英語專業(yè)綜合英語Unit8講解.ppt

Unit 8 Knowledge and Wisdom - Bertrand Russell,By：昆明理工大學 外國語言文化學院,About the author,Bertrand Arthur William Russell(伯特蘭亞瑟威廉羅素）(1872-1970) 3rd Earl Russell （第三代羅素伯爵） From Wales,A British philosopher, logician, essayist, social critic, and anti-war activist, one of the greatest thinkers in 20th century, best known for his work in mathematic logic and analytic philosophy.,A short chronology of the major events in Russells life is as follows: (1890) Enters Trinity College, Cambridge; meets Whitehead. (1893) Awarded first-class B.A. in Mathematics. (1896) Appointed lecturer at the London School of Economics; travels to the United States. (1899) Appointed lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge. (1901) Reappointed lecturer at Cambridge; discovers Russells paradox. (1908) Elected Fellow of the Royal Society. (1931) Becomes the third Earl Russell upon the death of his brother. (1950) Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature. (1955) Releases Russell-Einstein Manifesto. (1958) Becomes founding President of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. (1963) Establishes the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation. (1970) Dies February 02 at Wales.,著作： 哲學問題 (1911年） 西方哲學史，（1950年，因書獲得諾貝爾獎） 幸福之路（1930年） 我的哲學發(fā)展（1959年） 論幾何學的基礎（1897年） 萊布尼茨的哲學(1900年) 數(shù)學原則（1903年） 數(shù)學原理（3卷，與懷特海合著，1910年至1913 年間完成） 心的分析（1921年） 物的分析（1927年） 對意義和真理的探究（1940年）,Essayist Since 1916, Russell only have short-term university career so he mainly depends on the writing for a living. Russell said: A style is not good unless it is an intimate and almost involuntary expression of the personality of the writer, and then only if the writers personality is worth expression.,Russells prose style Plainness and Simplicity Brevity and Clarity Accuracy and Sagacity Satire and Humor,Plainness and Simplicity(平易樸實） e.g. Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty-a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the gorgeous trappings of painting or music, yet sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection such as only the greatest art can show. ,Brevity and Clarity(簡潔明晰） Brevity is the soul of wit. -Polonius I wish to say everything in the smallest number of words in which it could be said clearly, and to this aim I was willing to sacrifice all attempts at aesthetic excellence. -Russell ,Accuracy and Sagacity(準確銳利） I like precision, I like sharp outlines, I hate misty vagueness. 我喜歡準確，喜歡輪廓分明，憎恨迷霧般的模糊。 ,Satire and Humor（諷刺幽默） For instance, the nuns who never take a bath without a wearing bathrobe all the time. When asked why, since no man can see them, they reply, “Oh, but you forget the good God.” Apparently they conceive the Deity as a Peeping Tom, whose omnipotence enables him to see through bathroom walls, but who is foiled by bathrobes. This view strikes as curious.,I owe innumerable hours to the reading of Russells works. 閱讀羅素的作品，讓我度過了無數(shù)快樂的時光。 - Einstein(愛因斯坦）,Warm-up,Structure analysis,Text analysis,Do you know the graphic meaning of this Chinese character?,ear eyes mouth heart,Are these the essential elements of a wise man?,Discussion: knowledge and wisdom,What kind of people are considered wise? Name some great names. Which is much harder in your opinion, becoming knowledgeable or becoming wise? why?,Are they men of wisdom?,Edison,Are they clever? Are they wise?,Structure analysis,Part1(1）：Introduction Part2(2-5): Main body of the essay,telling us what constitutes wisdom,Para3: There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. Para4: It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Para5: I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses.,Text analysis,What view is commonly accepted in terms of knowledge and wisdom? Has the writer stated the purpose of the writing?,Which sentence introduces this topic? I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it.(Para1) Identify the topic sentences of Para2-5. Para2: Of course I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to each its due weight.,Para2: What does “ a sense of proportion“ mean“?,The capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.,Can you paraphrase this sentence? Why is “a sense of proportion“ an important factor that constitute wisdom?,The ability to judge correctly what factors are of more importance and what are of less importance.,Because of the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge, one who is engaged in one specfic field may fail to foresee the possible harmful outcome.,Para3: What does “conprehensiveness“ refer to? What does “the end of human life“refer to?,It refers to the ability mentional in the previous paragraph. Similar meaning to “ a sense of proportion.,It refers to the goals of human life.,Para4: What does “convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness“ suggest?,This suggests that all humans are wicked to some extent.,Para5: What does “This is of course a matter of degree.“?,The writer suggests that people cannot avoid being partial. The difference between a wise man and an unwise man is the former has a lesser degree of partiality. As one becomes more impartial, his wisdom grows.,Parallelism,e.g. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.,Definition in dictionary： Wisdom the quality or state of being wise; knowledge of what is true or right coupled with just judgment as to action; sagacity,（ 睿智）discernment, or insight（洞察力） 4.scholarly knowledge or learning wise act or saying. Knowledge： 1.acquaintance with facts, truths, or principles, as from study or investigation 2. acquaintance or familiarity（精通）gained by sight, experience, or report 3 . the fact or state of knowing 4. awareness, as of a fact or circumstance,Knowledge = data. Wisdom = applied knowledge. Integrated facts, data and experience to produce a superior idea,knowledge is the accumulation of all the facts, but wisdom is the ability to use those facts to solve problems, and how to apply the knowledge to everyday life.,Memorable quotes,Science is organized knowledge, wisdom is organized life.（科學是系統(tǒng)化的知識,智慧是有組織的生活） Without knowledge, I cannot play the violin. Without wisdom, I could not play the music.（沒有知識,我不能拉小提琴。沒有智慧,我不能演奏音樂）,Topics analysed what is wisdom？,There are three factors that contribute to wisdom.,The writer tried to show us a way to approach wisdom. Throughout the text, he gives three features/factors of wisdom, from which we know that wisdom is a clever use of knowledge for noble purpose.,Factor 1,(P2) The first factor is a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity for the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.,Factor 2,A certain awareness of the ends of human life is a very important part of wisdom. Most people have their own goals, these goals determine the direction of their efforts. So, If a persons goal is beneficial to humans and the person is knowledgeble, the man will make a great contribution to humanity.,eg:,It is known that，the great scientist Yuan Longping invented the “hybrid rice” . The invention solves the problem of hunger in one billion people in China.,Factor 3,The third factor, also the essence, is emancipation. As we know, our senses are bound up our bodies, so we cant help its egoism. We achieve growing wisdom when our thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with our own physical states.,E.g.,Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party，Hitlers aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe. To this end, his foreign and domestic policies had the aim of seizing Lebensraum (“l(fā)iving space“) for the Germanic people.This policy led directly to the death of tens of millions in Europe.,Guo xiaoqi, a junior high school student, is from Heilongjiang province. One day, she goes home with her classmate while a car coming to them at a high speed. In this emergent moment, her behavior that drags her classmate into a place behind her momentarily surprised everyone while she is wiped out by car.,People are moved by her act and call her “the most beautiful student”. The girl achieves growing wisdom although she is just a 15 years old student.,According to the writer, what are the factors which constitute wisdom? (Identify the topic sentences and key words ) comprehensive vision mixed with a sense of proportion(縱觀全局并區(qū)分輕重緩急的能力) a full awareness of the goals of human life(對人類終極目標的清醒認識) Being sensible in the choice of ends (理性地選擇追求的目標) impartiality(公正的態(tài)度),Topics solved what can be done to teach it,If it is to be effective in preventing the spread of evil, should be combined with the greatest degree of understanding and the smallest degree of force.,(P3)Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions. Paraphrase: Viewpoints of many distinguished historians have proved harmful because their opinions were biased and distorted by their narrow feelings. 許多杰出的歷史學家干的壞事多于好事，因為他們是通過自己的熱情這種扭曲性媒介觀察事實的。,(P4) To descend to less heroic matters.through mutual hatre