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醫(yī)藥說明書翻譯指導(dǎo),INSTRUCTONS,第一節(jié) 藥品說明書基本結(jié)構(gòu),藥品說明書英文表達(dá)方式有: Instructions, Directions, Description 現(xiàn)在多用Package Insert,或簡稱 Insert, 也有用Leaflet或Data Sheets,包括下列內(nèi)容: 藥品名稱 (Drug name) 性狀 (Description) 藥理作用 (Pharmacological Actions ) 適應(yīng)癥 (Indication) 禁忌癥 (Contraindication) 注意事項(xiàng) (Precaution) 副作用 (Side effects) 劑量和用法 (Dosage and administration) 包裝 (Packing) 有效期 (Expiry date) 出廠日期 (Manufacturing date) 參考文獻(xiàn) (References),藥品名稱有商品名(Trade name) 、 通用名( Generic Name) 化學(xué)名(Chemical Name) 藥品說明書上最常用的名稱是商品名。 有時(shí)在商品名之下(或后)又列有通用名或化學(xué)名. 例如: Rulide(羅力得)之后 列有(Roxithromycin,羅紅霉素); Minipress(脈寧平)之后列有(Praxosin HCl,鹽酸哌唑嗪),一藥品名稱 (Drug Name),1. 商品名(Trade name) 商品名是由生產(chǎn)廠家命名并向該國政府有關(guān)部門(國家食品藥品管理局) 注冊的藥品名. 商品名右上角往往有一符號(hào), 意思是注冊商標(biāo),是Register的縮寫。 商品名因廠而異, 因國而異, 一種藥物可以有幾個(gè),幾十個(gè)商品名, 因此僅根據(jù)商品名很難確定該藥為何種藥物,需要查閱其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu). 藥物說明書一開頭,除了商品名外,還有時(shí)標(biāo)有 “Issued to /for the medical profession only” 意思為 “僅供醫(yī)學(xué)界專業(yè)參考”,2. 商品名譯法 藥品名稱的中文翻譯方法有多種,包括音譯、意譯、音意合譯、諧音譯以及按藥理作用或藥物成分翻譯。 a. 音譯 Penicilin 盤尼西林,Cediland (西地蘭), Persantin(潘生丁), aspirin (阿司匹林) b. 意譯 Chlorimycin 氯霉素;Tetracyclin 四環(huán)素;Cholic Acid 膽酸 c. 音意合譯 Medemycin 麥迪霉素(mycin 霉素) d. 諧音 Legalon利肝隆,Webilin胃必靈 e. 按藥理作用或藥物成分翻譯,二藥品性狀(Description),藥品性狀:包括藥品的外觀、理化性質(zhì)、成分、結(jié)構(gòu)、特征等。 除了用Description外,還常用Property/Properties; Physical and chemical properties; Characteristics (性狀); 有些說明書介紹很簡單,僅給出化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)或成分,標(biāo)題為: Chemical structure(化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)); Composition (成分) Active ingredients (有效成分) 等,此部分結(jié)構(gòu)差異較大,長短不一。 介紹藥物多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 除了普通性和描述性詞匯外,還常涉及到化學(xué)化工詞匯。 由于是對藥物性質(zhì)的一般描述,故多用一般式。,1結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn):,Example 1,Description Buflomedil Hydrochloride(丁咯地爾鹽酸鹽腦功能改善藥), the active ingredient of Ikelan(麥道可蘭(含buflomedil hydrochloride), is a vasoactive(血管活性的) and nerve protective drug. The empirical formular(實(shí)驗(yàn)組成) is C17H25NO4. HCl, representing a molecular weight of 343.8. Each ampoule(一次用量的針劑,安瓿) of Ikelan injection contains 50mg Buflomedil Hydrochloride. It is a clear, colorless or light yellow solution(溶液). Each film coated tablet(薄膜衣片劑) for oral administration contains 150mg or 300mg of Buflomedil Hydrochloride. Each ml of the oral solution drops contains 150mg Buflomedil Hydrochloride.,Example 2 Properties This drug is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor(ACEI,血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶抑制劑).,Example 3 Description Kirin Sterile Powder contains spectinomycin hydrochloride(鹽酸奇放線菌素) which is an aminocyclitol antibiotics (卡那霉素B)produced by a species of soil microorganism designated as Streptomyces spectabilis(紫色團(tuán)孢鏈霉菌).,例1Folic acid is a yellowish to orange, crystalline powder; odourless or almost odourless. 葉酸是淡黃色至橙色結(jié)晶粉沫,無臭或幾乎無臭。 例2Intralipos 10% is a white opaque fat emulsion for intravenous injection, containing 10 W/V % of purified soybean oil. 脂肪乳劑(10%)是白色,不透明,供靜脈注射用的脂肪乳劑,含有10%(W/V)的精制大豆油。 例3Ursosan Tablet 50mg is a white plain tablet which contains 50mg of ursodeoxycholic acid. 熊去氧膽酸片為白色素片,每片含50mg熊去氧膽酸。,例4Sterile pyrogen-free, orange red, freeze-dried powder in vials containing 10mg and 50mg of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose. (本品)為小瓶裝,滅菌無熱原,桔紅色凍干粉沫,每小瓶含有10mg鹽酸阿霉素和50mg的乳糖。 例5It occurs as a white to off-white, crystalline solid, poorly soluble in water, dilute acid and most organic solvents. 本品(炎痛息康)為白色至類白色結(jié)晶固體,難溶于水、稀酸及大多數(shù)有機(jī)溶劑中。,例6Pamine, chemically known as epoxytropine tropate methylbromide, has the empirical formula C18H24NO4Br and the molecular weight 398.3. 哌明的化學(xué)名稱為環(huán)氧莨菪堿托品酸酯溴代甲烷,實(shí)驗(yàn)式為C18H24NO4Br,分子量為398.3。 例7Kanendomycin is a very stable antibiotic, and its activity does not decrease when the powder is placed in an airtight container and kept at room temperatures for more than 2 years. 卡內(nèi)多霉素是一種很穩(wěn)定的抗生素,其粉沫置于密封容器中,在室溫下保存二年以上,活性不減。,例8This product is prepared from units of human plasma which have been tested and found nonreactive for hepatitis associated (Australia) antigen. 本品由人血漿制備,此血漿業(yè)經(jīng)檢驗(yàn),并且證明對肝炎(澳大利亞)抗原無反應(yīng)。,2. 常用詞語,(1) 性狀部分常用詞語表達(dá) color 顏色 taste 味道 tasteless 無味 colorless 無色 crystalline 結(jié)晶的 solubility 溶解度 yellowish 淡黃色 bitter 苦味 whitish 微白色的 odour 氣味 greenish 淡綠色的 odourless 無嗅 sterile 滅菌,無菌的 orange red 桔紅色的 pyrogen-free 無熱原的 soluble 可容的 insoluble,brown 棕色 brownish 淺棕色的 transparent 透明的 opaque 不透明的 off-white 類白色 或 黃白色的 stable 穩(wěn)定的 molecular formular injection liquid molecular weight solution powder chemical structure tablet solid,(2) 表示組成、來源、制備方法的常用表達(dá),constituents 組成; prepare 制備, be derived from 由衍生; be obtained from 由制的; be prepared from 由制備; obtained by 由獲得; consist of 由組成; be composed of 由組成; contain; have; possess 有(具有),三. 藥理作用 (Pharmacological Actions),較詳細(xì)的藥品說明書一般要介紹藥品的臨床藥理、體外實(shí)驗(yàn)、藥效、藥物代謝、毒性和毒理作用等。該部分常用的標(biāo)題為: Pharmacological Actions 藥理作用 Pharmacology 藥理學(xué) Pharmacological Properties 藥理性質(zhì) Actions and properties 作用與性質(zhì) Mechanism of Action 作用機(jī)理 Mode of Action 作用方式 Clinical Experiments 臨床實(shí)驗(yàn) Pharmacology and toxicology 藥理學(xué)與毒理學(xué) Biological Activity 生物活性(若為抗生素類藥品,常用之),有時(shí)還列出小標(biāo)題,例如: Clinical Pharmacology 臨床藥理學(xué); Clinical effect/ use 臨床效果/用途; Pharmacodynamics 藥效學(xué); Pharmacokinetics 藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)。,1結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 該部分涉及到多學(xué)科的詞匯,如 藥理學(xué)(藥效學(xué),藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué))、生理學(xué)、毒理學(xué)、化學(xué)與微生物學(xué)等專業(yè)的詞匯,有時(shí)較難理解。 此外,在本部分還經(jīng)常遇到一些醫(yī)學(xué)縮略詞,如:CNS(中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))、EEG(腦電圖)、LD50(半數(shù)致死量)、ED50(半數(shù)有效量)、t1/2 (半衰期)等。該項(xiàng)一般用陳述句,句子結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)比較復(fù)雜。,2常用詞語,(1)動(dòng)詞: Indicate 表明,提示; Maintain 維持; Demonstrate 顯示; exert (action on) 起一作用 Exhibit 顯示;,Inhibit 抑制; Accumulate 積蓄(積累); metabolize 代謝; Administer 給藥; Excrete 排泄; Tolerate 耐受,(2)形容詞: averagemean平均的; be effective against 對有效; be related to與有關(guān); (be)sensitive to 對敏感; (be)resistant to對有耐藥,(3)名 詞,Activity活性; Mechanism 機(jī)理; Absorption 吸收; Distribution 分布; Elimination 清除; Excretion 排泄, Serum concentration 血清濃度; Tolerance 耐受性;,Clearance rate 廓清率; Toxicity 毒性; Plasma level 血漿濃度(水平); Half life 半衰期; Effect on對的作用; In vitro體外; in vivo體內(nèi)。,常見句型舉例,例1. Peak serum concentrations of tobramycin occur between 30 and about 60 minutes after intramuscular administration. 肌注后約3060分鐘之間妥布毒素的血藥濃度達(dá)到高峰。 例2. Nembutal Sodium exerts a depressant action on the CNS and shares the sedative-hypnotic actions typical of the barbiturates. 戊巴比妥鈉對中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生抑制作用,并顯示戊巴比妥類特有的鎮(zhèn)靜催眠作用。,例3. 已發(fā)現(xiàn)制霉菌素(Nystain)在腸道內(nèi)可抑制酵母菌(yeast)的生長。 Nystain has been found to inhibit the growth of yeast in the intestinal tract. 例4. 熊去氧膽酸的生物半衰期時(shí)3.5-5.8天 the biological half-life of ursodeoxycholic acid is 3.5-5.8 days,四適應(yīng)癥 Indications,該項(xiàng)是藥品說明書的重點(diǎn),常用標(biāo)題: Indications 適應(yīng)癥; Indications and Usage 適應(yīng)癥與用途; Major Principal Indications 主要適應(yīng)癥; Uses 用途; Action and Use 作用與用途。,1結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 一般來說,該項(xiàng)僅列出疾病名稱,或用短語表示該藥能治療的疾病。 較詳細(xì)的說明書亦用完整的句子表述該藥能治療什么病,及對哪些細(xì)菌和微生物有效或無效。由于疾病和細(xì)菌、病毒名稱太多,請查閱英漢醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯等工具書。,2常用詞語,疾病名稱是適應(yīng)癥部分最常見的詞匯還涉及到微生物(尤其是各種致病菌)方面的詞匯。例如: (1)名詞和名詞短語: bacteria細(xì)菌;germs病菌;microbes,microorganisms 微生物; aerobes需氧菌; anaerobes厭氧菌; Gram-Positive bacteria革蘭陽性菌; gram-negative bacteria革蘭陰性菌; staphylococcus葡萄球菌: staph. Aureus 金黃色葡萄球菌;,streptococcus 鏈球菌; faecalis 糞鏈球菌; Escherichia coil 大腸桿菌 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 綠膿桿菌; Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎桿菌;Diplococcus pneumoniae肺炎雙球菌; Cryptococcus隱球菌; virus病毒。,(2)形容詞及詞組: acid-fast 耐酸的; resistant to 耐受; susceptible to 對敏感的; be active against, be effective in for against對有效; have (has ) action against 對有作用; be used to, be used in/for,be employed to 用于; be of value of,be intended to,be indicated infor 適用于; forin the treatment of 用于治療; for in the management of. 用于控制.,表示與“其他藥物合用”的結(jié)構(gòu)有:,be associated with in association with be combined with in combination with be compatible with in conjunction with concomitant with together with,常見句型,1. 不完全句結(jié)構(gòu)僅列出疾病或微生物的名稱例如: 例1 Angina pectoris, hypertension. 心絞痛,高血壓。 2. 由For(或In等)引出的短語,例如: 例2 In the treatment of all forms of pulmonary tuberculosis in association with other antitubercular drugs. 與其他抗結(jié)核藥配伍,治療各種類型肺結(jié)核。,3. To+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成的短語,如: 例 3 To protect the liver cell during administration of drugs hazardous to the liver 在服用對肝臟有危害的藥物期間,用以保護(hù)肝細(xì)胞。 4. 完整的句子結(jié)構(gòu)或段落,有時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)很復(fù)雜; 例 4 Nebcin is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. 乃柏欣適用于治療下列由敏感細(xì)菌引起的感染:,Example (1) Cedilanid is used for the treatment of all forms of heart failure and cardiac arrythmia. 西地蘭可用于治療各類心力衰竭和心率不齊 (2) Hyminal is also used for the treatment of insomnia due to organic disorder. 海米那也可用于由器質(zhì)性疾病引起的失眠癥。 (3) The tablets are effective for the prevention of anginal attack. 本片劑對預(yù)防心絞痛發(fā)作有療效 (4) Clinically Persantin has proved effective in the treatment of coronary disease and heart condition 臨床證明“潘生丁”治療冠心病和心臟病有效。 (5) The drug is effective against various kinds of bacteria resistant to other drugs. 本藥對于抗其他藥物的各種細(xì)菌有效。,(6) Kanamycin is effective both in vitro and in vivo against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as acid-fast bacteria. 卡那霉素在體內(nèi)外對革蘭氏陽性和革蘭氏陰性菌以及耐酸菌均有效。 (7) This antibiotics has strong antibacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. 本抗菌素對革蘭氏陽性和革蘭氏陰性菌有強(qiáng)的抗菌作用。 (8) Vionactane has a specific tuberculostatic action against tubercle bacilli. “紫霉素”對結(jié)核桿菌具有特殊的抑菌作用。 (9) Possess; manifests ; show action against displays; exerts.,五禁忌癥 Contraindications,本部分最常用的標(biāo)題是 Contraindications, 也可用 Restrictions on Use(用藥限制) 在Restrictions on Use下面常列小標(biāo)題, 如: Contraindications (禁忌癥); Precautions Note(注意事項(xiàng)); Warnings(警告)等。,1結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 本部分段落較短,句子結(jié)構(gòu)一般不復(fù)雜,常用省略句和祈使句。 Example 1: Contraindications 禁忌癥 The use of Kirin Sterile Powder is contraindicated in patients previously found hypersensitive to it (對本品過敏者禁用),常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有:,contraindications are 禁忌癥是 be contraindicated in (for) 對禁忌 should not be used (employed) in 不得用于 It is advisable to avoid the use of 建議不用于 must not be administered (given) to 對不得用藥 should be used with caution 慎用 be not recommended for 最好不用于 none reported 未見報(bào)道 not known 不清楚,2. 常用詞語及句式:,(1)禁用或慎用藥物的疾病。例如: Cardiac failure 心力衰竭; Cardiac insufficiency 心功能不全; renal insufficiency 腎功能不全; impairment of the kidney, impairment of renal funcion 腎功能損傷; insufficiency of the liver 肝功能不全; liver hepatic damage 肝損傷; functional disorder of liver 肝功能(異常)障礙; hypertension 高血壓; severe hypotension 重度低血壓; severe anemia 重度貧血; Diabetes 糖尿病.,(2)禁用或慎用藥物的人群、病人和情況,例如: pregnant women 孕婦; Pregnancy 孕期,妊娠期; the first/lasttrimester /3 months of pregnancy 妊娠期的最初后 3個(gè)月; Lactation 哺乳期; children under years of age, 歲以下兒童; patient with / who 患者; breast feeding 哺乳(的); Hypersensitivity 過敏(性); Allergic 過敏的; Anaphylactic 過敏的.,(3)常用句式,allergic/ hypertensive/ anaphylactic to 對過敏 hypersensitivity test 過敏實(shí)驗(yàn); Contraindications are 禁忌癥是 be contraindicated in / for 對禁忌,禁用于 should not be used/ employed in 不得用于 It is advisable to avoid the use of建議不用于 must not be administered / given to 不得用于 should be used with caution 應(yīng)慎用 be not recommended for 最好不用于,常見句型,1) 省略句型,只列出禁忌對象或疾病名稱等。 例1. Hypersensitivity to quinoiones, severe renal insufficiency. 對喹喏酮類過敏,嚴(yán)重腎功能不全。 2) 完整的句子或段落 例2. Cetazolin sodium is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin group of antibiotics. 先鋒5號(hào)禁用于已知對頭孢菌素類抗生素過敏的患者。,六用法與劑量,應(yīng)特別注意該部分中各種劑量單位的表示法、成人、兒童和孕婦的劑量差別、服藥時(shí)間以及劑量用法。 常用的標(biāo)題有: Dosage and Administration 劑量與用法; Application and Dosage 用法與用量; Administration 用法; Direction for Use 用法; method of Administration 用法; How to use用法; Route of Administration 給藥途徑; Dosage 劑量,用量; Dosology 劑量學(xué)。,1結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),用法與劑量是藥品說明書不可缺少的內(nèi)容,但祥略不一。 應(yīng)特別注意本項(xiàng)中關(guān)于給藥對象、給藥方式、劑量、劑量單位、給藥時(shí)間等用詞的準(zhǔn)確性,尤其是劑量單位,稍不小心,則差之千里。 本部分常用祈使句和省略句,句中謂語動(dòng)詞多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。,Example 1. Dosage Adults (including elderly patients): The usual dosage is 1. 6 3. 2 g Timentin 6 8 hourly according to body weight. The maximum recommended dosage is 3. 2 g every 4 hours.,Dosage in renal impairment: Mild impairment (Creatinine clearance 30 ml/minute): 3. 2 g every 8 hours . Moderate impairment (Creatinine clearance l030 ml/minute): l. 6 g every 8 hours. Severe impairment (Creatinine clearance 10 ml/minute): l. 6 g every 12 hours,Children: The usual dosage of Timentin for children is 80 mg/kg bodyweight given every 6-8 hours. For premature infants and full term infants during the perinatal period, the dosage is 80 mg/kg bodyweight every 12 hours, increasing to every 8 hours thereafter. Children with renal impairment: As with the adult dosage, similar reduction should be made for children.,Example 2:Dosage and Administration,Intramuscular administration: 3 ampoules (150 mg) daily, i. m. in 3 divided doses for a period up to 14 days. Intravenous administration: 50 to 400 mg daily (1 to 8 ampoules) in divided doses for a period up to 10 days, at regular time intervals. In case of slow intravenous infusion, Ikelan injectable solution should be dissolved in 500 ml isotonic solution of dextrose or Sodium Chloride. After dilution, it must be administered within 4 hours.,Oral administration: The mean daily dose is 300 to 600 mg daily in two divided doses. Dosage adjustment is not required in patients with renal failure or ill patients under hemodialysis. Ikelan drops do not contain sugar, thus it can be administered to diabetic patients.,2. 常用詞語,(1) 表示劑量 average maintenance dose 平均維持劑量 minimalminimum dose 最小劑量; daily dosage 日劑量; multiple doses 多劑量; divided doses 分次劑量; overal dose / overdosage 過量; fatal/ lethal dose 致死量; single dose 一次劑量;,individual dose 單次劑量; indicated dose 有效劑量; standard dose 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劑量 initialstarting / beginning dose 首次劑量; suggested/ recommended dose 推薦劑量; therapeutic dose 治療劑量; maximum dosage 最大劑量; usual normal dose 常用普通劑量; total dose 總劑量,(2)表示劑量單位 g = gram 克; mg = milligram 毫克; kg = kilogram 千克; mcg = microgram 微克; g微克; L = literlitre 升; ml = milliliter 毫升; IU= international unit 國際單位,(3)表示給藥次數(shù),daily per day a day every day 每日; at intervals of 每隔; every.hours 每隔小時(shí); once(twice)a day 每日一(二)次; three times a day 每日三次; every other day 隔日; every two(three) days 每隔2(3)日; once(twice)a week 每周1(2)次; three times a week 每周三次; divided intodose 分次(服用給藥); in two or three divided doses 分二或三次服用.,(4)表示給藥對象 newborn babies 新生兒; Baby 嬰兒; Infants 幼兒; Adolescents 青少年; Children 兒童; debilitated patients 體弱患者; elderly patients 老年患者; senile patients 老年病人,(5)表示給藥方式 副詞: intra-arterially 動(dòng)脈內(nèi)給藥; intravenously 靜注; Intragluteally 臀肌內(nèi)給藥; intrasmuscularly 肌注; intraperitoneally 腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥; intrapleurally 胸(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥; Intrathecally 鞘內(nèi)給藥;,Locally 局部給藥; Topically 局部外敷; orally 口服; parenterally 腸道外給藥; subconjunctivally 結(jié)膜下給藥; Subcutaneously 皮下給藥; Sublingually 舌下給藥; Submucously 粘膜下給藥,介詞短語: by aerosol 噴霧給藥; by drip phleboclysis 點(diǎn)滴靜脈輸液; by enema 灌腸; by lumbar 腰椎給藥; by phleboclysis靜脈輸液; by intramuscular injection(i.m.)肌肉注射; by intravenous injection (i.v.)靜脈注射; by intra-articular administration關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)給藥; by the intramuscular administration(route)肌內(nèi)給藥;,by the intranasal route鼻內(nèi)給藥; by the Intraperitoneal administration 腹(膜)腔內(nèi)給藥; by the intravenous infusion(perfusion)靜脈輸液; by the intrathecal administration 鞘內(nèi)給藥; by the sublingual administration 舌下給藥; per os (by mouth) 經(jīng)口; per rectum直腸給藥; per recto直腸給藥; per viginum 陰道給藥, 動(dòng)詞: Take 服用, inhale(be inhaled)吸人; apply to 涂于,敷于; spray 噴霧; Swallow 吞服; Administer 給藥,投藥; give給藥;use 用藥;employ 用藥; recommendsuggest 推薦給藥; Suggest 推薦給藥,常用句型:,例1 Unless other wise prescribed by the physician, the average daily dose is 1 capsule 3 times daily. 如果醫(yī)生不另開處方,平均日劑量為每日3次、每次1個(gè)膠囊。 例2 The suggested dose is 10 to 15 mg per kg body weight daily in 3-4 divided doses orally, taken with meals. 日劑量最好每公斤體重10-15mg,分3-4次口服,與食物共服。,例3 In severe chronic cases, treatment is started with daily 1 to 2 ampoules of Bilocid and continued with one ampoule every other day, injected slowly by the intravenous route. 治療嚴(yán)重的慢性疾病時(shí),治療從每日1-2支利膽素注射劑開始,繼續(xù)治療時(shí)每隔一日1安瓶緩慢靜脈注射。 例4 the recommended single dose is 1 ampoule, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously. 建議一次劑量為1安瓶,皮下、肌肉或靜脈注射給藥。,七不良反應(yīng)與副作用,本項(xiàng)主要指明藥品的副作用、毒性作用、耐受、過敏反應(yīng)及停藥等。常用的標(biāo)題有: Adverse Reaction(s), Unwanted Untoward Reaction(s) 不良反應(yīng); Side effect(s), UnwantedUndesirable effects, Side Reaction(s), By-Effects; After-Effects,1. 結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),句子結(jié)構(gòu)一般不復(fù)雜,常用短語或省略句,有時(shí)也用 陳述句。 Example 1 Adverse reactions FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE Sodium retention,congestive heart failure in susceptible patients,hypertension,fluid retention; potassium loss and hypokalemic alkalosis(低鉀血癥性堿中毒) ,MUSCULOSKELETAL Sodium myopathy,muscle weakness,osteoporosis,pathologic fracture,vertebral compression fractures and aseptic necrosis, GASTROINTESTINAL Peptic ulceration with possible perforation and hemorrhage, gastric hemorrhage,pancreatitis , esophagitis and perforation of the bowel.,Example 2 Sideeffects Side-effects are uncommon and typical of other injectable penicillins 副作用:該藥副作用不常見,與其它注射青霉素類有相似的副作用,2. 常用詞語,(1)不良反應(yīng)、副作用所導(dǎo)致的癥狀和體征 allergic hypersensitive anaphylactic reaction(s)過敏反應(yīng); allergy/ hypersensitivity過敏; dizziness眩暈; local reaction(s)局部反應(yīng); systematic reaction 全身反應(yīng); toxicity reaction 毒性反應(yīng); double infections 雙重感染; flush潮紅;nausea惡心;vomiting 嘔吐; anorexia厭食 skin reaction 皮膚反應(yīng); pruritus 瘙癢;rash皮疹; lethargy 嗜睡;spasm痙攣;coma昏迷; tiredness疲倦;diarrhea腹瀉; loss of appetite 食欲減退; thirst口渴; restlessness不安;dyspepsia消化不良;,1.“不良反應(yīng)”的常用的英語表示法有: Adverse Reaction(s)不良反應(yīng) Unwanted(Untoward) Reaction(s)不良反應(yīng) 2.“副作用”的常用的英語表示法有: Side-effect (s) 副作用 Side Reaction (s) 副作用 Unwanted(Undesirable) Effects 副作用 By-effects 副作用,(2)表示停藥的詞語 abandon停(藥); cessation stop停藥,停止治療; discontinue discontinuance, discontinuation停藥,中斷治療; suspend暫停(用藥); withdraw 停藥,撤藥; terminate 停(藥),(3)其它常見詞匯 tolerance耐受; tolerability耐受性; (ir)reversible(不)可逆的;temporary暫時(shí)性的; transient一過性的,短暫的; spontaneously自行(性)地。,常用句型:,例1 Ciprofloxactin is generally well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse reactions are: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, restlessness, rash and dizziness. 環(huán)丙沙星一般耐受良好。最常報(bào)道的副作用有:惡心、腹瀉、嘔吐、腹痛、頭痛、不安、皮疹、頭暈。 例2 When adverse reactions occur, they are usually reversible and disappear when the hormone is discontinued. 當(dāng)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生時(shí),它們往往是可逆的,停用激素后副作用即消失。,例3 The most serious side-effect is damage to the bone marrow. Because of this, the white blood cell count should be controlled often enough during the treatment. 最嚴(yán)重的副作用是骨髓損害,因此在治療期間,要經(jīng)常監(jiān)測白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)。 例4 These unwanted effects usually disappear spontaneously after 7-14 days or following a temporary reduction in the dosage. 這些副作用通常在7-14日之后,或者暫時(shí)降低劑量便自行消失。,八注意事項(xiàng),該部分也是說明書的重要內(nèi)容之一,主要強(qiáng)調(diào)用藥應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng),以免引起副作用。如:藥物單獨(dú)和合并使用的注意事項(xiàng)及其主要缺點(diǎn);藥物配伍、給藥及保存的注意事項(xiàng)等。常見標(biāo)題有: Precautions 注意事項(xiàng); Caution注意事
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