四六級英語寫作策略.ppt

大學(xué)英語寫作策略,2012.9-2013.1,Lecture Two Writing Style Lecture Three Structure(I) - Discourse論述 Lecture Four Structure(II) - Paragraph Development Lecture Five Language (I) - Sentences,英語的文章可分為六種寫作文體：記敘文、描寫文、抒情文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文。迄今為止，四級寫作考過的文體有記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文，這四種文體的測試情況如右表。 1987-2011年四級寫作文體 下面，我們結(jié)合歷年考試的典型試題及參考作文，逐一介紹記敘文、議論文、說明文和應(yīng)用文四種文體。,1記敘文（Narrative Composition） 2說明文 （Expositive Composition） 3議論文（Argumentative Composition） 4應(yīng)用文（Practical Composition）,以記人敘事為主要內(nèi)容，以敘述為主要表達(dá)方式的文章叫記敘文。記述文通常包括六大要素：時間（when）、地點(diǎn)（where）、人物（who）、事件（what）、原因（why）和方式（how）。敘述的方法有兩種：以事情發(fā)生的先后順序進(jìn)行敘述的稱為順述；如果先介紹事件的結(jié)果，然后再敘述其發(fā)生經(jīng)過，則稱為倒述。,典型試題（1988年6月CET-4） Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition about An Early Morning Walk in three paragraphs. You are given the first sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop the idea in completing the paragraph. Your part of the composition should be about 100 words, not including the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should write this composition with a pen on the Composition Sheet. An Early Morning Walk 1. One morning I got up early and everything around was very quiet._ _ 2. When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. _ 3. _. Taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.,參考作文 An Early Morning Walk One morning I got up early and everything around was very quiet. The sun had just risen and everything seemed to be covered with a layer of golden silk. There were only some birds singing occasionally in the tall trees. I strolled along the street towards the park, breathing the fresh air and feeling extremely happy. When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. Men and women, boys and girls, all were enjoying themselves in their various activities. Some were jogging or running along the path, others were dancing in a ring, and still others were doing morning exercises under a big tree. Not far away, an old man was showing the young fellows how to perform a sword-dance. As the thin cloud in the sky spread apart, the sun shone brighter and brighter. Everyone in the park looked fresh, energetic and enjoyable. Taking early morning walk makes a man healthy and wise. Total: 163 words Paragraph 1: 56 words Paragraph 2: 73 words Paragraph 3: 34 words,說明文亦稱為技術(shù)性描寫文，用于介紹客觀事物，說明其特點(diǎn)、功能、用途等。說明文旨在向人們進(jìn)行解釋或提供知識，完全是就事論事，不帶個人感情色彩。寫說明文應(yīng)特別注重條理分明、層次清楚，語言簡潔。說明文常用的寫作方法有定義法（Definition）、舉例法（Illustration）、分類法（Classification）和比較法（Comparison）等。,典型試題（2001年1月CET-4） Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1. 面試在求職過程中的作用 2. 取得面試成功的因素：儀表、舉止談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識、自信、實(shí)事求是,參考作文 How to Succeed in a Job Interview More often than not, a job interview may be arranged if one applies for a job. A job interview is to enable a better mutual understanding between the interviewer and the interviewee. For an applicant, a job interview is his chance to secure the position he wants by impressing his would-be employer. To succeed in an interview, a job applicant needs to convince the interviewer that he is the best candidate for the position in concern. He needs to impress by making a full display of his communicative ability, potentiality, expertise, confidence and integrity. His appearance is to give his interviewer a first impression, thus dressing code is something that an interviewee cannot afford to overlook. The most important thing is integrity. While your employer knows that he needs to have the most competent personnel on his payroll, he also knows that mistakenly taking in a competent but disintegrated guy is equal to planting a time bomb in his painfully established fortress. Total: 162 words Paragraph 1: 52words Paragraph 2: 110 words,議論文用于擺事實(shí)、講道理、發(fā)議論或闡明作者的觀點(diǎn)和主張。議論文與說明文的不同點(diǎn)在于：說明文只是客觀地解釋事物，使讀者能夠理解，而議論文卻企圖影響讀者的思想和行動，說服讀者接受作者的觀點(diǎn)。例如，如果一篇文章向讀者說明如何打乒乓球，那就是說明文；如果它勸讀者學(xué)打乒乓球，那就是議論文。 議論文的基本寫法是歸納（induction）、演繹（deduction）和類比（analogy）。歸納是由個別到一般，演繹是由一般到個別，類比則是由個別到個別。,典型試題（2009年12月 CET-4） Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a Green Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 建設(shè)綠色校園十分重要 2. 綠色校園不僅指綠色的環(huán)境 3. 為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該,參考作文 Creating a Green Campus As is known to all, the clean atmosphere is important for every living creature. Likewise, a healthy collegial environment, or green campus, as it has come to be known, is crucial for a students development, psychologically as much as academically. A green campus means a lot more than just the trees and grass on a campus. Green is both visual and psychological. It also refers to the local mini-culture on campus. What meets ones eyes should be comfortable. Litters strewn over the campus, or open hugging and kissing are certainly not. To build a green campus takes the efforts from everyone. More trees and grass need to be planted, garbage should be disposed of more thoughtfully, and most importantly, open hugging and kissing should not be seen in public. Total: 129 words Paragraph 1: 40 words Paragraph 2: 51 words Paragraph 3: 38 words,應(yīng)用文包括書信、申請書、證明書、簡歷、便條、電報(bào)、布告、通知、說明書、廣告、請柬、賀卡等，其中書信是最為常用的應(yīng)用文。,正式英文書信由八個部分組成，對此可參閱以下圖示。 Heading（寫信人地址及寫信日期） Inside address（收信人姓名及地址） Salutation（稱呼） Body（正文） Complementary close（結(jié)束語） Signature（署名） Postscript（附加語） Enclosure（附件） 隨著電腦的普及，越來越多的人采用并列式（Block Style）或完全并列式（Full Block Style）的寫法。前者將書信正文的每行第一個字母靠左對齊，互相齊平，段落與段落之間空一行；后者將書信所有部分的第一個字母靠左對齊，互相齊平，段落與段落之間空一行。 信封的寫法 典型試題（2002年1月CET-4） 參考作文,信頭指寫信人的地址及寫信日期，英文書信將寫信人的地址和寫信日期寫在信箋的右上角。英文的日期順序?yàn)樵?、日、年（如June 3, 2000）或日、月、年（如3rd June, 2000），而不是年、月、日。,英文信函中收信人姓名及地址的寫法與信封上相同，先寫姓名，后寫地址。如果收信人擔(dān)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)，則應(yīng)在姓名之下寫其職務(wù)。如果收信人的地址比較繁瑣，這一項(xiàng)可比信封上寫得簡略些，只寫機(jī)構(gòu)、城市和國家名。在非正式信件中，此項(xiàng)可略去。,英語信函的稱呼一般都是以Dear或My dear開頭的，如Dear Father，Dear Bob，My dear Mary，等等。在事務(wù)信函或其它正式書信中，稱呼語可只寫 Dear sir，Dear sirs。如果收信人是女性，那就寫為 Dear Madam，Dear Ladies。,正文是書信的主要組成部分。在正文中，重要的事情寫在前面，次要的事情寫在后面。應(yīng)特別注意的是，英文書信習(xí)慣上不用“你好”開頭，這與漢語的書信習(xí)慣很不相同。,英語信件的結(jié)束語相當(dāng)于漢語信件的“此致敬禮”，常見的表達(dá)用語有很多。 例如： Yours respectfully, （對上級、年長者） Your student,（學(xué)生對老師） Yours sincerely,（對平輩、朋友） Your loving father,（對家庭成員） Yours sincerely,（一般事務(wù)信件） Yours faithfully,（商業(yè)信件）,正式書信中寫信人的簽名下面應(yīng)有打印的名字。此外，寫信人常把自己的職務(wù)寫在打印名的下面。例如： Yours faithfully, Zhang Hong（簽名） Zhang Hong（打印名） Director, English Department（職務(wù)）,附加語簡寫為P.S.，用于補(bǔ)充書信寫完后又想到的事情。正式信件中應(yīng)避免寫附加語。,正式信函中如果另有附件，可在信箋的左下方注明Enclosure，簡寫為Encl.。如有多種附件，可簡寫為Enclos.。,Zhang Wenjun（發(fā)信人姓名） Stamp（郵票） 86, Heping Road（地址） Tianjin, 300138 China（國名） Mr. and Mrs. Harvey M. Taylor（收信人姓名） 3807 Fawn Creek Drive（地址） Boulder, CO 80302 U.S.A.（國名）,Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below: 假如你是李明，請你就本校食堂的狀況給校長寫一封信，內(nèi)容應(yīng)涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價(jià)格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等，可以是表揚(yáng)，可以是批評建議，也可以兼而有之。 January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President, _ Li Ming,A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President, I am a student of computer science in our university. I am writing this letter to you to show my concern over the canteen service on campus. To begin with, we feel we need more varieties of foods served to the students, which means every student can get the food which he thinks is suitable for his taste and his pocket-money allowance. Next, we find it essential to elongate the opening hours of the canteen. A student from a class that ends at 12:00 noon may reach the canteen no sooner than 12:30. However, the fact is that the canteen is closed when he gets there. Finally, we are greatly concerned with the dining environment. We feel that student diners are entitled to a better dining environment than what they are having now. We do hope that the university authority will look into the problems and solve them. Yours Sincerely, Li Ming Total: 148 words Paragraph 1: 27 words Paragraph 2: 106 words Paragraph 3: 15 words,英語短文多由引言（Introduction）、正文（Body）和結(jié)尾（Ending or Conclusion）三部分組成。引言部分通常列舉事實(shí)、說明現(xiàn)狀或者從正面論述某事物。正文部分通常對事實(shí)或現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析，說明其原因，或者從反面論述某事物。結(jié)尾部分通常為作者的結(jié)論、看法或解決問題的辦法、措施。 英語短文的這種直線形組織方式，不僅適應(yīng)信息社會中重要信息凸現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)，同時也反映了英美人的重要的話先說、先入為主的思維邏輯。根據(jù)英美人的思維邏輯，中國章回小說中的“欲知后事如何，且聽下回分解”不堪忍受。漢語的文章由于受中國傳統(tǒng)文化和思維的熏陶往往比較含蓄，點(diǎn)題之前可能有很多鋪墊，最后才將結(jié)果或最重要的信息展示出來。了解英、漢兩種語言的表達(dá)差異，有助于考生排除母語文化的影響和干擾，從而寫出比較地道的英語文章。 大學(xué)英語四、六級短文寫作要求考生寫的短文多為三個自然段，引言、正文和結(jié)尾各占一段，這主要是受短文字?jǐn)?shù)的限制。如果段落過多，每個段落的中心思想則難以展開，所寫出的文章必然會蜻蜓點(diǎn)水，說理不透；而如果段落過少，寫出的文章則又可能內(nèi)容單一，缺少層次感，而且不利于對考生的寫作能力做出正確評判。相比較而言，要在120或150詞的短文中表達(dá)較豐富的思想，三段的短文最為適宜。,為了使考生更好地掌握英語四、六級短文寫作的基本框架，我們將短文的三段結(jié)構(gòu)和各段的大體寫作內(nèi)容圖示如右： 語篇結(jié)構(gòu)模版 注：并非每個段落都有段末結(jié)論句，應(yīng)視寫作需要而定。 考生如掌握了以上圖示內(nèi)容，就可以大體做到未出茅廬便知三分天下，未上考場已預(yù)知所寫文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容梗概。借助于這樣的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)圖示，考生就會對寫作考試有個宏觀的把握，減少寫作應(yīng)試的被動性。,典型試題1（2011年6月 CET-4） Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上購物已成為一種時尚 2. 網(wǎng)上購物有很多好處，但也有不少問題 3. 我的建議 結(jié)構(gòu)模板 列舉事實(shí)-分析事實(shí)-看法,參考作文 Online Shopping With the development of the Internet, distant shopping has changed from mere fantasy to reality. The number of people engaged in on-line shopping has been on a steady increase. It is nothing uncommon to hear that your roommate has bought a book through Emozan, or your neighbour has ordered a toy for his dog through Cyberbuy.采購網(wǎng)，面向世界各國家庭用品買家，提供優(yōu)質(zhì)中國制造的產(chǎn)品。 Like any double-edged weapon, on-line shopping is not without its problems. Convenient, economical, and probably embarrassment-saving as it might be, on-line shopping has made possible, as a byproduct, all types of cyber-cheatings. A world is never a perfect world without scum-bags. skmb卑鄙的家伙 To stay away from cyber pitfalls,陷阱 people need to be better-informed了解情況的 on on-line shopping. However, to make on-line shopping what it should be, what we truly need is updated最新的 laws and better policing.監(jiān)督 Total: 130 words Paragraph 1: 56 words Paragraph 2: 41 words Paragraph 3: 33 words,典型試題2（2007年1月 CET-4） Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Spring Festival Gala on CCTV. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1. 許多人喜歡在除夕夜觀看春節(jié)晚會 2. 但有些人提出取消春節(jié)晚會 3. 我的看法 結(jié)構(gòu)模板 正面論述-反面論述-看法,參考作文 Spring Festival Gala on CCTV It has been widely accepted as a habit to watch the evening gala on the Eve of the Spring Festival. Most Chinese families enjoy sitting around and entertaining the “spiritual feast”. However, a group of people propose to cancel this patterned典范的 way of celebrating the traditional festival. They think, firstly, the gala is a waste of artists resource. For more than six months, they may invest great energy to earn the precious five minutes in the gala, which could probably turn to be a failure. Secondly, people nowadays enjoy more diversified多樣化的 life styles, so this unified way of entertainment can no longer cater for their tastes. As far as I am concerned, I would not trade for用換 the gala an exciting Karaoke party with my family or friends on that special day. Total: 132 words Paragraph 1: 31 words Paragraph 2: 75 words Paragraph 3: 26 words,在一篇文章中，段落，即語段，只能算一個大整體中的一小部分，但它卻是一個完整的單位，可以寫任何事情?？梢哉f，一個段落就是一篇微型作文（a mini-composition），將段落的結(jié)構(gòu)放大就成了一篇文章。 段落由幾個彼此銜接的句子組成，根據(jù)這些句子在段落中的作用，我們可將其分為主題句（topic sentence）、發(fā)展句（developing sentence）和結(jié)論句（concluding sentence）。 一個段落只能有一個中心思想，代表這個中心思想的句子叫主題句。段落中的其他句子必須緊緊圍繞著主題句展開，對主題句加以闡明、補(bǔ)充、發(fā)揮、議論，或提供細(xì)節(jié)，這些為主題句服務(wù)的句子叫發(fā)展句。 有時，主題句先在段首出現(xiàn)，最后又在段落的結(jié)尾重述一遍，使段落中心思想占一個段落的首尾兩個顯著位置，從而更加突出了段落中心思想。對于這樣的段末句，我們稱之為結(jié)論句。 英語寫作非常強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句，并且通常將主題句放在段首，這一點(diǎn)與漢語寫作有很大的不同。英文語段的這種直線形組織方式，既反映了英美人的先入為主的思維習(xí)慣，又適應(yīng)了信息社會中重要信息凸現(xiàn)的特點(diǎn)。,一、語段結(jié)構(gòu)模板 二、語段寫作原則 三、怎樣寫好主題句 四、語段擴(kuò)展方法,英文語段的擴(kuò)展方法大致可分為三種：擴(kuò)張、收攏和先擴(kuò)張后收攏。語段擴(kuò)展的不同方法，決定了語段的不同寫作模式。 1擴(kuò)張式語段 2收攏式語段 3先擴(kuò)張后收攏式語段,擴(kuò)張法采用的是演繹（Deduction）的方法。一般是先概括后具體，先整體輪廓后具體細(xì)節(jié)，即以主題句開頭，然后用若干個發(fā)展句（亦可稱為支持句supporting sentence）來論證或說明該主題。這種語段的結(jié)構(gòu)可以用一個豎立的三角形來表示，主題句處在三角形頂角的位置，發(fā)展句則在三角形的底邊上。,圖 4.1 擴(kuò)張式語段結(jié)構(gòu)模板,主題句,發(fā)展句（1）,發(fā)展句（2）,發(fā)展句（3）,下述兩個語段都是典型的擴(kuò)張式語段。其中第一句點(diǎn)出主題，然后是幾個發(fā)展句對主題句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。 例1： Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. They are contributing more and more to the society. If you go to a company, you see a woman accountant. If you go to a hospital, you see a woman doctor. And if you go to a university, you see a sea of很多的 women academics.大學(xué)教師 點(diǎn)評：該語段段首句為主題句，提出了“婦女正在社會上發(fā)揮著重要的作用”的論點(diǎn)。發(fā)展句則從幾個不同角度說明婦女對社會的貢獻(xiàn)。運(yùn)用上述語段模式進(jìn)行分解，就可以對其結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然。,Women play an important part,Women accountants in company,Women doctors in hospital,Women academics in university,例2： Some people enjoy the convenience of the city. First, there are many public places of entertainment, such as parks, cinemas, exhibitions, nightclubs and so on. Second, the public transportation facilities are very convenient, with taxicabs, buses, trolley buses,無軌電車 and subways taking people to any place in the city. Third, shops and department stores are well stocked with放滿了 goods of all kinds, high in quality and low in price. 點(diǎn)評：該語段主題句提出了“有些人喜歡城市里的各種便利設(shè)施”的論點(diǎn)。發(fā)展句則從三個不同的側(cè)面展開，來支持主題句的觀點(diǎn)。根據(jù)上述擴(kuò)張式語段模式，該語段可分解為下圖。,Convenience of the city,Public places of entertainment,Public transportation facilities,Shops and department stores,英語短文寫作中以這種擴(kuò)張式語段的使用最為普遍。為方便語段內(nèi)容的擴(kuò)展，使文字表達(dá)更加條理清楚，主題句通常置于語段的開頭。四、六級短文適宜開門見山，應(yīng)“Avoid: Your composition doesnt come to the point quickly enough（避免你的作文沒有很快地點(diǎn)題。）”我們對語段結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，側(cè)重點(diǎn)也放在這種以主題句開頭的語段。當(dāng)然，這只是語段結(jié)構(gòu)的一種模式，并不意味著在任何語篇中都千篇一律地使用它。,收攏法采用的是歸納（Induction）的方法。采用收攏法的語段先寫細(xì)節(jié)、例證，然后逐步收攏，最后歸納出段落主題，即發(fā)展句或支持句寫在段落的開頭，最后用結(jié)論句來概括主題。這種語段的結(jié)構(gòu)可以用一個倒置的三角形來表示，位于三角形底邊上的是發(fā)展句，結(jié)論句則位在三角形頂角。,圖 4.2 收攏式語段結(jié)構(gòu)模板,發(fā)展句（1）,發(fā)展句（2）,發(fā)展句（3）,結(jié)論句,下述語段是典型的收攏式結(jié)構(gòu)，其中開頭幾句為發(fā)展句，末尾一句則是結(jié)論句。 例3： Some people think happiness lies in money, in spacious寬敞的 and splendid豪華的 residences or in beautiful private cars. Some think it lies in delicious foods and expensive clothing. Still some think it lies in a handsome boy-friend or a pretty girl-friend. All this may be true, but all this is not the essence of happiness, which lies in ones feeling, state of mind and sense of satisfaction from success in his or her career. 點(diǎn)評：該語段首先列舉了人們對幸福的不同觀點(diǎn)，然后收攏概括，指出幸福是一種感覺，是一種心態(tài)，是一種對自己事業(yè)成功的滿足。根據(jù)上述收攏語段結(jié)構(gòu)，該語段可分解為下圖。,1) Money, house and car,2) Delicious food and expensive clothing,3) Boy friend and girl friend,Not the essence of happiness,相對而言，收攏式語段在英語短文寫作中使用得較少，尤其是在四、六級短文寫作中使用的更少。多數(shù)情況是，把收攏式結(jié)構(gòu)與擴(kuò)張式結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)合起來，從而把語段寫得更為完善。,有時候，單純采用擴(kuò)張式結(jié)構(gòu)，即以一個表達(dá)中心思想的主題句開始，后面跟著若干個用于解釋、說明、支持或證明該主題句的發(fā)展句的語段，似乎還不夠完美，還需要一個用于概括全段意思并與主題句相照應(yīng)的結(jié)尾句（Concluding Sentence）。這就等于把擴(kuò)張式和收攏式兩種語段結(jié)構(gòu)合并在一起，形成如下圖所示的菱形語段結(jié)構(gòu)。,圖 4.3 先擴(kuò)張后收攏式語段結(jié)構(gòu)模板,主題句,發(fā)展句（1）,發(fā)展句（2）,發(fā)展句（3）,結(jié)論句,下述段落就是一個典型的先擴(kuò)張后收攏式語段。 例4： A dictionary plays an important role in the study of language. We often consult it when confronted by an unfamiliar word, or a word of whose meaning we are not quite certain. The dictionary is compared to a teacher that cannot speak. Many a time it tells us more than a human teacher does. Therefore, it is necessary for us to have a dictionary at hand. 點(diǎn)評：該語段第一句點(diǎn)出主題，中間的幾個句子對主題句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，最后一句給出結(jié)論。按照上述先擴(kuò)張后收攏式語段結(jié)構(gòu)模板對該段落進(jìn)行分解，其結(jié)構(gòu)便一目了然。,Important role of dictionary,1) We consult it for word meanings.,2) We compare it to a teacher.,3) It is better than a human teacher,It is necessary to have a dictionary.,綜上所述，語段的擴(kuò)展方法基本上有兩種，擴(kuò)張和收攏，亦稱演繹和歸納。第三種方法只是兩者的結(jié)合。這種模板式的語段寫作方法如能恰當(dāng)?shù)丶右詰?yīng)用，常?？梢允盏绞掳牍Ρ兜男Ч?，不但能夠保證語段的主題明確，論述條理清楚，而且很容易為初學(xué)者所掌握。,語段寫作應(yīng)該遵循統(tǒng)一性、連貫性、句式多樣化和語言簡潔的原則，現(xiàn)對這四項(xiàng)原則分述如下。,1 統(tǒng)一性原則（unity） 2 連貫性原則（coherence） 3 句式多樣化原則（variety of sentence patterns） 4 語言簡潔原則（clarity of sentences）,在服從于語篇主題的同時，語段有自己的中心思想。由于語段所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容是語篇主題的一個層次或側(cè)面，所以組成語段的句子必須圍繞這個層次或側(cè)面進(jìn)行具體的說明、解釋或論述。任何與這個層次或側(cè)面無關(guān)的內(nèi)容都有損于語段的統(tǒng)一性，會使讀者產(chǎn)生一種“霧里看花”的感覺。請看下列幾個語段：,例1： Progress is gradually being made in the fight against cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients had any hope of long-term survival. In the 1930s, less than one in five cancer victims lived more than five years. In the 1950s, the ratio was one in four, and in the 1960s, it was one in three. Currently, four of ten patients who get cancer this year will be alive five years from now. The gain from “one in four“ to “four in ten“ represents about 69,000 lives saved each year. 點(diǎn)評：該語段圍繞主題句 Progress is gradually being made in the fight against cancer（與癌癥的斗爭正在不斷取得進(jìn)步）來進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，幾個發(fā)展句分別敘述了不同時期所取得的進(jìn)步，用具體的數(shù)字說明與過去相比有更多的癌癥病人能多活幾年。發(fā)展句證實(shí)了主題句，因此該語段具有統(tǒng)一性。,例2： Progress is gradually being made in the fight against cancer. In the early 1900s, few cancer patients had any hope of long-term survival. But because of advances in medical technology, progress has been made so that currently four in ten cancer patients survive. It has been proven that smoking is a direct cause of lung cancer. However, the battle has not been won. Although cures for some forms of cancer have been discovered, other forms of cancer are still increasing. Heart disease is also increasing. 點(diǎn)評：該語段一開始也是講“與癌癥的斗爭正在不斷取得進(jìn)步”這一主題。后面的擴(kuò)展句中，第二、三句圍繞這一主題句進(jìn)行論述，第四句卻開始談肺癌的起因，第五、六句的內(nèi)容恰好與本語段主題相反，最后一句寫的則又是一個新話題。整個語段沒有圍繞一個中心思想來擴(kuò)展，而是東拉西扯，缺乏條理，因而不具統(tǒng)一性。,例3： My father is very strict with his children, especially me. He will not let me out of the house unless I have done all my homework. Frankly, I do not care whether I go to school or not. School is such a waste of time. There are not any opportunities anyway. My mother does not agree with my father. They quarrel a lot. Sometimes I wish I could live alone, but we do not have a spare house. 點(diǎn)評：本語段雖然沒有什么語法錯誤，但缺乏一個中心思想，結(jié)構(gòu)十分凌亂。作者第一句寫“父親對孩子很嚴(yán)，尤其是對我”，第二句也圍繞父親的“嚴(yán)”字做文章，但第三、四句談的是作者對上學(xué)的認(rèn)識，第五句說的是母親與父親觀點(diǎn)不同，最后一句寫的卻是作者想單獨(dú)居住的愿望。整個語段的主題是什么，讓人摸不著頭腦，