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1、句子成分,英語的基本成分有八種: 主語(subject) 謂語(predicate) 賓語(object) 表語(predicative) 定語(attribute) 狀語 (adverbial) 補足語 (complement) 同位語(appositive),主語:是一個句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在there be結構、疑問句(當主語不疑問詞時)和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。,1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist. 2) He reads newspapers everyday. 3) What we shall do next
2、 is not yet decided.,謂語: 說明主語的動作或所處的狀態(tài)。 謂語(predicate) 或謂語動詞(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡單動詞或動詞短語(助動詞或情態(tài)動詞主要動詞)構成。,1) The new term begins on the 1st of September. 2) I would like to invite all my friends here. 5) He is working in the garden.,表語:是謂語的一部分,它位于系動詞(如be,become)之后,與系動詞一起構成復合謂語,說明主語的身份,特征,
3、屬性或狀態(tài)等。單詞、短語或從句均可充當表語。,1)Wangs father is a doctor. (名詞) 2) He is always careless. (形容詞) 3) The basketball match is on. (副詞) 4) All the pupils are on the playground now. (介詞短語),賓語:表示動作的對象或承受者,一般位于及物動詞或介詞后面.,1) Wang Ling give me a book to read in the bus.(雙賓語) 2) The medicine is good for this boy. 3)
4、Do you understand what I mean?,定語:是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用的表示。,Mary is a chemistry teacher.(名詞作定語) He is our friend. (代詞作定語) He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容詞作定語) The man over there is my old friend. (副詞作定語),狀語:修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句,說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。,1)She sings quite wel
5、l. (副詞) 2)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. (介詞短語) 3)Arriving there, call me up. 4)The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 5)He is very handsome.,補足語:用來補充說明賓語或主語的性質、狀態(tài)。分為賓補和主補。,主補:對主語的補充。 He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy
6、 boy a lesson.,賓語補足語:在賓語后面補充說明賓語的動作,狀態(tài),特征.,We elected him monitor. (名詞作賓補) We will make them happy. (形容詞作賓補) We found nobody in. ( 副詞作賓補) Please make yourself at home. (介詞短語作賓補) Dont let him do that. (省to不定式名詞作賓補) His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (帶to不定式名詞作賓補) Dont keep the fir
7、e burning. (現在分詞名詞作賓補) Ill have my bike repaired. (過去分詞名詞作賓補),同位語 是在名詞或代詞之后,對其作進一步解釋或說明,在語法上處于同等地位。名詞、代詞、數詞、和從句等均可作同位語。如:,We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語,都是指同一批學生) We all are students. (all是we的同位語,都指同樣的我們) The news that were having a holiday tomorrow is true. (從句作同位語),英語句子的基本結構可以歸納成五
8、種 基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。,掌握這五種基本句型, 是掌握各種英語句子結構的基礎。,一: (主謂) 二: (主系表) 三: (主謂賓) 四: (主謂間賓直賓) 五: (主謂賓賓補),基本句型 一:(主謂),主語: 可以作主語的成分有名詞, 主格代詞, 動詞不定式, 動名詞等等。主語一般在句首。,謂語: 謂語由動詞構成, 是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài) 變化的主角, 一般在主語之后。不及物動詞 (vi.)沒有賓語, 形成主謂結構。,如: We come.,(不及物動詞),1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4
9、. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一個共同特點, 即句子的謂語動詞 都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞, 后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。,主語可有修飾語-定語,謂語可有修飾語-狀語。,如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2. So they had to travel by air or boat. 3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus. 4. She sat there alone, r
10、eading a novel. 5. He came back when we were eating. 6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.,基本句型二:(主系表),此句型的句子有一個共同的特點: 句子謂語 動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思, 必須加上 一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構成復合 謂語, 才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做 連系動詞。,系動詞分兩類: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情況; get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類, 表變
11、化。 be 本身沒有什么意義, 只起連系主語和表語的 作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。,感官動詞多可用作連系動詞: look well/面色好, sound nice/聽起來不錯, feel good/感覺好, smell bad/難聞,(是系動詞) (表語),1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry.
12、7. His faceturnedred.,*There be 結構: There be 表示存在有。 這里的there沒有實際意義, 不可與副詞 there那里混淆。 此結構后跟名詞, 表示 “(存在)有某事物”。,試比較: There is a boy there. (那兒有一個男孩) 前一個there無實意, 后一個there為副詞那里。,系動詞詞義不完整,在句中不能單獨使用(除省略句外),后面必須接有表語,系動詞和表語一起構成合成謂語。,一、系動詞的分類: 常見的系動詞大致可分為三類。 第一類:表示特征或狀態(tài)的,有be, look, feel, seem, appear, smell,
13、 taste, sound, turn out(結果是、證明是)等。 Youll be all right soon. You dont look very well. I feel rather cold.,He seems to be ill. It appears that he is unhappy. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be) a fine one.,第二類:表示從一種狀態(tài)到另一種狀態(tài)的變化,有bec
14、ome, get, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad.,第三類:表示保持狀態(tài)的,有keep, remain, continue,stay等。 Keep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains to be proved.,系動詞后的表語可以是名詞、代
15、詞、數詞、形容詞、分詞、動名詞、不定式、副詞、介詞短語、詞組、從句,系動詞be可用于上述所有情況。 The news was surprising.(分詞) His job is teaching English.(動名詞) The only method is to give the child more help.(不定式) I must be off now.(副詞) The bridge is under construction.(介詞短語) That would be a great weight off my mind.(詞組) This is why he was late.(
16、從句),所有的系動詞都可接形容詞作表語,此處略舉數例。 Our future will be beautiful. She looks unhappy today. Do you feel cold? You seem/appear ill. The food tastes delicious. The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. He often went hungry.,3.能用不定式作表語的系動詞有:appear, seem, get, prove, remain, turn out等。 She appears
17、/ seems to be very young. He appears/ seems to have caught cold. They got to be friends。 The meeting turned out to be successful. The theory proved to be right. Much remains to be done.,4. 能接從句的有:be, seem, appear, sound, look等。 Thats why he fell ill. My idea is that we should help him. It seems/ app
18、ears to me that something is wrong. It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house. Your voice sounds as if you had a cold. It looks as if it is going to rain.,5. 能接介詞短語的有:be, feel, look, sound, taste,remain等。 be是特別活躍的系動詞,其后可接很多介詞短語作表語。 He is at home/ in the library/ on the way home
19、/ on holiday. They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. The road is under repair.,其他系動詞能和介詞搭配的范圍很小。如: It feels like a rain. It looks like a rain. It sounds like a train going under my room. It tastes of apples.(這有蘋果的味道。) The concert remains in my memory.,6. 能接分詞的系動詞有:be, become, get, grow, seem, appear
20、等。 His report was surprising/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ astonishing The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonished。 He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics。 He seems/ appears drunk。 系動詞后還可接代詞、數詞、動名詞、副詞及其詞組,基本都是be的用法。其他系動詞幾乎不能這樣用或很少這樣用。,page43,一.縱觀歷年的高考題,對系動詞的考查
21、一直是高考中非常重要的熱點之一,對于考生來說也是難點所在。 高考對系動詞考查的覆蓋面廣,涉及的系動詞較多,重點考查的是 get ,其次是 feel 和 remain ,考查的難度在逐年增大。 二 . 對表示狀態(tài)變化的系動詞的考查 英語中常見的表示狀態(tài)變化的系動詞有 get , turn , turn out (結果是), go , come (成為), fall , become 等。,1. 對 get 的考查 get 表示狀態(tài)的改變,意為“變成,變得,做成”,它后面可以接形容詞、 v-ing 形式、過去分詞等。 Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have
22、 time to _ before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change, Be careful when you cross this very busy street, if not, you may _ run over by a car. A. have B. get C. become D. turn As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. mis
23、sed,分析:例中考查的是“ get 過去分詞”構成的系表結構。例 get changed 意為“換衣服”,例 get run over 意為“碾過,壓過”,例 get separated 意思是“沖散,分離”,所以正確答案分別是 A 、 B 、 B 。,2. 對 go 的考查 系動詞 go 的意義是“變成,成為”,后多跟形容詞,如 go bad, go mad, go wrong, go hungry, go sour 等。例如: On hearing the news of the accident in coal mine, she _ pale. A. got B. changed C
24、. went D. appeared,分析:該題考查的是“ go+adj. ”系表結構。 got 和 changed 不能與 pale 搭配起來表達這一狀態(tài)的變化,而 appeared 是表示狀態(tài)存在的系動詞。所以正確答案是 C 。,3. 對 fall 的考查 系動詞 fall 表示“(不知不覺地或突然地)進入狀態(tài)”,后常跟形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等,如: fall ill (生病), fall apart (散開), fall asleep, fall into a deep sleep (睡熟)。例如: As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A.r
25、ead; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell,分析:該題第二空考查的是系動詞“ fall+adj. ”結構, fall asleep 是短暫性動詞短語,不能用于進行時態(tài),故正確答案是 B 。句意是“她讀報時,奶奶睡著了?!?三 . 對表示狀態(tài)存在的系動詞的考查 常見的有 be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie (處于某種狀態(tài)), stand (處于某種狀態(tài))等
26、。 1. 對 remain 的考查 系動詞 remain 的意思是“保持,繼續(xù),依然不變”,后常接名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式等。 Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seen, Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health _ poor. A. proves B. remains C.
27、maintains D. continues,分析:例中的 remain 是個半系動詞,“有待被看,證實”,所以應用不定式的被動式,故答案是 B 。例中 remain poor 意為“仍然很差”, maintain 意為“維持,保持,繼續(xù)”,不與形容詞 poor 連用,所以正確答案是 B 。,2. 對 stay 的考查 stay 意為“保持原狀,維持”,后面可以接形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞等。 The weather has stayed warm all week. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for s
28、everal days. A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed,分析:該題考查的是系動詞 stay 后接形容詞( fresh )的系表結構,它表示一種存在的狀態(tài),主動形式表示被動意義,這種結構一般不能用于進行時態(tài),所以正確答案是 B 。,3. 對 appear 的考查 appear 的含義是“似乎,好像,看來(如關于某人的性格、感情或意圖)”,此時不用進行式,后接形容詞、名詞、動詞不定式等。 She appeared rather upset about something. 看來有些什么事使她心煩。 Do let your mot
29、her know all the truth. She appears _ everything. (上海 2001 ) A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told,分析:句意是“一定要把一切真相告訴你媽媽。她看上去已經知道一切事情?!本渲?tell 后面沒有賓語,故用不定式的被動式,又因為“知道一切”發(fā)生在“告訴真相”之前,要用完成式。所以正確答案是 D 。,4. 對 feel 的考查 feel 的意思是“感覺是,似乎”,后常接形容詞、副詞、介詞短語等。 I love to go to the seaside
30、in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes, - Do you like the material? - Yes, it _ very soft. A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt,分析:這兩道考題考查的是“ fell+adj. ”的系表結構。例中 feel good 意為“感覺舒服”;例 feel soft 意為“摸上去軟和”,此時,主動結構表示被動的含義。所以正確答案分別是 B 和 C 。,5. 對
31、系動詞 look 的考查 look 有“看來,顯得”等意,后面常接形容詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、從句等。 The plan looks good on paper, but will it work? 這個計劃從表面上看來不錯,但能行得通嗎? -You dont look very _. Are you ill? - No,Im just a bit tired. A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy,分析:盡管提供的四個備選項都是形容詞,但 look well 的意思是“看上去氣色好”,符合對話的語境,故正確答案是 B 。,6. 對 sound 的考查 s
32、ound 有“聽起來,令人覺得,似乎”等含義,后面可以接形容詞、名詞短語、介詞短語、不定式等。 She sounds to be a very strange woman. 聽起來她似乎是一個非常古怪的女人。 What he said sounds _ . A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully,分析:四個選項中只有 friendly 是形容詞,可以和 sound 連用構成系表結構,其他三項都是副詞,只能作狀語不能作表語,所以正確答案是 C 。,7. 對 taste 的考查 taste 在使用時不用進行時態(tài),含義是“嘗起來,有某種特
33、殊的味道”,一般接形容詞構成系表結構。 These oranges taste nice. 這些橙子味道很好。 These oranges taste _ . A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well,分析: taste 是系動詞,所以要用形容詞 good 作其表語。 well 作形容詞時,意思是“健康的”,只能形容人,不能形容物。故正確答案是 A 。,8. 對 smell 的考查 smell 經常與形容詞連用,意思是“聞起來,有氣味,發(fā)出的氣味”。 This book smells old. 這本書有一股霉味。 We dont care if a
34、hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _ . A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad,分析:第一空前的 smell 是不及物動詞,意為“嗅,聞,有嗅覺”,副詞 badly 修飾 smells ;而第二空前的 smell 是系動詞,與形容詞 bad 構成系表結構。 答案為D,基本句型 三: (主謂賓),此句型句子的共同特點是:謂語動詞都 具有實義, 都是主語產生的動作, 但不能 表達完整的意思, 必須跟有一個賓語, 即動作的承受者, 才能使意思完整
35、。 這類動詞叫做及物動詞。,基本句型 三: (主謂賓) 構成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格,如:me,him,them等 (及物動詞) 1. Who knows the answer? 誰知道答案? 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。 3. He has refused to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。 4. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書。 5. They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。 6. He said Good morning. 他說:早上好! 7. I want to have a cup of
36、 tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承認犯了錯誤。,基本句型 四: (主謂間賓直賓),有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語, e.g. give/pass/bring/show。這兩個賓語通常一個 指人(間接賓語); 一個指物(直接賓語)。,-Give me a cup of tea please. -Show this house to Mr. Smith. -Bring it to me, please.,(及物)(多指人)(多指物),Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2. Hebroughtyoua dicti
37、onary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was late. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine.,用to側重指動作的方向,表示朝著,向著,對著某人。 用for 側重指動作的受益者,表示為了某人,替某人。 常跟雙賓語的動詞有:(需借助to的)bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等; (需借助for 的) buy, call, cook,
38、 choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。,鞏固練習: 1Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。 2奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。 3請把那本字典遞給我好嗎? 4他把車票給列車員看。,Mr Johnson taught us German last year.,Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,Would you please pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,鞏固
39、練習: 5我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎? 6新式機器將會為你節(jié)省許多勞動。 7他用他的第一個月工資給他媽媽買了一件毛衣。,Shall I call you a taxi?,The new machine will save you a lot of labour.,7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.,基本句型 五: (主謂賓賓補),此句型的句子的共同特點是: 動詞雖然是及物動詞, 但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思, 必須加上 一個補充成分來補足賓語, 才能使意思完整。,賓語補足語: 位于賓語之后對
40、賓語作出說明的成分。 可以用作賓語補足語的有名詞, 形容詞, 不定式, 動名詞, 分詞, 介詞短語等。,說明: 此結構由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構成。賓語與賓語補足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關系或主表關系,若無賓語補足語,則句意不夠完整。 The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut.,基本句型 五: (主謂賓賓補),英語基本句型6 There be 句型 說明: 此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構成,用以表達存在關系可以稱“有”。 它其實是倒裝的一種情況,主語位于謂語動詞 b
41、e 之后,there 僅為引導詞,并無實際語意。 此句型有時不用be動詞,而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如: There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數量上一致,有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如: 現在有 there is/are 過去有 there was/were 將來有 there will be;there is /are going
42、to be. 現在已經有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 過去曾經有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be ,鞏固練習: 1這個村子過去只有一口井。 2客人當中有兩名美國人和兩名法國人。 3天氣預報說下午有大風。 4燈亮著,辦公室里肯定有人。 5戰(zhàn)前這兒一直有家電影院的.,There was only a well in t
43、he village.,Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.,The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.,The light is on. There must be someone in the office.,There used to be a cinema here before the war.,鞏固練習: 6恰好那時房里沒人。 7從前,在海邊的一個村子里住著一位老漁夫。 8公共汽車來了。 9就只剩下二十八美元了。 10
44、鈴響了。,There happened to be nobody in the room.,Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.,There comes the bus.,There remained only twenty eight dollars.,There goes the bell.,但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短,這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外,通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(modifier)而加以擴大。我們稱之為: 定語、狀語,一、 定語:漢語中常用的表示。通常位于被修飾
45、的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構成的復合不定代詞時,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時,則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。 形容詞作定語: The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy;blue修飾名詞pen.)/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個英俊的男孩。 數詞作定語相當于形容詞: Two boys need two pens./兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。 There are two boys in the room.
46、/房間里有兩個男孩。 代詞或名詞所有格作定語: His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。 His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。,介詞短語作定語: The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個9歲的,三個10歲的男孩。 名詞作定語: There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。 副詞作定語: The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。 不定式作定語: There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。 分詞(短語)作定語: The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。 There are five boys left./有五個留下的
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