外文翻譯--汽車電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)發(fā)展綜述

附 錄 A 外文文獻(xiàn) Overview ofDevelopment on Vehicle EPS System Abstract The currentdevelopment of an electric power steering(EPS) system in an automobile is explicated. The structure, types and characteristics of electric power steering system are introduced. The modeling technologies for electric power steering system and control strategies are analyzed and compared. The development trend of electric power steering system in an automobile is also discussed. It is pointed that the electric power steering technology is one orientation ofpower steering technologies in the future, and whichwill occupy a predominantposition in power steering field. Key words:Automobile； Electric power steering system； Development trend 1 EPS system types and characteristics 1.1 EPS system classification The early development of EPS system is low in steering type car。 Present 4 types of EPS system are based on rack-and pinion steering system,The installation position according to power motors can be divided into different:Type booster steering、 Small gear power type、 Double small gear power type and Rack power type。 The steering the instrumentality of motor power type EPS installed in the steering,Motor power torque through increased after worm worm gear deceleration in the steering directly added twist。 Its advantage is motor can be installed in any position hacking,Relative to other several types minimum cost；The drawback to motor torque ripple effects of driver feel bigger。 The drawback to motor torque ripple effects of driver feel bigger,The instrumentality of torque motor added in small gear axle directly。Advantage: rigid, steering road to feel strong。 Double pinion steering rack boosts type EPS are installed on two small gear, A small gear and steering plate connected, power motors through another pinion and rack meshing, provide power for rack. Advantage: can provide relatively large pow. 1.2 EPS system merit EPS system and the traditional hydraulic power steering system has the following advantages compared （ 1)EPS in various riding condition can provides the best efforts。 In the car or parking at Treasury and low-speed steering provide enough power for the driver， In high-speed steering made drivers have good road feeling， And reduce caused by pavement of rough disturbance of steering system ， Improving auto steering characteristics。 （ 2） Improve the car fuel economy， Urban conditions can improve fuel economy. (3) the average 5%, saving fuel 3. EPS system only when the vehicle steering only provide power, Unlike traditional hydraulic power steering system even in dont turn,Pumps have been running. （ 3） EPS system structure is compact, parts, convenient in installation and smaller number to assemble, enhanced the labor productivity due to tell the packed in engine pulleys and oil pump, set aside of the space can be used to install other parts of FIAT Punto production company adopted DELPHI company developed the electric power steering system, loading time reduced around 80 percent. （ 4） EPS system cancelled hydraulic loop, there is no oil leakage and oil leakage problem, reduce the pollution to the environment, and save a lot of steering oil. （ 5） EPS system has the function of self diagnosis, convenient in maintenance and maintenance. （ 6 ） EPS system has good low temperature performance, even in 40 environment, EPS system also can work very well, has higher reliability and safety. （ 7） EPS systems biggest advantage is the performance of the whole system can not changing the system structure of the cases, by changing the system control strategy of programming realize, in order to meet different models and different driving feel the need, greatly reduced the development cost and improve the efficiency of development. 2 EPS System Key Components EPS system key components Angle sensor are mainly torque sensor speed preach 2.1 Corner Sorque Sensor Sensors for real-time detection of steering Angle rotation direction and steering disk disk position， The torque sensor for real-time detection steering dish torque size，And will signal transmission to EPS system of electronic control unit (ECU)。 Corner the torque sensor precision problem decided the electric power steering system performance and reliability， Accelerate development research performance reliable, low-cost corner torque sensor is very important， The cost of the sensor is restricted by the electric power steering system one of the main factors market. 2.2 Speed Sensor The wheel speed sensors used to measure the size of the average speed speed sensor using electromagnetic induction sensor installation on the sensor in gearbox according to the change, the main speed pulse vice two system signals to ECU, because this was two system, therefore the signal reliability improved 2.3 Power Motors Power motors is EPS system actuators, and help motor characteristics directly affect the EPS system to control the ease or drivers handle EPS system for power motors are basic requirements of the high reliability should be, big power, low noise and vibration, low friction torque, small volume and weight； Can turn in blocking next output torque； good mechanical properties, in the process of operation, as far as possible to small torque ripple； The small inertia should as far as possible； Should be able to fast reverse current EPS system the instrumentality of permanent magnet dc motor are usually motive brushless dc motor and switched reluctance motor dc have brush motor mature technology, controller, low cost, but simple existing wear easily power dense brush Spark, need not often maintenance and high efficiency and power density under。 Therefore, suitable for the development of the EPS systems used low cost high power density of brushless dc motor is the future research direction of electric motor booster. 2.4 Reducing Gear Its and motor is linked together, up slow increase twist of the deceleration agencies role EPS system often adopted worm and worm wheel mechanism circulating ball screw nut planetary gear agencies to ensure that EPS system only in a predetermined speed range role, some EPS system also with clutch when speed up to a certain value, clutch, motor stopped working, steering system. 2.5 Electric Power Steering Electronic control unit (ECU) function is based on steering Angle torque and speed of the disk, logical analysis and signal, issue commands to calculate, control the action in addition, boosts motor has a safety protection and self ECU diagnose function ECU through gather current generator voltage engine conditions signal judge its system working condition is normal, once. 3 EPS System Research Situation 3. 1 EPS System Development Situation EPS system was first by Japanese suzuki motor company in 1988 February development, Cervo small cars in the equipment installed in the Alto, then in 1993, Honda motor company is the worlds first put EPS as standard equipment configuration in advanced sports car AcuraNSX, Japan automobile manufacturers then the Mira and mitsubishis wrath Minica correspondingly installed EPS system since then, electric power to turn Booster motor,The two companies are about 70% models adopted the steering power type EPS starting and GM chose TRW company offers of a transitional technology, including electric hydraulic steering technology,Volkswagen is in its PQ35 was used on the platform of the complex ZF provide double small gear power type EPS. In a foreign country, EPS system application range is from original mini on commercial to limousines MPV, booster forms from low speed range booster type to full speed range booster type direction. At present domestic to EPS system research, mainly on the hacking power type with mini car carry EPS system on EPS of university basically has: study of tsinghua university, Beijing university of science and technology, huazhong university of science and technology university in Beijing university of tianjin university of hefei technical university of jiangsu automobile industry of hubei province, wuhan university of technology, college guangzhou Honda flying across SiDi, changhe plough is the earliest equipment models, EPS EPS system makes these cars became the highlight of participates in the market competition. 4 Conclusion EPS systems involve the sensor technology microelectronics control modern control theory and the traditional mechanical design, EPS to represent the future car power steering technology development direction, will serve as a standard accessories one of the bus, and equipment in power steering field is the dominant so EPS is very wide application prospect, our country is necessary to increase investment on research and development. 附 錄 B 中文譯文 汽車電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)發(fā)展綜述 摘要 綜述了國內(nèi)外汽車電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向 (EPS)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 ,介紹了電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)、類型及其特點(diǎn)。分析對(duì)比了國內(nèi)外電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)建模及控制策略 ,展望了電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ,指出電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)代表未來汽車動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向之一 ,并將在動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向領(lǐng)域占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位。 關(guān)鍵詞 :汽車 ；電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng) ；發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 1 EPS 系統(tǒng)的類型與特點(diǎn) 1. 1 EPS 系統(tǒng)的分類 早期開發(fā)的 EPS系統(tǒng)都是低速、駐車轉(zhuǎn)向助力型。目前現(xiàn)有的 4種類型的 EPS系統(tǒng)都是基于齒輪齒條轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的 ,按照助力電動(dòng)機(jī)的安裝位置不同可以分為 :轉(zhuǎn)向柱助力型、小齒輪助力型、雙小齒輪助力型和齒條助力型。轉(zhuǎn)向柱助力型 EPS的助力電動(dòng)機(jī)安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向柱上 ,電動(dòng)機(jī)助力轉(zhuǎn)矩通過蝸桿蝸輪減速增扭后直接加在轉(zhuǎn)向柱上。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是電動(dòng)機(jī)可以安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向柱的任何位置 ,成本相對(duì)其他幾種類型最低 ；缺點(diǎn)對(duì)電動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩波動(dòng)對(duì)駕駛員手感影響較大。小齒輪助力型 EPS的助力電動(dòng)機(jī)通過小齒輪與齒條嚙合 ,電動(dòng)機(jī)的助力轉(zhuǎn)矩直接加在小齒輪軸上。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是 :剛性好 ,轉(zhuǎn)向路感強(qiáng)。雙小齒輪助力型 EPS的轉(zhuǎn)向齒條上安裝有兩個(gè)小齒輪 ,一個(gè)小齒輪與轉(zhuǎn)向盤相連 ,助力電動(dòng)機(jī)通過另外一個(gè)小齒輪與齒條嚙合 ,為齒條提供助力。優(yōu)點(diǎn)是 :可以提供相對(duì)較大的助力。 1. 2 EPS 系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn) EPS系統(tǒng)與傳統(tǒng)的液壓動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)相比有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn) : （ 1)EPS能在各種行駛工況下提供最佳助力。在駐車或停車入庫以及低速轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)為駕駛員提供足夠的助力 ,在高速轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)使駕駛員有良好的 “ 路感 ”, 并減小由路面不平所引起的對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的擾動(dòng) ,改善汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向特性。 （ 2)提高了汽車的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性 ,城市工況下燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性可以提高 3. 5%,平均節(jié)省燃油 3%。 EPS系統(tǒng)僅在汽車轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí)才提供助力 ,不像傳統(tǒng)的液壓動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)即使在不轉(zhuǎn)向時(shí) ,油泵也一直運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 （ 3)EPS系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊 ,零件數(shù)量較少 ,便于安裝和裝配 ,提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。由于省去了裝于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的皮帶輪和油泵 ,留出的空間可以用于安裝其他部件。FIAT公司生產(chǎn)的 Punto采用了 DELPHI公司開發(fā)的電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng) ,裝車時(shí)間減少了 80%左右。 （ 4)EPS系統(tǒng)取消了液壓回路 ,不存在滲油和漏油問題 ,減少了對(duì)環(huán)境的污染 ,同時(shí)又節(jié)省了 大量的轉(zhuǎn)向助力油。 （ 5)EPS系統(tǒng)具有自我診斷的功能 ,便于維修和保養(yǎng)。 （ 6)EPS系統(tǒng)具有良好的低溫工作性能 ,即使在 -40 的環(huán)境下 ,EPS系統(tǒng)也能很好地工作 ,具有更高的可靠性、安全性。 （ 7)EPS系統(tǒng)最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)就是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的性能可以在不改變系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)的情況下 ,通過改變系統(tǒng)的控制策略、編程來實(shí)現(xiàn) ,從而滿足不同的車型和不同的駕駛感覺的需要 ,大大減低了開發(fā)的成本 ,提高了開發(fā)效率。 2 EPS 系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵部件 EPS系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵部件主要有轉(zhuǎn)角傳感器、轉(zhuǎn)矩傳感器、車速傳感器、助力電動(dòng)機(jī)、減速機(jī)構(gòu)和電控制單元 (ECU)等。 2.1 轉(zhuǎn)角、轉(zhuǎn)矩傳感器 轉(zhuǎn)角傳感器用于實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向以及轉(zhuǎn)向盤的位置 ,轉(zhuǎn)矩傳感器用于實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)轉(zhuǎn)向盤轉(zhuǎn)矩大小 ,并將信號(hào)輸送到 EPS系統(tǒng)的電控單元 (ECU)。轉(zhuǎn)角、轉(zhuǎn)矩傳感器的精度問題決定了電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的性能可靠性 ,加速開發(fā)研究性能可靠成本低廉的轉(zhuǎn)角、轉(zhuǎn)矩傳感器十分重要 ,傳感器的成本是制約電動(dòng)助力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)市場(chǎng)化的主要因素之一。 2.2 車速傳感器 車速傳感器用來測(cè)量車速的大小。車速傳感器一般采用電磁感應(yīng)式傳感器 ,安裝在變速箱上。該傳感器根據(jù)車速的變化 ,把主副兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)的脈沖信號(hào)傳送 給ECU,由于是兩個(gè)系統(tǒng) ,因此信號(hào)的可靠性提高了。 2.3 助力電動(dòng)機(jī) 助力電動(dòng)機(jī)是 EPS系統(tǒng)的執(zhí)行元件 ,助力電動(dòng)機(jī)的特性直接影響到 EPS系統(tǒng)控制 的 難易程度和駕駛員的手感。 EPS系統(tǒng)對(duì)助力電動(dòng)機(jī)的基本要求是 :應(yīng)具有高的可靠性 ， 大的功率 ,低噪聲和振動(dòng) ,較低的摩擦轉(zhuǎn)矩 ,較小的體積和重量 ；能夠在堵轉(zhuǎn)下輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩 ；有良好的機(jī)械特性 ,在工作過程中 ,轉(zhuǎn)矩波動(dòng)盡量要小 ；轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量應(yīng)盡可能的小 ；應(yīng)能快速的反轉(zhuǎn)。目前 EPS系統(tǒng)的助力電動(dòng)機(jī)通常有永磁直流電動(dòng)機(jī)、直流無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)和開關(guān)磁阻電動(dòng)機(jī)等。直流有刷電動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)成熟 ,控制器簡單 ,成本低 ,但存在電刷易磨損、功率密度低、由換向器的電火花產(chǎn)生的電磁干擾等缺點(diǎn)。直流無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)采用電子換向 ,減少了換向時(shí)的電火花 ,不需要經(jīng)常維護(hù)以及具有較高的效率和功率密度而受到越來越多的關(guān)注。因此 ,開發(fā)適合 EPS系統(tǒng)使用的低成本、高功率密度的直流無刷電動(dòng)機(jī)是今后助力電動(dòng)機(jī)的研究方向。 2.4 減速機(jī)構(gòu) 其與電動(dòng)機(jī)相連 ,起減速增扭作用。 EPS系統(tǒng)的減速機(jī)構(gòu)常采用蝸輪蝸桿機(jī)構(gòu)、循環(huán)球螺