大學(xué)英語翻譯專業(yè)漢譯英理論筆記

1、理論復(fù)習(xí)：1. 嚴(yán)復(fù)的翻譯理論：信、達(dá)、雅（faithfulness; expressiveness; elegance）2. 翻譯的基本過程（程序）包括：理解、表達(dá)、修改comprehension (or understanding); expression (or representation); testing(checking).3. 翻譯的要素包括：譯者（translator）, 作者(author), 源語言(source language), 目標(biāo)語言 （target language），原文讀者(source-text readers), 譯文讀者(target-text re

2、aders)4During the process of representation, we should try to avoid 翻譯過度over-representation and 翻譯不足under-representation which means that the translator can omit anything of the source text at will or overlook the features of the source text.5 教材中常見的翻譯方法有： annotation加注, paraphrase釋義分譯, amplification

3、; 增詞, omission,減詞, shift of perspective; 視角轉(zhuǎn)換, adaptation(or domestication)歸化, division分譯and combination合并. （見下面解釋）6在翻譯中使用增詞法 （amplification） 主要是出于語法需要 grammatical need(s)， 語義需要semantic need(s) ，修辭需要 rhetorical need.7. 現(xiàn)代英語最主要的特征是形合（Hypotaxis） 漢語是意合(parataxis)8. The sociosemiotics-oriented principle

4、 (社會符號學(xué)) for translation requires us to pay due attention to the three types of meaning in translation: designative meaning（指稱意義）, linguistic meaning （言內(nèi)意義）and pragmatic meaning（語用意義）. （見課件）annotation加注，如：1. The Beat Generation 跨掉的一代(指二十世紀(jì)五十年代初在美國出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)文學(xué)流派,也指他們所代表的一代人.他們不滿于戰(zhàn)后美國的社會現(xiàn)實(shí),否定傳統(tǒng)的文化道德和價(jià)值觀念,追

5、求無拘無束的自我實(shí)現(xiàn)和自我表達(dá).)；2. The Fifth Avenue 第五大道(指紐約曼哈頓區(qū)第34街到第59街這一片區(qū)域.街上到處都是百貨商店以及各種商鋪,也是萬圣節(jié)游行的必經(jīng)之地.現(xiàn)已成為高貴與富有的象征.)；3.The American Dream 美國夢(即美國式的民主與自由.不依賴世襲的物質(zhì)條件和社會地位,白手起家的個(gè)人奮斗精神.)）; paraphrase釋義分譯，如：1) I am no Hamlet. 我決不猶豫.)2) I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是否是個(gè)內(nèi)奸.)3) The goalkeeper is the

6、heel of Achilles.那守門員太弱是致命的缺陷. ) amplification; 增詞，如：(A) For the sake of grammar1. One interesting study was successfully done with chimps. Six chimps were trained to operate a special vending machine. One ripe grape came out for each while token put into the slot.曾經(jīng)對黑猩猩成功地進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)有趣的實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)對六只黑猩猩進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,讓它

7、們操縱一臺專用售貨機(jī),往投幣孔里塞入一枚白色籌碼可得到一顆熱葡萄.(增量詞)2. - observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted.- 觀察鹿是如何從夏季的活動(dòng)頻繁狀態(tài)慢慢進(jìn)入冬季的不頻繁狀態(tài)的,而到冰雪逐漸 融化的春季時(shí),它們的活動(dòng)又是如何增多起來的.(增副詞)3. Her eyes wer

8、e filled with tears.她雙眼滿含淚水.4. The old man said, They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.老頭說:聽人說,他爸爸過去是打魚的,他以前八成跟咱們現(xiàn)在一樣窮. (B) For clarity5. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.讀書足以怡情,足以傅采,足以長才.6. Earl and I decided to walk our dog. Somehow our path to

9、ok us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters.我和艾勒決定把狗帶出去溜溜,不知不覺朝公園走去,公園就在小橋那邊,橋下很深的地方,洶涌的落杉磯河水滾滾流過.現(xiàn)在回想起來,就仿佛是一場夢,當(dāng)時(shí)的情景還在腦海里緩緩

10、流動(dòng).那一天,許多小孩在靠近水邊的地方玩耍.(增主體和時(shí)間狀語)7. With this in mind, he decided to revive scholasticism as an academic lark to challenge the Sputnik-panicked classrooms of America.考慮到這一點(diǎn),他便決定重新搬出中世紀(jì)經(jīng)院哲學(xué)的一套來開個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)性玩笑,向驚恐于蘇聯(lián)第一顆人造衛(wèi)星的美國課堂教育發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn).(增反映背景情況的詞)(C) For the sake of rhetoric8. All is not gold that glitters.閃閃發(fā)光

11、的東西不一定都是金子.9. We all enjoy applause, compliments and praise. 我們都喜歡博得掌聲,聽到贊揚(yáng)或受到稱贊.10. This power is strong enough to shatter complacency.這種力量足以打破自滿情緒.(增表具體的詞)omission,減詞 1. A soldier must obey orders.軍人必須服從命令.(省冠詞)2. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.氣壓低,沸點(diǎn)就低.(省動(dòng)詞)3. It was an

12、 early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep exhausting hills.那是九月初的一天,秋高氣爽,陽光明媚,正是賽跑的好時(shí)光.我正參加一場10.5英里的比賽,剛跑了幾英里.比賽路線要穿越一些陡峭,使人精疲力竭的山坡.(省連詞) 4. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that ke

13、eps freedom alive.使自由保持活力的是沖突而不是絕對的一致.(省強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的it)5. One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.要掌握一門外語,非下苦功夫不可.(省代詞)6. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.不要自尋麻煩.(省名詞)7. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成.(省表?xiàng)l件的連詞)8.

14、The joint decision to build the Tunnel was announced by President Francois Mitterrand and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in a ceremony at Lille on 21 January.一月二十一日,弗朗索瓦o密特朗總統(tǒng)和瑪格麗特o撒切爾首相在里爾舉行的一次儀式上宣布了聯(lián)合修建英法隧道的決定.(省介詞)9. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over th

15、ose who had not.報(bào)考大學(xué)的人,有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的將優(yōu)先錄取.(修辭性省略)10. As it is late, let us go to bed.不早了,睡吧!(省重復(fù)部分)shift of perspective; 視角轉(zhuǎn)換，如：1. The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park.舊金山大學(xué)座落在金門公園附近.(語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換)2. Her parents are both in their seventies.她父母都已年過古稀.(表達(dá)方式的轉(zhuǎn)換) 3. If children are so

16、well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.孩子們之所以能把自己的母語學(xué)好,恰恰是因?yàn)樗麄兺渡碛谡Z言的海洋之中,而不單單是讀幾本教科書而已.4. You can mass-produce incredible quantities of facts and figures. You cannot mass-produce knowledg

17、e, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant.你可以大批制造數(shù)量驚人的事實(shí)與數(shù)字,但不可能大批生產(chǎn)知識,因?yàn)橹R是個(gè)人頭腦用個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn),經(jīng)過去偽存真后創(chuàng)造出來的.(定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換成原因狀語從句) 5. Coming! Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the p

18、orch.來啦!她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦跳著跑了,越過草地,跑上小徑,跨上臺階,穿過涼臺,進(jìn)了門廊.(介詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞)6. Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington. 華盛頓州大部分地區(qū)的公路交通和空中航線都已陷入停頓.(名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞)7. I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common

19、voice.我同樣認(rèn)為,歐洲應(yīng)該日益團(tuán)結(jié)起來,并且用一個(gè)共同的聲音說話,這是符合全世界的利益的.(詞序調(diào)整)8. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.當(dāng)時(shí)我確實(shí)不大懂得戰(zhàn)爭的意義以及戰(zhàn)爭實(shí)際上是怎么回事.(詞序調(diào)整) 9. It is a good workman that never blunders.智者千慮,必有一失.(反說正譯)10. Keep off the lawn!請勿踐踏草地!(正說反譯)adaptation(or domestication)歸化,如： Lead a dogs life 過著牛馬不如的生活 Jack of all trades 三腳貓 A drowned rat 落湯雞 Let the cat out of the bag. 露馬腳 Every dog has his day. 風(fēng)水輪流轉(zhuǎn). Dont shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfortune.