初中英語高分閱讀理解講座.ppt

1、初中英語閱讀理解高分講座,2012.2.19,內(nèi)容提要,一、英語中考對閱讀理解的要求 二、做閱讀理解題需要明確的觀念 三、做閱讀理解題的常規(guī)步驟 四、閱讀理解常見題型的解題方法 五、不看原文直接從選項找答案的技巧 六、武漢近年中考閱讀理解真題評析,一、英語中考對閱讀理解的要求,中考英語的閱讀理解是比較有難度，也是比較容易丟分的題。根據(jù)武漢市2011年中考英語考試大綱規(guī)定，閱讀理解材料的篇幅長度在300詞左右，數(shù)量不少于3篇，要求閱讀速度為每分鐘40-50個詞。所選材料可能涉及西方文化或價值觀念的內(nèi)容，設(shè)題包括對把握主旨大意、歸納、推測、猜詞等能力的考查。,從近3年（2009-2011年）武漢市

2、中考英語試卷來看，都有3篇一定篇幅的英語文章，分值為30分（每篇5題，每題2分），所占分值是所有題型中最高的。因此，閱讀理解題發(fā)揮如何，將較大程度上影響著考生得分的高低。,許多同學(xué)在做閱讀理解部分時，最大感受就是時間緊、答案項迷惑性大，因而很難又快又準(zhǔn)地選出答案。那么做閱讀理解除了平時多讀多看多練之外，還有沒有什么好的方法呢？在沒有足夠時間仔細閱讀或文章太難而看不懂的情況下應(yīng)該怎樣答題呢？接下來就向同學(xué)們介紹一些常用的閱讀理解方法和技巧。,二、做閱讀理解題需要明確的觀念,第一、不要認(rèn)為閱讀理解很難不容易得分，恰恰相反，閱讀理解是所有題型中最容易得分，也是完全能夠得高分（甚至滿分）的題型。,閱讀

3、理解題和其他題型不一樣，它呈現(xiàn)的是一篇完完整整、沒有任何隱蔽和挖空的文章，每一個題目的答案全部直接或間接蘊含在原文中了，你所做的事情就是把答案從原文中找出來，除了要具備詞匯、語法這些基本功之外，就是看你夠不夠聰明和細心了。,而其他任何題型（單選、完形、填空、翻譯、寫作等），都不是給你一個完整的句子或文章，要么挖了空讓你填，要么完全靠自己寫，會不會做除了靠基本功外，還有點運氣成分（英語里的知識點成百上千，只要考到一個你不會的，就很難做對，只有靠猜了）。,第二、閱讀理解的每一題都可以直接或間接地從原文中找到對應(yīng)句子或推斷答案，所以，依據(jù)原文是做閱讀理解題的最可靠方法！,從閱讀理解的題型設(shè)計上來看，

4、不外乎就是細節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、猜測詞義題等幾種常見題型，而這幾種題型全都離不開原文（稍后會講到）。有的同學(xué)喜歡憑小聰明、憑經(jīng)驗、憑想當(dāng)然拋開原文做題，這樣是不可取的，可能一時會做對，但不能保證每次都對，依據(jù)原文仍是做閱讀理解題的最可靠方法。,第三、做閱讀理解題有很多方法和技巧，有的甚至可以讓你在不看原文的情況下直接從選項中就能找到正確答案！,做閱讀理解有很多方法和技巧，有的甚至可以讓你在不看原文的情況下直接從選項就能找到正確答案，這個同學(xué)們可能都覺得不可思議。其實，這也是有一定的根據(jù)的（下面會講到），合理運用這些方法和技巧，會讓你的閱讀理解得分能力如虎添翼，在緊急情況下它就是你

5、的救命稻草！,二、做閱讀理解題的常規(guī)步驟,1、快速略讀（Skimming） 2、帶問尋讀（Scanning) 3、檢驗答案（Checking）,快速略讀(Skimming),1.略讀的概念 又稱“跳讀”(reading and skipping)或“瀏覽”(glancing)。要求以較快速度(100-150wpm)在2-3分鐘內(nèi)略讀完文章，迅速獲取文章內(nèi)容或中心思想，即有選擇地進行閱讀，可跳過某些細節(jié)，抓住文章的大意，從而加快閱讀速度。,2.略讀的技巧 不可逐詞逐句閱讀，應(yīng)掃描式閱讀。 眼球總在不斷地“移動停頓移動”，思考是在眼停的瞬間進行的。 碰到個別不懂的生詞、難句應(yīng)先跳過。 注意文章的開

6、頭、結(jié)尾和每段的主題句。 抓住4個W和1個H，即when(時間), where(地點),who(人物),what(事件), how(經(jīng)過)，就抓住了文章的全貌。,注意關(guān)鍵詞(表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞) 表并列：bothand, or, too, also, as well; 表遞進：moreover, in addition, whats more, furthermore, then, besides; 表轉(zhuǎn)折：however, but, nevertheless; 表層次：first of all, above all, next, on the one hand,.on the other ha

7、nd, unless; 表強調(diào)：in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, important, obviously;,表因果：because, so, since, as a result, for, lead to, lie in； 表序列：first, second, third, finally； 表列舉：for example, such as, for instance, except (for); 表比較：like, similar, in the same way; 表讓步：although, though, after al

8、l, in spite of, even if, even though; 表結(jié)論：therefore, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole.,Skimming Practice One (in 2 minutes),David McConnell sold books from door to door. Housewives were not interested in the books. Usually before he had enough time to say anything about his books, th

9、e women closed their doors. But he didnt give up. McConnell decided to bring each of them a present, a small bottle of perfume made by himself. He soon found that the women liked the perfume better than the books. He stopped selling books to sell perfume instead and started his own company “Avon”, w

10、hich is a great success. When you do nothing, you learn nothing. But when you try, even though you are not successful, you will learn what doesnt work and that puts you closer to what will work. It doesnt matter how many times you are not successful. It does matter that you will be successful one da

11、y.,Times Up!,Whats the main idea of this passage?,David McConnell sold books from door to door. Housewives were not interested in the books. Usually before he had enough time to say anything about his books, the women closed their doors. But he didnt give up. McConnell decided to bring each of them

12、a present, a small bottle of perfume made by himself. He soon found that the women liked the perfume better than the books. He stopped selling books to sell perfume instead and started his own company “Avon”, which is a great success. When you do nothing, you learn nothing. But when you try, even th

13、ough you are not successful, you will learn what doesnt work and that puts you closer to what will work. It doesnt matter how many times you are not successful. It does matter that you will be successful one day.,who,what,when,where,how,key word,emphasis,key word,key word,Skimming Practice Two (in 2

14、.5 minutes),Hundreds of years ago，a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots，a brave people，loved their country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland，but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win. One night，the leader of Sc

15、ots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight，my men,” he said. “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle. We must win or we will die.” They were all very tired，so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty，but they，too，were very tired，and

16、 one by one，also fell asleep. The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they climbed up the hillside，taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more，the war would be over. Sudd

17、enly，one of them put his foot on a thistle(薊). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a moment，they were on their feet and ready for battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country. The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It ha

18、s sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flower.,Times Up!,Whats the main idea of this passage?,Hundreds of years ago，a Roman army came north from England to make war on Scotland. The Scots，a brave people，loved thei

19、r country very much. They fought hard to drive the enemy out of Scotland，but there were too many Romans. It looked as if the Romans would win. One night，the leader of Scots marched his soldiers to the top of a hill. “We will rest here tonight，my men,” he said. “Tomorrow we will fight one more battle

20、. We must win or we will die.” They were all very tired，so they ate their supper quickly and fell asleep. There were four guards on duty，but they，too，were very tired，and one by one，also fell asleep. The Romans were not asleep. Quickly they gathered at the foot of the hill. Slowly they climbed up the

21、 hillside，taking care not to make a sound. Closer and closer they came to the sleeping Scots. They were almost at the top. A few minutes more，the war would be over. Suddenly，one of them put his foot on a thistle(薊). He cried out and his sudden cry woke the Scots. In a moment，they were on their feet

22、and ready for battle. The fighting was hard but it did not last long. The Scots wiped out the Romans and saved their country. The thistle is not a beautiful plant. It has sharp needles all over it. Few people like it. But the people of Scotland liked it so much that they made it their national flowe

23、r.,when,who,where,what,how,conclusion,帶問尋讀(Scanning),1.尋讀的概念 又稱“查讀”，就是在讀過文章后面的題后，以題干中的某些詞為線索（線索詞），到原文中去尋找出處，從而找到答案的過程。尋讀能力的高低直接影響著閱讀理解做題的正確率。 目的：尋找特定信息，要什么找什么。,2.尋讀的技巧 題目順序基本與行文順序基本一致 一般情況下，題目順序與原文的行文順序是保持一致的，也就是說，第一道題的出處一般在原文開頭部分，下一道題的出處一般位于前一道題的出處后面。把握題目順序與行文順序一致的基本規(guī)律，可以指導(dǎo)我們在原文中快速定位出處的大致位置，有效節(jié)省尋讀時

24、間。,2.尋讀的技巧 注意原文中的時間、數(shù)字、年代 時間、數(shù)字和年代在文章中通常以阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字的形式出現(xiàn)，在周圍都是英文字母的背景中就顯得比較突出。因此，如果考題中含有數(shù)字，往往可以用來快速定位題目的出處。注意：題干中可能對數(shù)字的形式有一定改動，要注意辨別。,2.尋讀的技巧 注意原文的人名、地名等專有名詞 人名、地名等專有名詞以大寫字母開頭，在文章中顯得比較突出，容易尋找，也是容易設(shè)問的目標(biāo)。但是如果通篇都是講與這個專有名詞有關(guān)的事情時，這個專有名詞多次出現(xiàn)，而題目中也多次出現(xiàn)，這時就不建議用它來定位題目出處，而應(yīng)該使用其他的定位詞。,2.尋讀的技巧 事物的性質(zhì)特征或比較關(guān)系 如果題干要求確定某

25、個事物的性質(zhì)、程度、范圍或比較關(guān)系，那么就可以借助題干中的形容詞、副詞或其比較級、最高級等比較詞來定位題目出處。然后對比原文與題干的陳述，最終確定題干是否正確。,2.尋讀的技巧 題干中不同于其他題的新信息 每道題的題干中都含有與其他題不同的新信息。這些表示新信息的名詞或動詞、甚至是特殊的標(biāo)點符號也可以成為線索詞。,Scanning Practice one (in 8 minutes),How many kinds of penguins can survive? Where do Penguins live? What do Penguins eat? Whats the cause of

26、penguins decrease in numbers? Why are the penguins in South Africa reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking?,Scanning Practice one,As many as 10 of the 17 kinds of penguins may be in danger of disappearing. The number of penguins have decreased by 30% since 1987. Penguins are black

27、and white birds that live in the southern part of the world. They are common in South America，New Zealand，Australia and South Africa. Mary lives near cold waters. But some live near warm waters in Galapagos Islands. Penguins cannot fly，but they are fine swimmers. Penguins eat fish and krill(磷蝦). The

28、 warming of the earth is the decrease in penguin populations. The heating of the air has caused ocean waters to become warmer. Higher water temperatures have reduced the supply of fish and krill. Some years later these birds are completely unable to reproduce. Besides, many adult penguins die of hun

29、ger.,Widespread fishing，exploration for oil and oil leaks also make penguins be in danger. Poisonous organisms(生物) in ocean water are another danger. Penguins also have their enemies，including wild dogs，sharks，seals and sea lions. News about penguins is not all bad，however. Several years ago，oil lea

30、king from a ship hurt 40% of the penguins in South Africa. The penguins became covered with oil. But thousands of people helped clean and treat the birds well. Then they returned the penguins to the wild. Now these South African penguins are reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking.

31、,Times Up!,Lets answer the questions together. Tips：Underline the sentence about the question in the passage.,1. How many kinds of penguins can survive? (線索詞:數(shù)量) 17-10=7 As many as 10 of the 17 kinds of penguins may be in danger of disappearing. The number of penguins have decreased by 30% since 198

32、7.,2. Where do Penguins live?(線索詞:地點) 3. What do Penguins eat? (線索詞:食物) Penguins are black and white birds that live in the southern part of the world. They are common in South America，New Zealand，Australia and South Africa. Mary lives near cold waters. But some live near warm waters in Galapagos Is

33、lands. Penguins cannot fly，but they are fine swimmers. Penguins eat fish and krill(磷蝦).,4. Whats the cause of penguins decrease in numbers?(線索詞:瀕危原因) The warming of the earth is the decrease in penguin populations. The heating of the air has caused ocean waters to become warmer. Higher water tempera

34、tures have reduced the supply of fish and krill. Some years later these birds are completely unable to reproduce. Besides, many adult penguins die of hunger. Widespread fishing，exploration for oil and oil leaks also make penguins be in danger. Poisonous organisms in ocean water are another danger. P

35、enguins also have their enemies，including wild dogs，sharks，seals and sea lions.,5. Why are the penguins in South Africa reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking?(線索詞:增長原因) News about penguins is not all bad，however. Several years ago，oil leaking from a ship hurt 40% of the penguins

36、in South Africa. The penguins became covered with oil. But thousands of people helped clean and treat the birds well. Then they returned the penguins to the wild. Now these South African penguins are reproducing in higher numbers than before the oil leaking.,Scanning Practice two (in 8 minutes),Who

37、made Donald Duck film? When was the first Donald Duck film made? How did Clarence Nash become a star? Why did people like Donald more than Mickey Mouse? Where do todays children see Donald Duck?,Scanning Practice two,In 1933 an unknown American called Clarence Nash went to see the filmmaker Walt Dis

38、ney. He had an unusual voice and he wanted to work in Disneys cartoon film for children. When Walt Disney heard Nashs voice, he said “Stop! Thats our duck!” The duck was the now-famous Donald Duck, who first appeared in 1934 in the firm The Wise Little Hen. Donald lived in an old houseboat(水上住家) and

39、 wore his sailor jacket and hat. Later that year he became a star after an eight minute Mickey Mouse film. The cinema audience liked him because he was lazy and greedy, and because he lost his temper very quickly. And they loved his voice when he became angry with Mickeys eight nephews(侄子). Soon Don

40、ald was more popular than Mickey Mouse himself, probably because he wasnt a goody-goody like Mickey.,In the 1930S, 40s and 50s Donald and his friends Mickey, Goofy and Pluto made hundreds of Disney cartoons. He also made educational films about the place of the USA in the world, and safety in the ho

41、me. Then in 1966 Donald Duck and his voice disappeared there were no more new cartoons. Clarence Nash died in February, 1985. But todays children can still see the old cartoons on television and hear that famous voice.,Times Up!,Lets answer the questions together. Tips：Underline the sentence about t

42、he question in the passage.,1. Who made Donald Duck film? (線索詞:人名) In 1933 an unknown American called Clarence Nash went to see the filmmaker Walt Disney. He had an unusual voice and he wanted to work in Disneys cartoon film for children. When Walt Disney heard Nashs voice, he said ”Stop! Thats our

43、duck!”,2. When was the first Donald Duck film made?(線索詞:年代) The duck was the now-famous Donald Duck, who first appeared in 1934 in the firm The Wise Little Hen. Donald lived in an old houseboat(水上住家) and wore his sailor jacket and hat. Later that year he became a star after an eight minute Mickey Mo

44、use film.,3. How did Clarence Nash become a star? (線索詞:成為明星) The duck was the now-famous Donald Duck, who first appeared in 1934 in the firm The Wise Little Hen. Donald lived in an old houseboat(水上住家) and wore his sailor jacket and hat. Later that year he became a star after an eight minute Mickey M

45、ouse film.(make voice for Donald Duck in the film),4. Why did people like Donald more than Mickey Mouse?(線索詞:比較關(guān)系) The cinema audience liked him because he was lazy and greedy, and because he lost his temper very quickly. And they loved his voice when he became angry with Mickeys eight nephews(侄子).

46、Soon Donald was more popular than Mickey Mouse himself, probably because he wasnt a goody-goody like Mickey.,5. Where do todays children see Donald Duck?(線索詞:地點) Clarence Nash died in February, 1985. But todays children can still see the old cartoons on television and hear that famous voice.,檢查答案(Ch

47、ecking),重讀原文，仔細斟酌核對答案 在解完最后一道題后，如果時間允許，再將原文讀一遍；用全文的主題思想統(tǒng)率各題，研究其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和邏輯關(guān)系，目的在于對所做答案進一步審查，推出未解答的題，以便減少失誤。 注：如果時間不允許，也可省略該步驟,四、閱讀理解常見題型的解題方法,一、細節(jié)理解題,細節(jié)理解題是對獲取和處理細節(jié)信息能力的考查，這類題在閱讀理解題中占一半以上，做好這類題是確?；A(chǔ)分的關(guān)鍵。同時，弄清細節(jié)，正確獲取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特別重視做好這類題。,細節(jié)理解題常見的提問形式 是非判斷類型：True or False？ 特殊疑問詞類型：What/who/? 排序題類型

48、：Which of the orders is correct? 例證題類型：The author gives the example in in order to 唯一性概念題類型：The most/ -est the only ,做細節(jié)理解題的方法 通過尋讀確定該細節(jié)在文中的出處，仔細對照題干要求，排除或選擇。命題者通常對原句細微處做改動，截取原文詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)進行改造，因果倒置，把A的觀點說成B的觀點等。所以正確理解題干和信息句的意義是關(guān)鍵。細節(jié)事實題還要十分注意句子的非主干成分，如定語、狀語、補語等，這些成分都是出題者常進行誤導(dǎo)的落腳點。,做細節(jié)理解題的方法 是非判斷一般都遵循對照選項進行

49、“三對一錯或三錯一對”的判斷。若該信息句是長句或難句，要學(xué)會找出其主干部分，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確理解信息句的意義。一定要注意的是，要所答是所問，不要受到慣勢思維的影響，習(xí)慣性地去選擇正確的細節(jié)事實，切記要弄清問題，不要所答非所問。,做細節(jié)理解題的方法 例證題一定要注意以for example , such as 等關(guān)鍵入手處，找出細節(jié)出處。 排序題要先仔細觀察選項，找出首尾相同的選項分組，進而通過具體細節(jié)信息比較進行排除和選擇。 唯一性概念題一定要仔細審題，弄清題干所需。,細節(jié)理解題一,In Europe it quite usual to cross your legs when you ar

50、e sitting talking to someone even at an important meeting. Doing this in Thailand, however, could bring about trouble . Also, you should try to avoid touching the head of an adultits just not done in Thailand . Q： To cross ones legs at an important meeting in Europe is _. A. a common habit B. an imp

51、ortant manner C. a serious trouble D. a bad manner,細節(jié)理解題二,Big Ben is not the name of a man. It is the name of a huge clock in London. London is the capital of England. This clock has four faces. So，no matter where you stand，you can read the time on the face of Big Ben. Each face is the size of a dou

52、ble decker（層）bus. The hands are about four meters long. It is about the size of two people standing on top of each other. If you go to London，you may want to visit the Houses of Parliament（國會大廈）. There you will find Big Ben sits at the top of the clock tower in the Houses of Parliament. Maybe you wi

53、ll hear it as well as see it. The huge clock makes such a loud noise. “Ding dong，ding dong，”it goes every quarter of an hour. Q： The clock strikes every _ of an hour. A. ten minutes B. fifteen minutes C. thirty minutes D. forty-five minutes,二、主旨大意題,此類題型主要考查學(xué)生對文章主題或中心思想的歸納、領(lǐng)會和理解能力。 主旨大意題常見的提問形式： 1）主旨

54、句設(shè)問類型：What is the main idea of this passage？ 2）最佳標(biāo)題選擇類型：The best title for this passage is 3）作者主旨意圖類型：What does the writer want to tell us？,做主旨大意題的方法 主旨大意題一定要注意文章的首尾兩段。如果首尾兩段的主旨表達是一致的，那么文章的主旨便是兩段重復(fù)表明的語句內(nèi)容表達。找出選項中與歸納的主旨表達重復(fù)最多的選項即為最佳答案。如果首尾兩段的主旨表達不一致，則需要觀察文章的段落篇幅量是傾向于首段或是尾段，從而確定主旨段落。,做主旨大意題的方法 此外，標(biāo)題選擇

55、即為主旨句的壓縮表達，注意抓住主旨句進行主要詞匯的提煉，把一個句子提煉為幾個關(guān)鍵詞，即是對主旨大意進行概括歸納的標(biāo)題。而作者意圖表達必須通過歸納中心主題才能找到，通常體現(xiàn)為advise,convince, present,propose,warn,suggest等。,主旨大意題一,Have you ever been ill? When you are ill，you must be unhappy because your body becomes hot，and there are pains all over your body. You dont want to work，you st

56、ay in bed，feeling very sad. What makes us ill? It is germs(細菌). Germs are everywhere. They are very small and you cant find them with your eyes，but you can see them with a microscope. They are very small and there could be hundreds of them on a very small thing. Germs are always found in dirty water

57、. When we look at dirty water under the microscope，we shall see them in it. So your father and mother will not let you drink dirty water. Q： Whats the main idea of the passage? A. Germs may make us ill. B. Germs are in dirty water. C. Dont drink dirty water. D. Take care of your fingers.,主旨大意題二,In E

58、ngland, people often talk about the weather because they can experience four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will b

59、egin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day. In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you dont take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret later in the day. Q：The best title (標(biāo)題)for this passage is _. A. Bad Seasons B. Summer or Wint