and John D. Rockefeller. 集體主義似乎會(huì)遏制富蘭克林，愛迪生，洛克菲勒等人所展示的獨(dú)創(chuàng)精神。,23,P6,24,But a less obvious yet far-reaching implication of the Japanese collectivism for economic performance ha

20、s to do with accountability. 日本集體主義對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)雖不那么明顯卻深遠(yuǎn)的影響與責(zé)任制度有關(guān)。 far-reaching implications/impact for sth The fall of Soviet Union has had a far-reaching impact for world politics. 奧巴馬的成功當(dāng)選對(duì)美國的民主進(jìn)程有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。 Obamas success in the presidential election has profound implications for the future of U.S. democra

21、cy.,25,Politically, shes a bit of a _. Excessive managerial control is _to creative expression. The cooks dishes are always very good, but this time hes _ himself. In this consumerist society, simple lifestyle seems to be _. The newly-invented anti-plagiarism software will have far-reaching _ for th

22、e academic research in China. The rising unemployment rate _the seriousness of the global economic downturn.,maverick,inimical,excelled,an anachronism,implications,exemplifies,26,P7P9: vocabulary,remark: comment 評(píng)論 Unfounded: groundless 無根據(jù)的 Profit center:利潤中心：公司的一個(gè)部門 ，負(fù)責(zé)分別計(jì)算成本、收入以及利潤 particular: de

23、tail 詳情，細(xì)節(jié) transaction: 辦理，業(yè)務(wù); 交易 untangle: to free from a tangle; 解脫；解開 Raise: pay raise/rise 加薪 like-minded: 有同樣的想法 light-colored; spindly-bodied elaborate: intricate and rich in detail 復(fù)雜精美的 Unfeeling: hard-hearted or unsympathetic Aggravate: to make worse or more troublesome 加重；加劇 Aggravating：an

24、noying fit: match, compatibility協(xié)調(diào)；兼容,27,Difficult expressions,Rather, the nature of things operates so that nothing of consequence occurs as a result of individual effort. Rather, the nature of things operates in such a way. 事物發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律決定了任何重要的成就都非個(gè)人之功，而是集體努力的結(jié)果。,28,Therefore, to attempt to assign in

25、dividual credit or blame to results is unfounded. credit: praise 稱贊; 表揚(yáng) blame: responsibility(對(duì)做壞的或做錯(cuò)的事所負(fù)的)責(zé)任 把.歸因于 將失敗歸因于懶惰 assign ones failure to idleness 該報(bào)告認(rèn)為事故是由于司機(jī)的粗心導(dǎo)致的。 The report assigned the blame for the accident to the drivers carelessness. 將（成或?。┙Y(jié)果歸因于某個(gè)人是沒道理的。,29,P8,one accounting syste

26、m in U.S. companies.,30,Difficult expressions,One system summarizes the overall financial state to inform stockholders, bankers, and other outsiders. 一種會(huì)計(jì)制度總結(jié)出整個(gè)公司的財(cái)務(wù)狀況以通知持股者，銀行家及其他局外人。 That system is not of interest here. Your private problems are of no interest to me. Be of importance/relevance Ra

27、ther, the nature of things operates so that nothing of consequence occurs as a result of individual effort.,31,managerial or cost accounting system It measures in detail all of the particulars of transactions between departments, divisions, and key individuals in the organization, for the purpose of

28、 untangling the interdependencies between people. 它詳細(xì)地計(jì)算出公司內(nèi)部各個(gè)部門各單位之間以及重要職員之間的交易細(xì)節(jié)，以厘清他們之間的財(cái)務(wù)往來(計(jì)算出各部門各單位及各重要職員的收入和支出以對(duì)個(gè)人業(yè)績進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià))。,32,assessment of individual performance;,managerial accounting system,Western individualism provides constant conflicts.,money-consuming; spark arguments,It measures in

29、detail all of the particulars of transactions between divisions and key individuals.,33,P9,The accounting system in Japan,34,Save the considerable expense of collecting and processing all of that information,no short-run assessment of individual performance,Japanese collectivism fits naturally into

30、an industrial setting.,Maintain harmony,35,Difficult expressions,Companies still keep track of which department uses a truck, how often and for what purposes, but like-minded people can interpret some simple numbers for themselves and adjust their behavior accordingly. 公司還是會(huì)跟蹤記錄哪個(gè)部門出于什么目的使用貨車及使用的次數(shù)。

31、但是具有相同想法的人們可以根據(jù)那些簡單的數(shù)據(jù)來判斷本部門和其他部門的貨車使用情況，并對(duì)本部門在使用貨車方面的行為做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。,36,Difficult expressions,Those insisting upon clear and precise measurement for the purpose of advancing individual interests must have an elaborate information system. L109 那些為了促進(jìn)個(gè)人利益而堅(jiān)持對(duì)個(gè)人業(yè)績進(jìn)行明確精細(xì)評(píng)價(jià)的企業(yè)必須有復(fù)雜的信息系統(tǒng)。,37,The 3-G mobile tel

32、ephoneproject involves a very _ telecommunications network. There should be a _ between the needs of the society and the education college students receive. He gave full _ of the stolen property. The club offers an opportunity for _ people to get together. The bank charges a fixed rate for each _. S

33、he tried to _ her skirt from the wire fence. Critics _that the play is not original. Constant interruptions are very _ when youre trying to concentrate.,elaborate,fit,particulars,like-minded,transaction,untangle,remark,aggravating,38,Vocabulary 10-12,Shinkansen: 新干線 Cluster: 群, 堆, 組, 團(tuán), 串 Paddy: 稻田

34、By chance: 偶然地 Staple: 主食 Maintenance: maintain 保養(yǎng)；維修 Irrigation: 灌溉 Surplus: 過剩; 盈余 trade surplus Disintegration: 解體；分裂 Suboceanic: 海底的 Terrace: 把（山坡或坡地）修成梯田 Terraced hillside: 有梯田的山坡 Arable:可耕的 Occupant: occupy 居住者; 占有者 Feudal: 封建的 Meiji Restoration: 明治維新 (1866-1869) Edo Period (1600-1867 江戶時(shí)代/德川幕

35、府); Meiji Era Sought: seek, sought, sought Subject: 臣民; 國民 Characteristic: 獨(dú)特的 Homogeneous: 由同類部分組成的 With respect to: 在X方面 In (close) proximity (to): near Dwelling:住所,39,P10-11,How did Japanese collectivism evolve?,40,contributory factors in the formation of Japanese collectivism,agriculture geograp

36、hy politics,41,P10,agricultural requirements,42,What factors led to the pattern of clusters of farmhouses surrounded by rice paddies ?,The growing of rice, the Japanese staple, requires construction and maintenance of an irrigation system which takes many hands to build. The efficient planting and h

37、arvesting of rice is impossible without cooperation with neighbors.,43,The “bottom line” is that a single family working alone cannot produce enough rice to survive, but a dozen families working together can produce a surplus. 賬本底線，（賬目上）盈虧一覽線 How will the rise in interest rates affect our bottom lin

38、e? 不得不接受的現(xiàn)實(shí)/局面 不得不接受的現(xiàn)實(shí)是單干的話，一個(gè)家庭是不能夠生產(chǎn)出自給的稻米，但很多家庭一起協(xié)作生產(chǎn)不僅能夠自給還能有盈余。,44,Thus the Japanese have had to work together in harmony, no matter what the forces of disagreement or social disintegration, in order to survive. Therefore, in order to survive, the Japanese have had to get along well and cooper

39、ate with each other, no matter how great the differences are or how split the society is.,paraphrase,45,P11,Geography Politics,46,How did geographic features contribute to the formation of Japanese collectivism?,on the tips of _ rugged terrain(崎嶇不平的地形) _ insufficient arable land high _ to conserve r

40、ice paddies natural disasters cooperative _ among people,few flat plains,household concentration,relief operation(救災(zāi)行動(dòng)),Suboceanic volcanoes,47,How did politics contribute to the formation of Japanese collectivism?,The feudal lords restrained the farmers from moving between villages. Farmers had to

41、stay in the same village almost for life. In order to survive, farmers had to cooperate with their neighbors.,48,ING分詞分句 做 后置定語,For an accepted idea, the individual received a bonus amounting to some fraction of the productivity savings. L42-43 Those insisting upon clear and precise measurement for

42、the purpose of advancing individual interests must have an elaborate information system. L109 But a dozen family working together can produce a surplus. L130 So a house falling down during a disaster will not crush its occupants. L139,49,ING分詞分句 做 后置定語,窗外有小鳥在唱歌，蝴蝶在飛舞。 There are birds singing and but

43、terflies dancing outside. 教室角落有空調(diào)。 There is an air-conditioner standing in the corner of the classroom. 這些是日夜折磨她的問題。 These are the problems torturing her day and night. 尊重他人的人會(huì)得到他人的尊重。 A person respecting others will be respected. 我們教不會(huì)拒絕學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生。 We cannot teach students refusing to learn.,50,P12,51,T

44、aken all together, this characteristic style of living paints the picture of a nation of people who are homogeneous with respect to race, history, language, religion and culture. Japan is a homogeneous society while U.S. which is called a melting pot, is heterogeneous. 綜上所述，這種獨(dú)特的生活方式描繪了一個(gè)在種族，歷史，語言，宗

45、教和文化等方面同質(zhì)的國家。,52,In this situation, it was inevitable that the one most central social value, which emerged, the one value without which the society could not continue, was that an individual does not matter. In this situation, it was unavoidable that the idea that an individual is of little importa

46、nce emerged and became the core social value . The society cannot function properly without this central value.,paraphrase,53,The practice of chewing areca nut is not _ to Hunan Province. Bananas and sugar are the _ of Jamaica. The _ is that we have to make a decision today. We have a trade _ of 400

47、 million. Large scale of building orgy has led to a steady decline in _ land. Real estate tycoons are _ fabulous wealth. The _ fragrance of Osmanthus flowers can be smelled all over the campus in autumn. The population of the village has remained remarkably _. We can afford to buy a car. But we cann

48、ot afford the cost of _.,peculiar,staples,bottom line,surplus,arable,amassing,characteristic,homogeneous,maintenance,54,Vocabulary: P13-15,Chilling: frightening Subordinate A to B: 認(rèn)為A 沒有B 重要；使A服從B Take precedence over: 比X 更重要 優(yōu)先, 居先 Repellent: repulsive; very unpleasant Plato: Greek 柏拉圖 Platonic lo

49、ve 柏拉圖式的戀愛 Hobbes, Thomas: 霍布斯; Human beings are fundamentally selfish and behave badly, it is best if they are ruled by one powerful authority. B.F. Skinner: 斯金納 behavioral psychologist Institution: organization Automatism: 自動(dòng)行為 Totalitarianism:極權(quán)主義 Kinship:親屬關(guān)系 Homestead:家宅（包含房子周圍的建筑和土地） Substitut

50、e A for B: 用A 取代B Catch: 陷阱，圈套 Complex:綜合性大建筑 Cope with：deal with Hold sth. in check: control 抑止; 約束,55,P13,We should strike a balance between collectivism and individualism. Work organizations serve as the mediating force between collectivism and individualism.,56,Subordinating individual tastes to

51、 the harmony of the group and knowing that individual needs can never take precedence over the interests of all is repellent to the Western citizen. give way to; conform to Westerners find it unpleasant that personal interests should give way to / conform to group interests and that individual needs

52、 should give way to / be less important than social needs.,paraphrase,57,Individual freedom exists only when people willingly subordinate their self interests to the social interests. 只有人們自愿將自己的利益服從于社會(huì)利益時(shí)，個(gè)人的自由才有可能。 在封建時(shí)代，女人被要求服從男人。 毒奶粉事件表明，很多企業(yè)將商業(yè)利益置于公眾健康之上。 In feudal times, women were subordinated

53、 to men. As is shown by the tainted infant formula scandal, many companies subordinate public health to commercial interests.,58,The question of understanding which contemporary institution lies at the heart of the conflict between automatism and totalitarianism remains. 今天我們還是需要了解是哪種社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)在協(xié)調(diào)著自動(dòng)化和極度集

54、權(quán)之間的矛盾。 automatism:自動(dòng)化，自動(dòng)力 autonomy: 自主，自治 anarchy: 無政府主義 anarchy totalitarianism individualism collectivism 今天我們還是需要了解是哪種社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)在協(xié)調(diào)著極度自治/自由和極度集權(quán)之間的矛盾。,59,In some ages, the kinship group, the central social institution, mediated between these forces to preserve the balance in which freedom was realized

55、; In other times the church or the government was most critical. Perhaps our present age puts the work organization as the central institution. 在某些時(shí)代，以血緣為基礎(chǔ)的組織作為社會(huì)的中心機(jī)構(gòu)，協(xié)調(diào)這兩股沖突的力量，以達(dá)到平衡，而正是這兩股力量的平衡才能使個(gè)人的自由成為可能。 在有些時(shí)代，教會(huì)或政府是協(xié)調(diào)這兩股力量的最重要的機(jī)構(gòu)。在今天，也許公司是協(xié)調(diào)這兩股力量的核心機(jī)構(gòu)。,60,ED分詞分句 做 后置定語,Let me illustrate with

56、 an anecdote about a visit to a new factory in Japan owned and operated by an American electronics company.L10 Japan is a nation built entirely on the tips of giant suboceanic volcanoes. L134 Small homes built very close together further conserve the land. L137 A society composed entirely of self-in

57、terested individuals is a society in whichL162,61,ED分詞分句 做 后置定語,這是一列裝載著救災(zāi)物質(zhì)的火車。 This is a train loaded with relief supplies. 周恩來是深受中國人民愛戴的總理。 Zhou Enlai is a premier fondly loved by Chinese people. 這是個(gè)飽受內(nèi)戰(zhàn)之苦的國家。 This is a country torn by civil wars. tear 那些被她的美貌陶醉的人想方設(shè)法討好她。 These captivated by her beauty try every means to please her.,62,P14,how individualism developed in America,63,How did people in Kansas develop self-reliance and independence?,It was virtually impossible for people to help each other because they lived many miles away from each other on the Great Plains 美國中部大平原