高三英語高考復(fù)習(xí)：語法系列課件之定語從句.ppt

高考語法復(fù)習(xí)系列十二,定 語 從 句,1. 定語從句考點(diǎn) 1、關(guān)系代詞 that which; whose; which as 的用 法比較； 2、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法比較； 3、介詞加關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句； 4、定語從句與并列句的區(qū)別。,1、關(guān)系代詞的用法比較 問題1： 1、Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. （05浙江卷） Awhich Bthat Cthis Dit 2、Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way. （04北京春季） A. it B. that C. this D. which,A,當(dāng)先行詞為物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可以用 that 也可用 which，但在介詞后面以及在非限制性定語從句中，只能用 which，不能用 that。,D,但在下列情況中，只能用 that，不用 which： 當(dāng)先行詞是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing 等詞時(shí)。如： All that can be done has been done. In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours. 當(dāng)先行詞被 all, any, no, much, little, few, every 等限定詞所修飾時(shí)。如： We heard clearly every word that he said.,當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞所修飾時(shí)。如： The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake. 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級所修飾，以及先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級同時(shí)修飾時(shí)，如： Is that the best that you can do? Thats the most expensive hotel that weve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.,當(dāng)先行詞被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修飾時(shí)。如： This is the very book that I want to find. 當(dāng)先行詞為指人和指物的兩個(gè)并列名詞詞組時(shí)。如： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. 當(dāng)主句是以 which 開頭的特殊疑問句時(shí)。如：Which is the car that killed the boy?,問題2： 1) Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _effects the people are still suffering. （05天津卷） A. that B. whose C. those D. what 2) George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (04北京） A. the real name B. what his real name C. his real name D. whose real name,B,D,“whose +名詞中心詞”這一結(jié)構(gòu)在定語從句中既能作主語（如題2），又能作賓語（如題1）。whose 的先行詞常用來指人（如題2），但有時(shí)也可以用來指具體事物或抽象概念（如題1），這時(shí)可以與of which 結(jié)構(gòu)互換，詞序是：“名詞+of which” 。題1可變?yōu)椋篺rom the effects of which ,問題3： 1、_ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. （04江蘇） A. Which B. When C. What D. As 2、John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. （01北京春季） Ahe Bthis Cwhich Dwho,D,非限制性定語從句一般采用 which 或 as 來引導(dǎo)。使用這兩個(gè)詞時(shí)要注意三點(diǎn)： （1）as 引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在主句之前，而which 引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后。（2）從意義上講，which 指前面主句的內(nèi)容；而 as 指代的是作為一般人都知道的常識性的東西，因此常譯成“就象那樣、正如所的”。 （3）如果定語從句的內(nèi)容對主句的內(nèi)容起消極作用，則用 which，而不用 as，,C,問題4： What surprised me was not what he said but he said it. （04湖北） Athe way Bin the way that Cin the way Dthe way which,A,該句的意思是“使我感到驚奇的不是他說了些什么，而是他表達(dá)的方法?！本渲小皐hat he said”和“the way he said it”是并列結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。假如 the way 在從句中作狀語，其中的關(guān)系詞有三種不同的表達(dá)方式。1) the way + that; 2) the way 后省略關(guān)系詞; 3) the way + in which。根據(jù)句意可以排除B、C；答案D which 前缺少介詞 in，所以答案為A。,2、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的比較 問題1： 1、Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago? （05北京春季） A. where B. when C. that D. what 2、There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. （04全國II） A. where B. which C. when D. that,C,A,當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間的 time, day 等和表地點(diǎn)的 place, house 等時(shí)，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果缺少主語或賓語，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用 which 或 that, 缺少時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，才能用 when 或 where。題1中的 farm 作 visited 的賓語，故選C；題2中的 trousers 作 wiped 的地點(diǎn)狀語，故選A。,使用關(guān)系副詞應(yīng)注意下列幾點(diǎn)： 1、關(guān)系副詞在意義上都相當(dāng)于一定的介詞 + which結(jié)構(gòu)： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 如： I was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived. The office where (= in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it.,2、當(dāng)先行詞是表時(shí)間和表地點(diǎn)的 詞時(shí)，一定要注意分析從句的結(jié)構(gòu)，如果缺少主語或賓語時(shí)，關(guān)系詞應(yīng)該用 which 或 that, 缺少時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，才能用 when 或 where，試比較： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. Ill never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts. 3、 when 和 where 既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。而 why 只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句。,3、介詞加關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句 問題1： 1、The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (05江蘇卷) A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which 2、He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. （05山東卷） A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this,C,C,題1中 the place 在定語從句中作 to be built 的地點(diǎn)狀語，此處的 at which 相當(dāng)于 where; 后面是表語從句，表示建在某地。題2表示讀完當(dāng)?shù)氐恼Z法學(xué)校后去劍橋深造，故選C。,介詞加關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句是近幾年高考中 的熱點(diǎn)，復(fù)習(xí)中需注意以下幾個(gè)問題： 關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，不論是在限制性定語從句中，還是在非限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí)，只能用 whom 指人，which 指物；但如果介詞后置，則不受這種限制，關(guān)系代詞還可以省去，特別是在口語中。如： Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which / that) he was writing with suddenly broke. 2. 要確認(rèn)關(guān)系代詞前用什么介詞，需根據(jù)從句中的動詞與先行詞的關(guān)系來確定。所以解題時(shí)需分析從句與主句之間的關(guān)系。,鞏固練習(xí)： American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. （04上海） A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom 2. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （04全國I） A for which B at which C in which D on which 3. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. （04全國IV） A on which B in which C of which D from which 4. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. （04廣西） A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which,A,D,C,C,4. 非限制性定語從句與并列句的區(qū)別 問題1： There are two buildings, stands nearly a hundred feet high. （04湖北） Athe larger Bthe larger of them Cthe larger one that Dthe larger of which,要區(qū)別是并列句還是非限制性定語從句，關(guān)鍵是看兩個(gè) 句子之間是否有連詞，若有表示并列關(guān)系的連詞或分號破折 號，那就是并列句；如果兩句之間沒有這些連接符號，那就 是非限制性定語從句，此時(shí)就需考慮使用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或 關(guān)系副詞了。,D,鞏固練習(xí)： The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% are sold abroad. （04遼寧） Aof which Bwhich of Cof them Dof that 2. I have many friends, some are businessmen. （05全國卷1） Aof them Bfrom which Cwho of Dof whom,A,D,題2也可以改為：some of whom are businessmen. 如果在之 前加上連詞 and，就只能用 some of them，而且不能倒裝。,5、注意 the same as / such as 的使用問題 當(dāng)先行詞被 the same 所修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞既可以用 as，也可以用 that。在表示具體事物時(shí)，有時(shí)兩者有一定的區(qū)別。一般說來，表示同一種類多用 as，表示同一事物多用 that。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 這就是我昨天用過的那臺儀器。 This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 這臺儀器跟我昨天用過的那臺一樣。 在抽象概念上，同種類和同一事物是沒有絕對區(qū)別的，所以兩個(gè)詞可換用： I have the same opinion as / that you have.,這里要注意的是： (1) 使用 as 時(shí)，它引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的動詞可以省略，但使用 that 時(shí)，定語從句中的動詞不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men. Women received the same pay that men received. (2) 在 “the samethat” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，that只是用來加強(qiáng)語氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)“相同”。that可以省去而不改變句子原意，甚至連名詞前的 same 也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. = This is the same instrument I used yesterday. = This is the instrument I used yesterday. 但在 “the sameas” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，same 和 as 都不能省略。,(3)當(dāng) “the samethat” 結(jié)構(gòu)中的 that 作為關(guān)系副詞用時(shí)，不可以直接與 as 互換。如： He lives in