2014高考英語二輪語法篇專題：專題5介詞.ppt

專題五 介 詞,介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系的虛詞，在句中不能單獨作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類，短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組，在句中作狀語、表語、定語或賓語補足語。介詞可分為時間介詞、地點介詞、方式介詞、原因介詞和其他介詞。 Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(狀語) This machine is in good condition.(表語) Where is the key to my bike?(定語) She always thinks herself above others.（賓補）,一、介詞的分類 （1）從用法分類,（2）從結(jié)構(gòu)分類,【考點一】考查with/without復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 介詞with/without+名詞/代詞+形容詞/副詞/介詞短語/動詞不定式/分詞（分詞可以是現(xiàn)在分詞，也可以是過去分詞）在句中表狀態(tài)或說明背景情況，常作伴隨、方式、原因、條件等狀語。 With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily. Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden. 【即學(xué)即練】 單項填空 It was a pity that the great writer died _ his works unfinished. A. for B. with C. from D. of 解析：選B?？疾閣ith復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。works 與unfinish之間為動賓關(guān)系，所以用過去分詞表示被動。如果名詞或代詞與后面的動詞是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動。,【考點二】考查工具、手段、方式介詞 （1）by, in, on三詞都可表示旅行的方式 不涉及交通工具的名詞時用by，名詞前不加冠詞。如by sea, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。 涉及交通工具的名詞時用by，名詞須用單數(shù)形式，前面不加冠詞或任何修飾語。如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。 當(dāng)旅行方式涉及確定特指的交通工具時，用on或in，名詞前加冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞等修飾語。如travel to New York in this plane，leave on an early train，go to school on my bike等。 注意：步行、騎馬、騎駱駝均用on。如on foot，on horseback，on a horse，on the camel。 （2）with, by, in三詞均意為“用”，表示行為的工具、手段或方式。 with用于有形的工具或身體某些器官之前，其后的名詞多被冠詞、物主代詞等修飾。 They are digging with a pick/spade. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.,by, in, on, over, through等介詞多用于無形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。 注意：使用語言、原料、材料時，用in表示，如in English/Japanese；in blue ink等。 表達(dá)“用方法/式”時，所用介詞有：in this/that/the same way，by means of，by this/that means，with this/that method等。 【考點三】考查of+抽象名詞的用法 “of+抽象名詞”的用法與形容詞相同，在句中可作表語、定語、補語。 of+great/much +抽象名詞=very+名詞的形容詞形式 of+no+抽象名詞=not+名詞的形容詞形式 It is of great value.=It is very valuable. It is of no use.=It is useless. The camel is of great help to the Arab. The camel is very helpful to the Arab.,【考點四】考查表示程度的介詞by, to, beyond by 表示“增加了”；to表示“增加到”；beyond表示“范圍, 限度超出”。 This new model of car is so expensive that it is beyond the reach of those with average incomes. 【即學(xué)即練】 單項填空 Sorry, Madam. Youd better come tomorrow because its _ the visiting hours. A. during B. at C. beyond D. before 解析：選C?？疾榻樵~的用法。句意為：對不起，女士，你最好明天來，因為已經(jīng)過了開放時間了。beyond（時間）晚于，遲于。 【考點五】考查介詞but的固定搭配 have no choice but to do只得做某事； cant help but do不得不做； cant but do不得不只能； cant choose but do只得做某事； but for要不是。 I have no choice but to accept his conditions. There was no taxi that day, I couldnt choose but stay there for,another night. 【考點六】考查to ones+情感類名詞 to 與情感類名詞連用，表示“某人因某事的發(fā)生而喚起其內(nèi)心的某種情感”。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有：toonesdelight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regretto the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb.。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果，用作狀語，通常置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。若要加強該結(jié)構(gòu)的語氣，有兩種方式：在名詞前加great, deep等形容詞修飾；在整個短語前加副詞greatly, much等修飾。 To his disappointment, he failed again. 【考點七】考查名詞與to構(gòu)成的固定搭配 key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等與to構(gòu)成固定搭配：the key/approach/solution/answer/entrance/visit/attitude to.。 It is said that they have adopted a new approach to teaching English.,【考點八】考查介詞by的用法 (1)by+地點名詞。表示方位，意為“在旁邊”。 注意：表示“從旁邊經(jīng)過”時,多與動詞go/walk/pass等詞連用。 (2)by+時間名詞，意為“到時（已發(fā)生某事）；最晚,不遲于,在之前”,此時謂語多用完成時。 (3)by+名詞?？捎脕肀硎痉椒?、方式、手段等。 by+the+可數(shù)名詞(時間、長度、重量等),意為“按計算;按買(賣)”。 by+表示時間、長度、重量等總稱的不可數(shù)名詞（名詞前不加冠詞）,意為“按計算，按買(賣)”。 by+表示交通工具、交通方式名詞（名詞前不加冠詞，不用復(fù)數(shù)）,意為“通過；由；乘”。 by+抽象名詞或具有抽象意義的普通名詞（名詞前不加冠詞，不用復(fù)數(shù)），意為“靠；通過；由所致”。 by+地點或工具等具體名詞。表示路線、途徑，意為“通過（某物、某地）；取道”。 by+動詞-ing，意為“通過；靠；憑”。,(4)by+數(shù)量詞。 表示升降、增減的程度。 表示距離和面積、體積中的尺寸及乘除法中的運算。 (5)by+身體部位/衣服類名詞。表示被抓住身體/衣物的某一部分，常與catch/seize/take/hold/grab等動詞連用。 It takes a long time to go there by train; its quicker by road. The man entered the room by the back door. The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year. Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.,【難點一】It is +adj.+of/for sb. to do sth. 選詞填空（for/of） It is kind _ the teachers to help support the poor students.,It is quite important _ us to protect the environment. 解析：當(dāng)形容詞說明不定式邏輯主語的性質(zhì)、特征時，用介詞of。常見的形容詞有：kind, good, nice, clever, stupid, foolish, considerate等，此時句子可以改寫為sb.+be+adj. to do sth.。所以應(yīng)選of，此句還可以改寫為：The teachers are kind to help support the poor students；而當(dāng)形容詞說明不定式的性質(zhì)時，用介詞for，常見的形容詞有：important, necessary, possible等，故應(yīng)選for。 【難點二】except, besides, except for/that, but 選詞填空（except/besides/expect for/that/but） Your article is quite good _ several spelling mistakes. Nobody knew his name _ me. Some people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these days. I would buy the suit, _ it costs too much. Who _ a fool would do such a thing?,解析：except指從整體中除去一部分,排除或不包括在內(nèi)；besides意為“除之外（還有）”，表示包括besides之后的內(nèi)容，含有“尚有”之意；except for 表示部分地修正主句的內(nèi)容，帶有一種惋惜的語氣；except that 與except for意義相同，只是except that后面接從句；but與except意思相近, 常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等不定代詞和疑問詞后面。所以選except for表示修正；選except表示排除在外；選besides表示“除之外，還”；選except that其后跟從句；選but，常用于疑問詞后。 注意：but前面的謂語動詞是實義動詞do時，后接省略“to”的不定式作賓語；反之，則后接帶to的不定式作賓語。 She had no choice but to wait. He did nothing but read a novel yesterday. What can you do but take back what you said.,2013高考真題 【2013北京】26. I have an appointment Dr. Smith, but I need to change it. A. to B. off C. with D. from 1【答案】C 【解析】考查介詞。短語為have an appointment with sb，意為與某人預(yù)約、約會。 【2013福建】29. Mrs. Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess, as her children are always _ whenever she tries to. A. in the way B. on watch C. in sight D. on the line 2【答案】A 【解析】考查介詞短語。A項“擋道，妨礙”，B項“值班，監(jiān)視”，C項“在視線中，被看見”，D項“在線上”。根據(jù)句意：史密斯太太發(fā)現(xiàn)想收拾一下那些亂七八糟的東西有困難，因為每當(dāng)她想要做的時候她的那些孩子總是妨礙她。故答案選A。 【2013湖北】30. An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered _ a long lost antique Greek vase. A. at random B. by chance C. in turn D. on occasion 3【答案】B 【解析】考查介詞+名詞短語辨析。此處表示“偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個遺失多年的古希臘花瓶”，故選B。,【2013江蘇】26. I am always delighted when I receive an email from you. the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend . A. On account of B. In response to C. In view of D. With regard to 4【答案】D 【解析】考查介詞短語。A項“因為，由于”，B項“對做出反應(yīng)”，C項“由于，鑒于”，D項“就而言，關(guān)于”。根據(jù)句意，說到7月1號的聚會，我會非常高興地參加，選D。 【2013遼寧】25. _ everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country. A. By means of B. On behalf of C. In search of D. For fear of 5【答案】B 【解析】考查介詞短語。A項“通過方式”；B項“代表”；C項“尋找”；D項“以免，害怕”。根據(jù)句意，“我代表這兒的所有人”可知答案為B。 【2013山東】34. The Smiths are praised _ the way they bring up their children. A. from B. by C. at D. for 6【答案】D 【解析】考查介詞。句意為：史密斯夫婦因為他們養(yǎng)育孩子的方式而受到稱贊。短語be praised for.“因.而受到稱贊”。,【2013陜西】24. The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will . A. in particular B. in turn C. in charge D. in time 7【答案】D 【解析】考查介詞短語。A項“特別，尤其”；B項“輪流”；C項“管理”；D項“遲早，及時”。根據(jù)句意選D。 【2013新課標(biāo)II卷】11 A serious study of physics is impossible some knowledge of mathematics. A. against B. before C. beyond D. without 8【答案】D 【解析】考查介詞。根據(jù)句意，如果沒有一點數(shù)學(xué)知識，要認(rèn)真研究物理是不可能的。故選D（如果沒有）. 【2013新課標(biāo)I卷】34.It was a real race time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it. A. over B. by C. for D. against 9【答案】D 【解析】考查介詞。根據(jù)句意：這是與時間的一次賽跑。故選D。,【2013浙江】14. It will be a big help if you go to the store and get what we need for dinner. _, Ill set the table. A. As a result B. On the whole C. In the meanwhile D. As a matter of fact 10【答案】C 【解析】考查介詞短語。A項“因此”； B項“總的來說”； C項“與此同時”； D項“事實上”；根據(jù)句意，選C。 【2013安徽】22. Before you pay a visit to a place of interest, look in your local library a book about it. A. on B. at C. for D. to 11【答案】C 【解析】考查介詞。本題關(guān)鍵在于認(rèn)識到動詞look與選擇項中的介詞搭配構(gòu)成固定短語的時候，其中隔有短語in your local library。句意：在你去一個名勝旅行之前，在你當(dāng)?shù)氐膱D書館尋找一本關(guān)于它的書。,2010高考真題 1. Sean has formed the habit of jogging _ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day. (2010上海) A. between B. along C. below D. with 解析：選B?？疾榻樵~的用法。句意為：Sean已經(jīng)形成了每天沿著綠蔭大道慢跑兩小時的習(xí)慣。along沿著；順著。 2. My father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. (2010天津) A. by B. on C. for D. against 解析：選D。考查介詞的用法。句意為：父親警告我不要去西海岸，因為那里擠滿了游客。warn sb. against doing sth.相當(dāng)于warn sb. not to do sth.，表示“警告某人不要干某事”。 3. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree.(2010四川) A. in B. below C. beside D. against,1. Sean has formed the habit of jogging _ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day. (2010上海) A. between B. along C. below D. with 解析：選B?？疾榻樵~的用法。句意為：Sean已經(jīng)形成了每天沿著綠蔭大道慢跑兩小時的習(xí)慣。along沿著；順著。 2. My father warned me _ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists. (2010天津) A. by B. on C. for D. against 解析：選D。考查介詞的用法。句意為：父親警告我不要去西海岸，因為那里擠滿了游客。warn sb. against doing sth.相當(dāng)于warn sb. not to do sth.，表示“警告某人不要干某事”。 3. Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree.(2010四川) A. in B. below C. beside D. against,解析：選D。考查介詞的用法。句意為：累壞了，吉姆背靠著一棵大樹，很快就睡著了。against倚著，靠著；below在下方；beside在旁邊；in在里面或（時間）之后。 4. I agree to his suggestion _ the condition that he drops all charges. (2010遼寧) A. by B. in C. on D. to 解析：選C?？疾樘厥膺B詞和介詞的用法。句意為：我同意他的建議，條件是他應(yīng)降低所有的費用。介詞on和the condition that搭配起連詞作用，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“條件是，以為條件”。 5. Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are _ everyones enjoyment. (2010北京) A. in B. at C. for D. to 解析：選C?？疾榻樵~的用法。句意為：請你不要摘花園里的花好嗎？這些花兒是供大家欣賞的。for enjoyment意為“為了尋求樂趣”。for表示目的。 6. The dictionary is what I want, but I dont have enough money me.(2010重慶) A. By B. for C. in D. with,解析：選D?？疾榻樵~的用法。句意為：這本字典就是我想要的，但我身上沒有帶足夠的錢。have sth. with sb.某人隨身攜帶某物。 7. I guess weve already talked about this before but Ill ask you again just _.(2010浙江) A. by nature B. in return C. in case D. by chance 解析：選C?？疾楹薪樵~的固定搭配。句意為：我估計我們之前已經(jīng)談?wù)撨^這件事，但是以防萬一我記錯了，我再問你一次。by nature天生；in return作為回報，作為交換；in case萬一，以防；by chance偶然地。 8. More and more high-rise buildings have been built in big cities _ space.(2010福建) A. in search of B. in place of C. for lack of D. for fear of 解析：選C。考查介詞短語的辨析。句意為：由于缺乏空間，越來越多地高層建筑興建于大城市。for lack of由于缺乏；in search of尋找，搜尋；in place of代替；for fear of由于害怕。,9. It is illegal for a public official to ask people for gifts or money _ favors to them.(2010湖北) A. in preference to B. in place of C. in agreement with D. in exchange for 解析：選D。考查介詞短語的辨析。句意為：公職人員向人們索要禮品或金錢作為給人們帶來恩惠的交換是非法的。in preference to優(yōu)先于；in place of代替；in agreement with符合，同意；in exchange for交換。 10. Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients _ name, not case number. (2010江西) A. of B. as C. by D. with 解析：選C。考查介詞的用法。方式方法可以用by表示，也可以用with表示。by+ n.(方式/方法)；with+修飾詞+n.(工具)。by name憑名字。 11. So far we have done a lot to build a low-carbon economy, but it is _ ideal. We have to work still harder. （2010江蘇） A. next to B. far from C. out of D. due to 解析：選B。far from遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不；next to靠近；due to因為，由于; out of脫離。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)選B。,12. The goals of our educational system are _ the development of our society. (2010濰坊市5月高三適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練) A. in praise of B. in return for C. in keeping with D. in need of 解析：選C?？疾榻樵~短語的辨析。句意為：教育體制的目標(biāo)應(yīng)該和社會的發(fā)展相符合。in keeping with 與一致，相符。 13. After several sleepless nights, Mr. Johnson _ a perfect solution to the financial problems of his company. (2010福州八中質(zhì)檢) A. kept up with B. put up with C. came up with D. ended up with 解析：選C。句意為：經(jīng)過幾個不眠之夜后，Johnson先生提出了一個非常好的解決公司財政問題的方法。come up with提出，符合句意。keep up with趕上，追上；put up with忍受，容忍；end up with以告終。 14. _ giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience. (2010山東省青島市高三教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測) A. In terms of B. In addition to C. In case of D. In spite of,解析：選B。考查介詞短語的辨析。in addition to 除之外；in terms of 就方面而言；in case of 防止；in spite of 雖然，盡管。根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)選B。 15. If a person has not had enough sleep, his actions will give him _ during the day.（2010山西師大附中10月月考） A. away B. up C. in D. back 解析：選A?？疾間ive后面的介詞搭配。句意為：一個人如果沒有充足的睡眠，從他整天的活動中就能表現(xiàn)出來。give away放棄；泄露；分發(fā)；出賣；give up 放棄；give in 屈服，讓步； give back 歸還，回復(fù)。 16. The goal is to make higher education available to everyo