Unit1動詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài).ppt

College English,Book 1,Grammar,動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),Unit 1,動詞的時態(tài),動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài),動詞的語態(tài),Exercises,動詞的時態(tài),1.綜述 2. 一般現(xiàn)在時 3. 一般過去時 4. 一般將來時 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 6. 過去進(jìn)行時 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時 8. 過去完成時 9. 過去將來時 10. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時,動詞的時態(tài)綜述,動詞的時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時,1一般現(xiàn)在時 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作；表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day等時間狀語。 例如： We usually spend ten minutes doing fast reading exercises in class. She is always the first to hand in her paper in the exam.,動詞的時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時,2) 在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。 例如： When we graduate, well go wherever we are needed most. If it rains tomorrow, well put off our sports meet.,動詞的時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時,3) 有時該時態(tài)可表示按計劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動作，句中都帶有時間狀語，但限于少數(shù)動詞如 begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等。例如 ： He goes to school every day. The delegation arrives in Beijng this afternoon.,動詞的時態(tài)一般過去時,2一般過去時 l) 表示過去某時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。 例如： I usually got up at 6 when I was in the primary school. At that time, his speech inspired in us fresh courage. 2) 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作，也可用“used to”和“would +動詞原形”。 注意：used to表示過去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。另外“be used to + 名詞或動名詞”表示“習(xí)慣”。 例如：He worked in a factory in 1986. I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.,動詞的時態(tài)一般將來時,3. 一般將來時 一般將來時表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)，其表達(dá)形式除了“will或 shall+動詞原形”外，還有以下幾種形式。 l) “be going to+動詞原形”，表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。例如： We are going to have a meeting today 2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等詞可用進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作；有時用一般現(xiàn)在時也可表示將來。例如： Im leaving for Beijing. 3) “be to+動詞原形”表示按計劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對方意見。例如：The boy is to go to school tomorrow 4) “ be about to+動詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的動作。 例如：We are about to leave,動詞的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 1) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作，由“to be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，另外“系動詞+介詞或副詞”也表示進(jìn)行時的意義。例如： What are you doing? The bridge is under construction 2) 表示感覺、愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞如 have, be, hear, see, like 等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時。,動詞的時態(tài)過去進(jìn)行時,5. 過去進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某一時刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動作，由“was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如: He was reading a novel when I came in He was doing his homework at 9 last night.,動詞的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時,6. 現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時由“have十過去分詞”構(gòu)成。其使用有以下情況：現(xiàn) 在完成時所表示的動作在說話之前已完成，而對現(xiàn)在有影響。 句中沒有具體時間狀語。例如: He has gone to Fuzhou. (說話人認(rèn)為他不在該地) He has been to Fuzhou. (說話人認(rèn)為他在該地) 現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會 持續(xù)下去。常用 for 或 since 表示一段時間的狀語或 so far, now, today, this week/month/year 等表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的狀語。 例如: He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 1985.,動詞的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時,注意：表示短暫時間動作的詞，如 come, go, die, marry, buy等，其完成時不能與 for，since 等表示一段時間的詞連用。 例如：表示某人死了5年時，不能用He has died for 5 years. 正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)為： He has been dead for 5 years. / He died 5 years ago. / Its/It has been 5 years since he died. 現(xiàn)在完成時還可用在時間和條件狀語從句中，表示將來某時完成的動作。 例如：Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework,動詞的時態(tài)過去完成時,7過去完成時 l) 過去完成時由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。過去完成時的動詞表示過去某一時刻或某一動作之前完成的動作或狀態(tài)。句中常用 by, before, until, when 等詞引導(dǎo)的時間狀語。例如： By the end of last year we had built five new houses. 2) 過去完成時的動詞還可表示過去某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個時間或持續(xù)下去。例如： Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.,動詞的時態(tài)過去將來時,8. 過去將來時的用法 過去將來時表示從過去的某時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時由“should/would+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。第一人稱用 should，其他人稱用 would。例如： They were sure that they would succeed.,動詞的時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時,9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時由“have (has)+ been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成，表示現(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作。有些詞，如 work, study, live, teach 等用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時與用現(xiàn)在完成時意思差不多。例如： I have worked here for three years I have been working here for three years. 但多數(shù)動詞在這兩種時態(tài)中表示不同意思。例如： I have written a letter. (已寫完) I have been writing a letter. (還在寫) 注意：表示短暫動作的動詞，如 finish, marry, get up, come, go 等不能用這種時態(tài)。,動詞的語態(tài),l. 概念與構(gòu)成 當(dāng)句子的主語是動作的執(zhí)行者時,謂語的形式用主動語態(tài)；當(dāng)句子的主語是動作的承受者時，謂語要用被動語態(tài)。被動語態(tài)由助動詞“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，時態(tài)通過 be 表現(xiàn)出來。,動詞的語態(tài),2. 一些特殊的被動結(jié)構(gòu)： 1) 短語動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)：用于這類被動結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動詞要作為整體看待，即要把它們看作單字及物動詞。例如： The baby is looked after carefully. 有些動詞形式上是主動結(jié)構(gòu)，但表示被動的意思: 具有及物意義的不及物動詞的被動意義 在主語是物的句子里，有些動詞的主動形式可以表示被動意義。常用的這類動詞有sell, read, feel, write, wear, wash, open, clean, cook, keep, cut, fill, blow, measure, lock, run, record, begin, shut 等等。例如： The book sells well. 這本書很暢銷。 Your composition reads well. 你的作文讀起來很不錯。 This pen writes smoothly. 這支鋼筆好用。,動詞的語態(tài), 動名詞主動形式表示被動意義 通常是物作 want, need, require 等動詞的主語時（也可以是人）表示事物（或人）客觀上需要，用動名詞一般式的主動形式作賓語表示被動意義。例如： The classroom wants/needs/requires cleaning. 教室需要打掃。 這種用法的動名詞改用不定式一般式的被動形式后也可表同樣意義。例如： The classroom wants to be cleaned.,Exercises,1. Directions: In this exercise, there are 10 sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.,If you go to the western suburbs of the city, you _ a lot of new buildings. A. will see B. have seen C. see D. are going to see 2. She showed him the photo she _ the day before. A. has taken B. took C. was taking D. had taken 3. They will go to work in the countryside when they _ school next year. A. will leave B. will have leave C. are leaving D. leave,A,D,D,Exercises,4. She told us she had met you in London last year. _ you _her since ? A. Hadmet B. Didsee C. Wouldmeet D. Haveseen 5. I _along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind. A. walked B. had walked C. was walking D. would walk 6. It is said that he _ sent to Australia to improve his English A.would be B.was to be C.has been D. had been 7. By this time next year, we _all the land into rice fields. A. had turned B. will have turned C. have turned D. have been turning,D,C,C,B,Exercises,8. Thousands of people took part in the work when the Three Gorges project (三峽工程) _. A. would be built B. was building C. was being built D. had been built 9. This sick man _to a hospital right away. A. must be sent B. will send C. ought be sent D. must send 10. Do you know when the Chinese Communist Party _? A. is found B. found C. has been founded D. was founded,C,A,D,Exercises,2. Directions: There is a blank and a verb (or verbal phrase) given in the brackets in each of the following sentences. Fill in the blank with the verb or verbal phrase in its proper form.,1. The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she_ (leave) in the office. 2. It is said that the new building that _ (build) now will be used for teaching. 3. Just a few years ago, tomatoes _ (believe) to have magical powers, making people who ate them fall in love.,had left,is being built,were believed,Exercises,4. By the coming end of the term, we _(learn) twenty passages. 5. “What are you doing now?” “I_ (prepare) my lessons for the final exam.” 6. Needless to say, the second list of words _ (can, remember) more easily than the first one. 7. In the old days, the children _ (take good care of) by the mother because she did not work outside the house.,will have learned,am preparing,can be remembered,were taken good care of,8. The waiter soon _ (bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook his head. 9. My father went to Shanghai in 1988 and he _ (work) there ever since. 10. John said that the car _(make) long before his mother was born.,brought,has been working /has worked,had been made,Exercises,Exercises,3. Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one underlined part which is incorrectly used. Please put it right in a proper form.,1. We usually spent_ ten minutes doing fast-reading exercises in class. 2. We hoped you will provide_ us with some information needed