英語語法：比較結(jié)構(gòu)終極大總結(jié)

1、比較結(jié)構(gòu)的講解(34句)來自長(zhǎng)難句：1、it is not thatbut that這不是說而是說(分析見22)It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparayue and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than th

2、e former.2、nothing less than完全是，實(shí)在是What the man said was noting else than nonsense.那個(gè)人講的話完全是一派胡言。It is nothing else than a blackmail.這簡(jiǎn)直就是敲竹杠。3、as引導(dǎo)的特殊狀語從句，翻譯時(shí)作定語從句處理。We hope the measures to control prices ,as they have been taken by the government, will succeed.4、n.+or + n. or 后面的名詞是同位語，應(yīng)譯為“即，或者”。M

3、oreover , technology includes techniques, or ways to do things ,as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.再者，除機(jī)器外，技術(shù)還包括技藝，即制作方法，而運(yùn)用這些技藝并不一定都要機(jī)器。我們希望，政府已經(jīng)采取的控制物價(jià)的措施將取得成功。5、morethanThe complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fund

4、amental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.人類社會(huì)形式的復(fù)雜性和社會(huì)制度的不公正性要求對(duì)社會(huì)基本結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行徹底變革，而一些政客口頭上是很不情愿承認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)的。（than連接肯定形式的從句時(shí)，該從句譯為否定句。）It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependend, and that the so-called division

5、between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.看來，這兩門學(xué)科是相互依存的，因?yàn)樵诶碚摽茖W(xué)家和應(yīng)用科學(xué)家之間，與其說存在著所謂的區(qū)分，不如說這種區(qū)分只是表面存在的。（在比較的基礎(chǔ)上表示選擇關(guān)系時(shí)，可譯為“與其說不如說”）There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter.夏天公路上的汽車比冬天的多。（進(jìn)行同類比較時(shí)，譯成“比更”）6、no morethan與notany more than The food on th

6、e ship was no better than on any ship on which Billy had sailed.這條船上的食品并不如比利工作過的其他船上的（食品）好。The archaeologists efforts are not directed at“proving”the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated正如上帝不能從科學(xué)上證明一樣，考古學(xué)家們的努力并不是要“驗(yàn)證”圣經(jīng)的正確性。No one can hold back the

7、tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has brust the dam.任何人都無法阻止革命的洪流，正如一個(gè)人不能拿著掃帚去擋住決了堤的洪水一樣。7、not so much as 與其說不如Science moves forward, they say , not so much through the insights of great men of genius as（Science moves forward省略的成分） because of more ordinary thi

8、ngs like improved techniques and tools.新學(xué)派科學(xué)家說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普遍的東西。8、the same asYou have made the same mistake as last time.9、no less than（no lessthan）不但而且；不亞于；簡(jiǎn)直是，實(shí)在是China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.中國(guó)

9、始終堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主，不但在進(jìn)行革命方面，而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)政策方面?！窘馕觥縩o lessthan連接兩個(gè)并列成分，信息重心在前，因此漢譯是要倒過來譯。There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.到會(huì)的有一千人之多。（有“到會(huì)人多”的含義）no less than連寫時(shí)，意為“不亞于”、“多達(dá)”，強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量多。not less than連寫時(shí)，意為“不少于”，無數(shù)量多少含義。如：There were not less than noe thousand people at the meeting.到會(huì)的至少有一千人。（沒有表達(dá)到會(huì)人

10、多或少的含義。）It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.如此所要高價(jià)，簡(jiǎn)直是敲詐。10、none other than 不是正是；除了外，不會(huì)是Reaction other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.當(dāng)這些反應(yīng)物放在一起時(shí)，常發(fā)生不希望有的一些反應(yīng)。Other women than Sally would have said nothing.除了薩利，別的女子就什么也不說了【解析】other than可分寫為othe

11、rthan, other后可插入名詞，than的意思是“除了”。11、nothing but=nothing else than=nothing less than不是別的正是Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才不過是勞動(dòng)加勤奮而已。His failure was due to nothing else than his carelessness.他的失敗完全是由于他自己的粗心。His negligence was nothing less than criminal.他的粗心大意無異于犯罪。12、much less = still less

12、更不用說I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings我不能同意這種行為，更談不上參加這些行動(dòng)了。He is too shy to ask a strange the time, still less speak to a room full of people.(對(duì)著充滿人的房間講話，由于文化差異，原本意思就是對(duì)著一屋子的人講話)to say nothing ,not to speak of, not to mention, let alone都是更不必說的意思。但這些詞組可以隨前一句的意思而定，前一句是肯定，則

13、追加的也是肯定意義，如果前一句是否定，則追加的也是否定意義。比較下面兩個(gè)句子。In old China ,there was hardly any machine-building industry ,to say nothing of electronic industry在舊中國(guó)，幾乎沒有什么機(jī)械制造工業(yè)，更不用說電子工業(yè)了。Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lesions.Sally上了唱歌和舞蹈課，而且還上了游泳和網(wǎng)球課。13、anything but(but意為

14、except) 根本不；all but（but意為except）幾乎，差一點(diǎn)，除以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that+從句；若不是nothing but（but意為except） 只不過Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.(句中but作介詞，意為except)雖然他單獨(dú)一人呆在這所無人居住的房子里，但他埋頭于研究工作，一點(diǎn)也沒感到孤獨(dú)。（除了孤獨(dú)之外可以感受到任何事情，其意思為他一點(diǎn)也不感到孤獨(dú)。）The method

15、of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 科學(xué)研究的方式是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式，也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以準(zhǔn)確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式。It was all but impossible to climb ba

16、ck into the boat.再回到小船上已經(jīng)不可能了。But for the rain we could have had a nice holiday.要不是這場(chǎng)雨，我們應(yīng)該度過了一個(gè)愉快的假期。14、not nearly=far from，much less than相差很遠(yuǎn)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing fo

17、od.食品供應(yīng)將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上人口增長(zhǎng)，這就意味著我們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購銷兩方面正陷入危機(jī)。15、can nottoo再也不過分。We cannot be too faithful to our duties.【誤譯】我們不能太終于值守?！菊g】我們必須盡力忠于職守（我們?cè)僦矣诼毷匾膊粸檫^。）You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.你應(yīng)該十分重視這件事。16、as well as=in addition也，和一樣，除之外，不但而且The Socialist Revolution requires a change of the supe

18、rstructure as well as a change of the economic basis.社會(huì)主義革命不僅要求改變經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)，也要求改變上層建筑?！窘馕觥縜s well as 作連詞連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的部分，其信息重心在as well as 之前的部分，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)先翻譯as well as之后的部分，再翻譯as well as之前的部分。Revolution in the Marxist science means a moral as well as a material change.根據(jù)馬克思主義的學(xué)說，革命不但意味著物質(zhì)的改變，而且意味著精神的改變。17、more than+從句

19、（謂語中含can 或could）意為：“實(shí)在不能”Some math problems in that book are more than I can work out.那本書上的數(shù)學(xué)難題我實(shí)在解不出來。18、only to+V. “結(jié)果卻”表示與句子謂語動(dòng)作的目的相反的結(jié)果。They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.他們不必花錢去劇院、電影院、或歌劇院買

20、價(jià)格昂貴的票，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)，演出的節(jié)目令人失望。19、Nor +because.“不是因?yàn)椤盢or do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.我之所以教書，不是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為自己能夠解答問題，也不是因?yàn)槲矣袧M腹學(xué)問，覺得非與人分享不可。20、（there be）no+主語+but+謂語+其他：它實(shí)際上是一個(gè)雙重否定句，翻譯時(shí)采取肯定句的形式。There is no man but has his faults.人皆有過。因此作用相當(dāng)于whonot,t

21、hatnot,whichnot從而可寫為：There is no man who has not faults.21、“S+be+the last+n.+不定式或從句”意為“決不至于”Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.違約他是絕不會(huì)的。22、notbut不是而是；but not 是而不是It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other case, differ in the principles of the

22、ir construction or manner of working; but it is that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 并不是說面包師或賣肉的人所用的磅秤在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上和化學(xué)家所用的天平存在差異，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密的多的儀器，因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確的多。23、would rather + than 寧愿而不愿I would rather die with my head high

23、，with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country），than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me.我寧愿昂著頭，懷著堅(jiān)定的信念，抱著祖國(guó)前途的深刻的信心而死，而不愿在屈從之下背棄神圣的原則而生。24、If only 只要就；only if必須在條件下才 If only we work with might and main, the difficulties will be overcome.

24、只要我們大家全力以赴，必然會(huì)克服困難。You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.只有當(dāng)你將本族語同其他語言進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，你才真正懂得你的本族語。KK在長(zhǎng)難句課上所講：比較結(jié)構(gòu)：25、asas 與相似，一樣while there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians ,modern practice most closely conforms to one.有多少歷史學(xué)家，就有多少種定義，但現(xiàn)

25、在的實(shí)踐大多與其中一個(gè)相吻合。26、not so much(否定) as(肯定)與其說是不如說是Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.因?yàn)閚ot so much. as是個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說so和as后面兩個(gè)詞的意思應(yīng)該相同，所以多義介詞through的意思應(yīng)該等于because of因?yàn)?，由于?7、less and

26、 more: 不多 more or less： 或多或少Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。28、not so asIt is not so easy as

27、 in dealing with adults.29、rather thanTraditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.長(zhǎng)久以來，法律知識(shí)在這類學(xué)校里一直被視為律師們所專有的，而不是一個(gè)受教育者的知識(shí)素養(yǎng)的必要組成部分。30、no/not less than(一樣，同樣)Wa

28、nt of care will not less ruin the good man than the man of lax moralsthe technique of writing is no less difficult than that of the other atrs.寫作技巧和其它技巧一樣都很難。【解析】Want of care疏忽大意man of lax morals品行敗壞的人31、no more than=onlyAll his education added up to no more than one year.他只上了一年學(xué)32、no morethan=not o

29、nly more than（這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)前后兩者的否定）But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business他最重要的任務(wù)并非考慮左右其行為的道德準(zhǔn)則，正如一個(gè)生意人不會(huì)將其精力花在探索生意行為準(zhǔn)則一樣?！窘馕觥縜ny more than a busi

30、nessman is expected，is后省略了not被省掉了A home without love is no more a home than a body without soul is a man.【解析】without soul is a man.is后的not被省略了。no more可以換成not33、more than+v./adj 不僅僅是程度加深“太”They may teach well and more than earn their salaries.Your performance is more than excellent.34、less 否定.than mo

31、re肯定than. 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中than本身是沒有意義的。主要用法就是謂語動(dòng)詞要遵循“就近一致原則”，Not only the students but also the teacher was invited. 不僅學(xué)生們被邀請(qǐng)，而且那位教師也被邀請(qǐng)了。 （以下為詳細(xì)用法） “not only but also ”是一個(gè)并列連詞詞組，其意思基本等于“both and ”，但側(cè)重點(diǎn)放在“but also”上，另外該詞組使用時(shí)須遵守一定的規(guī)則，如要求對(duì)稱，倒裝及主謂一致等。以下兩個(gè)句子往往被看作是欠妥或錯(cuò)誤的： 1. *Sitting up late last night, Tom not on

32、ly read the assignment but also many poems by his favourite poet. 2. *Not only the students but also the teacher were invited. 上述兩句第一句欠妥，第二句是錯(cuò)誤的，應(yīng)分別改為：1. Sitting up late last night, Tom read not only the assignment but also many poems by his favourite poet. 昨晚湯姆熬至深夜，不僅看了課外作業(yè)，而且讀了他最喜歡的一位詩人的許多詩歌。 2. N

33、ot only the students but also the teacher was invited. 不僅學(xué)生們被邀請(qǐng)，而且那位教師也被邀請(qǐng)了。 下面就來談?wù)務(wù)_使用該詞組時(shí)須注意的幾點(diǎn)事項(xiàng)及其常見的幾種變體形式。 一、使用not only but also 時(shí)須注意的幾點(diǎn)： 1. not only與but also后面所連接的詞的詞性必須對(duì)等： (1) Frankin was considered not only an inventor, but also a statesman. 富蘭克林不僅被看作發(fā)明家，而且被看作政治家。 (2) The nurse was not only

34、competent but also kind. 這位護(hù)士不僅能干而且親切和藹。 (3) They not only broke into his office and stole his books, but also tore up his manuscripts. 他們不僅闖進(jìn)他的辦公室，偷走了他的書，而且還撕掉了他的手稿。 (4) Not only you but also she has to attend the ceremony. 不令你而且她也得參加典禮。 (5) In production, we should always keep an eye not only on q

35、uantity but also on quality. 在生產(chǎn)中，我們不僅要關(guān)注數(shù)量，而且要關(guān)注質(zhì)量。 (6) They completed the project not only punctually but also perfectly. 他們不僅準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工程，而且完成得很出色。 2. not only只能連用，而but also既可連用，也可分開用： a. He speaks not only English, but also French. 他不僅說英語，還說法語。 b. Television is not only boring, but it also wastes a lo

36、t of time. 電視不僅乏味，而且還浪費(fèi)許多時(shí)間。 c. She was not only compelled to stay at home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends. 她不僅被強(qiáng)迫蹲在家中，而且被禁止去看朋友。 3.謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與but also后主語的數(shù)保持一致： Not only you but also Mr Zhang teaches in this college. 不僅你，張老師也在此學(xué)院教書。 4. not only放在句首，后接句子時(shí)要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)： (1) Not only should prole

37、tarians emancipate themselves but also the whole mankind. 無產(chǎn)者不僅要解放他們自己，而且要解放全人類。 (2) Not only does television appeal to those who can read but to those who cant. 電視不僅吸引閱讀的人，而且也吸引了不會(huì)閱讀的人。 (3) Not only was everything Albert Einstain had taken away but also his citizenship was deprived of. 愛因斯坦的財(cái)產(chǎn)不僅被擄掠一空，而且他的德國(guó)國(guó)籍也被剝奪了。 (4