英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況-謝福之-Chapter-6-literature.ppt

1、A Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況,英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Chapter 6 Literature,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況,CONTENT,I,The Postmodern Period (1945- ),VII,The Old English Period and Middle English Period (450-1500),I

2、,1.1 General Knowledge,In practice, works of literature fall into four categories or genres: narrative fiction敘事小說(shuō) drama poetry non-fiction prose散文,1.1 General Knowledge,The two kinds of narrative fiction you will read most often are short stories and novels. Myths (神話), parables (寓言), romances (傳奇)

3、, and epics (史詩(shī)) are also part of the genre.,1.2 The Old English Period,Old English: the epic Beowulf貝奧武夫 A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.,1.3 The Middle English Period,With the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066-1485). Mi

4、ddle English: The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事集 (1387-1400) Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?-1400),The Renaissance (1500-1660),Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works. sonnet (十四行詩(shī)) drama The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce (滑稽劇) .,2.1 General Knowledge,Blank vers

5、e is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter 。 無(wú)韻詩(shī)是詩(shī)歌的一種，特點(diǎn)是有整齊的格律，卻沒(méi)有韻腳（即句尾不押韻）。英語(yǔ)中，無(wú)韻詩(shī)最常用的格律是抑揚(yáng)格五音步（因此無(wú)韻詩(shī)又被稱為無(wú)韻五節(jié)拍詩(shī)）。每行用五個(gè)長(zhǎng)短格音步十個(gè)音節(jié)組成，每首行數(shù)不拘，不壓韻。 不押韻的詩(shī)稱無(wú)韻詩(shī)或白體詩(shī)。 應(yīng)用 多用在戲劇和敘事詩(shī)中。莎士比亞的

6、戲劇和彌爾頓的Paradise Lost 都是用無(wú)韻詩(shī)寫(xiě)成的。 押韻的詩(shī)叫rhymed verse。無(wú)韻詩(shī)不同于自由詩(shī)。無(wú)韻詩(shī)雖不押韻，但是有固定節(jié)奏，以揚(yáng)抑格五音步最常見(jiàn)。自由詩(shī)節(jié)奏不固定，如同白話。 Free verse is a form of poetry which refrains from meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern. 自由詩(shī)是一種不受格律、韻腳或其他音樂(lè)節(jié)拍約束的詩(shī)歌形式。,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564

7、-1616),Shakespeares Birthplace,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),English playwright William Shakespeare was born in that house on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564. Shakespeares father, John, purchased the building in two stages, in 1556 and 1572. Today, Shakespeares birthplace is

8、 a museum, furnished as it might have been in Shakespeares time. It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeares life.,The Globe Theatre, where dramatist William Shakespeare saw his plays performed 400 years ago, has been rebuilt near its original location on the south bank of the Thames River in London,

9、England.,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Comedy A Midsummer Nights Dream (1595) The Merchant of Venice (1598) As You Like It (1599)皆大歡喜 Twelfth Night (1601),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Historical plays Richard III (1591) Henry IV (1597) Antony and Cleo

10、patra (1606)安東尼與克莉奧佩特拉,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Tragedies Hamlet (1601) Othello (1604)奧賽羅 King Lear (1605)李爾王 Macbeth (1606)麥克白 Romeo and Juliet (1595),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Jaques: All the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players; 全世界是一個(gè)大舞臺(tái),所有的男男女女都只是一些演員! Th

11、ey have their exits and their entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages. As You Like It (Act 2, scene 7, 139143),2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),To be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1) To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to s

12、uffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Q. Which play is regarded as a milestone in Shakespeares dramatic development?,A: Hamlet.,2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Q. What makes Shak

13、espeare so famous?,A: His great understanding of human nature and his ability to find universal human qualities and to put them in dramatic situations.,Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,MERCHANT VENICE,The Neo-classical Period (1660-1785),III,The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and th

14、e Restoration. The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period. (The Industrial Revolution),3.1 Historical Background,3.1 Historical Background,Classicism prevailed for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope as its representative. Satire (諷刺文學(xué)), making fun of people, came t

15、o full growth in this century. Alexander Pope亞歷山大蒲柏 Jonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特 Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福,3.2 Representatives,John Milton (1608-1674) Paradise Lost (1667)失樂(lè)園 Paradise Regained (1671)復(fù)樂(lè)園 Samson Agonistes (1671) 詩(shī)劇力士參孫,3.2.1 John Milton,3.1 Historical Background,Alexander Pope亞歷山大蒲柏（Alexander Pope，1

16、688年5月22日 - 1744年5月30日）是18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最偉大的詩(shī)人；杰出的啟蒙主義者。,3.2.2 Alexander Pope,Alexander Pope (1688-1744)亞歷山大蒲柏（1688年5月22日 - 1744年5月30日）是18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最偉大的詩(shī)人；杰出的啟蒙主義。 An Essay on Criticism (1711)批評(píng)論 The Rape of the Lock (1712-1714)劫發(fā)記 translated Homers Iliad伊利亞特 and part of Odyssey奧德賽 the first English poet who could

17、lived off the sales of his works,3.1 Historical Background,Jonathan Swift喬納森斯威夫特（英語(yǔ)：Jonathan Swift，1667年11月30日1745年10月19日）英國(guó)-愛(ài)爾蘭作家。諷刺文學(xué)大師，以格理弗游記和一只桶的故事等作品聞名于世。,3.2.3 Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) Gullivers Travels (1726)格列佛游記 an unparalleled satirical depiction of vice, folly and mere we

18、akness of mankind. Yahooa creature representing the human race, is inferior to and governed by a noble breed of reasoning and high-minded horses. Yahoo一詞發(fā)明于格列佛游記的作者Jonathan Swift。在小說(shuō)里，它代表一個(gè)在外表和行為舉止上都非常討厭的家伙。Yahoo！的創(chuàng)始人楊致遠(yuǎn)和David Filo選擇這個(gè)名字的原因就是他們覺(jué)得自己就是Yahoo。還有一種說(shuō)法，David Filo和楊致遠(yuǎn)堅(jiān)持他們選擇這個(gè)名稱的原因是他們喜歡字典里對(duì)Y

19、ahoo的定義“粗魯，不通世故，粗俗”。,3.2.4 Daniel Defoe,Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731) Robinson Crusoe (1719)魯濱遜漂流記,3.1 Historical Background,Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福（DanielDefoe 16601731），英國(guó)作家，英國(guó)啟蒙時(shí)期現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基人，被譽(yù)為“小說(shuō)之父”。其代表作魯濱遜漂流記聞名于世，魯濱遜也成為與困難抗?fàn)幍牡湫湍７?，因此他被視作英?guó)小說(shuō)的開(kāi)創(chuàng)者之一。,The Romantic Period (1785-1830),4.1 Pioneers of Romantic

20、Poets,名詞解釋：浪漫主義，“湖畔派詩(shī)人” Romanticism: At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, it appeared in England as a new trend in literature. Its a revolt against the prescribed rules of Classicism. Its writers are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with reason and intellect. Lake poets:,4.1 P

21、ioneers of Romantic Poets,Pioneers: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) : The Prelude序曲 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”我好似一朵孤獨(dú)的流云 “My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold我的心跳躍起來(lái)當(dāng)我看到彩虹時(shí) Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”古舟子詠 “Declaration of Independence” of romantic poetryLyrical

22、 Ballads (1798) 抒情歌謠集 a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge 抒情歌謠集是英國(guó)詩(shī)人華茲華斯 和柯?tīng)柭芍斡?798年共同發(fā)表的詩(shī)集。它宣告了西方文學(xué)的浪漫主義運(yùn)動(dòng)的開(kāi)始。,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,A: The major “second generation” of Romantic poets included Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats.,Q. Who are t

23、he major “second generation” of Romantic poets?,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,George Gordon Byron (1788-1824), known as Lord Byron Child Harolds Pilgrimage (1812, 1816, 1818)恰爾德哈羅德 Don Juan (1818-1823)唐璜,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley (

24、1792-1822) long poem“The Revolt of Islam” (1818)伊斯蘭的反叛 political lyric“The Masque of Anarchy” (1819) 專制者的假面游行 essay“A Defense of Poetry” (1821)詩(shī)辯 lyrical dramaPrometheus Unbound (1819)解放了的普羅米修斯 short poems “Ode to the West Wind”西風(fēng)頌 (1819) and “Ode to a Skylark” (1820)致云雀,The Victorian Period (1832-1

25、901),V,5.1 Critical Realism,A: The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.,Q. Whats the characteristic of the Critical Realism novels?,5.2 Representatives,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,Charles Dickens (1812-1870)查爾斯狄更斯 a f

26、ierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian England,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837)匹克威克外傳 brought him immediate fame Great Expectations (1860-1861)遠(yuǎn)大前程 Oliver Twist (1837)奧利弗特維斯特（霧都孤兒） A Tale of Two Cities (1859)雙城記 David Copperfield (1849-1850)大衛(wèi)科波菲爾,5.2

27、.1 Charles Dickens,A: In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humor, pathos (傷感), and irony with sharp social criticism and acute observation of people and places, both real and imagined. His works had great social relevance, psychological insight, and narrative and sy

28、mbolic complexity.,Q. Whats the writing style of Charles Dickens?,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,5.2.2 Jane Austen,Jane Austen (17751817)簡(jiǎn)奧斯丁 Sense and Sensibility (1811)理智與情感 Pride and Prejudice (1813)傲慢與偏見(jiàn) Mansfield Park (1814)曼斯菲爾德莊園 Emma (1816)愛(ài)瑪 Northanger Abbey諾桑覺(jué)寺 Persuasion勸導(dǎo),5.2.3 Bronte勃朗特 Sisters,

29、Bronte sisters: Charlotte (1816-1855)夏洛蒂勃朗特 Jane Eyre (1847)簡(jiǎn)愛(ài) Emily (1818-1848)艾米莉勃朗特 Wuthering Heights (1847)呼嘯山莊 Anne (1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼絲格雷,5.2.4 George Eliot喬治艾略特,George Eliot (1819-1880)“philosophical writer” Adam Bede (1859)亞當(dāng)比德 The Mill on the Floss (1860)弗洛斯河上的磨坊 Silas Marner (1861)織工

30、馬南 Middlemarch (1871-1872)米德?tīng)栺R契 Romola羅慕拉 Felix Holt菲利克斯霍爾特 Daniel Deronda丹尼爾德龍拉,5.2.4 George Eliot喬治艾略特,動(dòng)物是挺棒的朋友，它們既不發(fā)問(wèn)，也不批評(píng)。 一位自高自大的人，就像是一只公雞，它以為太陽(yáng)上升，是為了聆聽(tīng)它的啼聲。 原文:As conceited man is like the cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 我不但喜歡被人愛(ài)，還喜歡有人告訴愛(ài)上了我；沉默的領(lǐng)域，大得足以超出了墳?zāi)埂?原文:I like not

31、only to be loved, but to be told I am loved. The realm of silence is large enough beyond the grave.,5.2.5 Thomas Hardy托馬斯哈代,Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) The Return of the Native (1878)還鄉(xiāng) The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)卡斯特橋市長(zhǎng) Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891)德伯家的苔絲 Jude the Obscure (1895)無(wú)名的裘德 A Pair of B

32、lue Eyes一雙藍(lán)眼睛 The Trumpet Major號(hào)兵長(zhǎng) Desperate Remedies非常手段 The Hand of Ethelberta艾塞爾伯塔的婚姻 Under the Greenwood Tree綠蔭下 Far from the Madding Crowd遠(yuǎn)離塵囂,Neo-Romanticism and Aestheticism,The essential difference between neo-Romanticism and classic Romanticism lies in time change, in cultivating the abilit

33、y to be used to the classic expression such as description, emotion and meditation etc, not in emphasis on empathy of human beings with nature. 新浪漫精神和古典浪漫精神的最大區(qū)別在于：美學(xué)生態(tài)人的新浪漫精神不是一味地強(qiáng)調(diào)人對(duì)自然的感情的移入，而是要立足于時(shí)代風(fēng)貌，讓人更多地習(xí)慣于對(duì)自然的更為古老的表達(dá)方式，比如描寫(xiě)、抒情與沉思等。,Robert Louis Stevenson羅伯特路易斯史蒂文森,Treasure Island 金銀島 Kidnappe

34、d誘拐 The Strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde化身博士,Aestheticism唯美主義,Representative: Oscar Wilde奧斯卡王爾德 “art for arts sake” “為藝術(shù)而藝術(shù)”的唯美主義主張 The Picture of Dorian Gray道林 格雷的畫(huà)像 Salome莎樂(lè)美 前兩種主義(特別是現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和浪漫主義)基本上還是把語(yǔ)言文字做為表達(dá)的主要手段.后現(xiàn)代主義則充分利用語(yǔ)言之外的符號(hào),包括圖畫(huà)、攝影、行為藝術(shù)等等.亂七八糟,無(wú)所不做,一堆大便,一包垃圾,都是所謂藝術(shù),可以這樣說(shuō) 如果說(shuō)文學(xué)是要改

35、變?nèi)?改造人的靈魂 思想的話 那么 現(xiàn)代主義比 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的效果更好 后現(xiàn)代主義比現(xiàn)代主義又更進(jìn)步！ 它們與生活緊密相連,7.1 Fiction,George Orwell (1903-1950)喬治奧威爾 Nineteen Eighty Four (1948) Animal Farm動(dòng)物農(nóng)場(chǎng),William Golding威廉戈?duì)柖?是一位英國(guó)小說(shuō)家，詩(shī)人，1983年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主。戈?duì)柖∈?0世紀(jì)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的代表人物,他的小說(shuō)富含寓意，廣泛地融入了古典文學(xué)，神話，基督教文化以及象征主義。其作品的主題一般是與黑暗邪惡有關(guān)，但他的小說(shuō)中也表達(dá)一種昏暗的樂(lè)觀主義。他的第一本小說(shuō)Lord of the Flies蠅王（1954年）突出了他一直不停探討的主題：人類天生的野蠻與文明的理性的斗爭(zhēng)。這部小說(shuō)也奠定了他的世界聲譽(yù)。,V.S Naipaul奈保爾,印度裔，但出生在美洲的特立尼達(dá)和多巴哥。1950年18歲留學(xué)英國(guó)牛津大學(xué)。獲文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。從此定居英國(guó)。身為文學(xué)、史學(xué)、宗教學(xué)大師，1990年58歲榮獲英國(guó)皇家封爵。1993年61歲榮獲柯恩文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)（英國(guó)健在的文學(xué)大師終生成就獎(jiǎng)）。2001年69歲榮獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)。,International analysis: The Middle Passage中途航道 An India trilogy: An Area