聯(lián)合國(guó)介紹(英文版).doc

_TheUnited Nations(UN) is anintergovernmental organizationestablished on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffectiveLeague of Nations,(國(guó)際聯(lián)盟) the organization was created following theSecond World Warto prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51member states; there are now 193. TheUN Headquarters（總部）is situated inManhattan,New York Cityand enjoysextraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated inGeneva,NairobiandVienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.1.On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security CouncilFrance, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the USand by a majority of the other 46 signatories.The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council took place in Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London beginning 6 January 1946. The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for United Nations Headquarters, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its sitelike UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobiis designated as international territory.The Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General.1945年4月25日，聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際組織會(huì)議在舊金山召開，50國(guó)政府及諸多非政府機(jī)構(gòu)參與并起草了聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章。1945年10月24日，當(dāng)時(shí)的安理會(huì)五大常任理事國(guó)（法國(guó)、中華民國(guó)、蘇聯(lián)、英國(guó)和美國(guó)）及多數(shù)其他簽署國(guó)（46國(guó)）共同批準(zhǔn)了憲章，聯(lián)合國(guó)正式宣告成立。1946年1月6日，聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)第一次會(huì)議（51個(gè)國(guó)家代表出席）以及安理會(huì)在英國(guó)倫敦的衛(wèi)理公會(huì)中央禮堂舉行。大會(huì)選定紐約作為聯(lián)合國(guó)總部，其設(shè)施于1952年完工。聯(lián)合國(guó)總部同聯(lián)合國(guó)在日內(nèi)瓦、維也納和內(nèi)羅畢的總部一樣，被指定為國(guó)際領(lǐng)土。同時(shí)，大會(huì)還選舉了挪威外相特呂格韋賴伊為第一任聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)。2.The United Nations system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the International Court of Justice.42 A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended operations in 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory.2.1 The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the United Nations. Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called.The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents.The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London and included representatives of 51 nations. When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required. Examples of important questions include recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and budgetary matters. All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)是聯(lián)合國(guó)的主要合議性團(tuán)體，包括聯(lián)合國(guó)的所有會(huì)員國(guó)，每年定期舉行會(huì)議，但緊急會(huì)議亦可以召開54。大會(huì)由一位主席（由成員國(guó)中產(chǎn)生，根據(jù)區(qū)域進(jìn)行輪換）和21位副主席主持55。第一次會(huì)議于1946年1月10日在倫敦西敏衛(wèi)理公會(huì)中央禮堂召開，有51個(gè)國(guó)家的代表參會(huì)10。大會(huì)對(duì)于重要問(wèn)題的投票需要到場(chǎng)且投票的三分之二多數(shù)才能通過(guò)。重要問(wèn)題的例子包括關(guān)于和平和安全的建議、主要機(jī)構(gòu)的選舉、接納、暫停和開除會(huì)員，以及預(yù)算事宜56。其他問(wèn)題則由簡(jiǎn)單多數(shù)決定。每個(gè)國(guó)家只有一票。除預(yù)算事項(xiàng)外，通過(guò)的決議對(duì)于會(huì)員沒(méi)有約束力。大會(huì)可以對(duì)聯(lián)合國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的一切事項(xiàng)提出建議，但關(guān)于和平和安全的事項(xiàng)則屬安全理事會(huì)考量2.2The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the United Nations can only make recommendations to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent membersChina, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United Statesand 10 non-permanent membersArgentina (term ends 2014), Australia (2014), Chad (2015), Chile (2015), Jordan (2015), Lithuania (2015), Luxembourg (2014), Nigeria (2015), Republic of Korea (2014), and Rwanda (2014).59 The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with member states voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis.60 The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.安全理事會(huì)的職責(zé)是維護(hù)國(guó)家之間的和平與安全。聯(lián)合國(guó)的其他主要機(jī)構(gòu)只有對(duì)會(huì)員國(guó)提出“建議”的權(quán)利，而安理會(huì)則有權(quán)提出具有強(qiáng)制性的決議，在憲章第二十五條規(guī)定下，會(huì)員國(guó)必須接受并履行58。安理會(huì)的決議被稱為聯(lián)合國(guó)安全理事會(huì)決議。安理會(huì)由15個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)組成，其中包括5個(gè)常任理事國(guó)中國(guó)、法國(guó)、俄羅斯、英國(guó)和美國(guó)以及10個(gè)非常任理事國(guó)阿根廷（2014年任期結(jié)束）、澳大利亞（2014年）、乍得（2015年）、智利（2015年）、約旦（2015年）、立陶宛（2015年）、盧森堡（2015年）、尼日利亞（2015年）、韓國(guó)（2015年）及盧旺達(dá)（2015年）60。其中五個(gè)常任理事國(guó)對(duì)于聯(lián)合國(guó)決議具有否決權(quán)，因此常任理事國(guó)能夠阻止一項(xiàng)決議的通過(guò)，但無(wú)法阻止討論。十個(gè)非常任理事國(guó)任期兩年，根據(jù)地域分配原則由大會(huì)從成員國(guó)中選出。安理會(huì)的主席每個(gè)月根據(jù)字母順序進(jìn)行輪換。2.3The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide.It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.The Secretary-General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organizations chief administrative officer. The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. the post shall be appointed on the basis of geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states.1聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書處由秘書長(zhǎng)主持，由來(lái)自全球的公務(wù)人員協(xié)助運(yùn)作63。它為聯(lián)合國(guó)機(jī)構(gòu)召開的會(huì)議提供研究、信息和設(shè)施，并根據(jù)安理會(huì)、大會(huì)、經(jīng)社理事會(huì)和其他機(jī)構(gòu)的指示進(jìn)行工作?，F(xiàn)任秘書長(zhǎng)潘基文秘書長(zhǎng)在事實(shí)上是聯(lián)合國(guó)的發(fā)言人和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章，這一職位是這一組織的“行政首長(zhǎng)”。憲章第九十九條規(guī)定秘書長(zhǎng)可將“其認(rèn)為可能威脅國(guó)際和平及安全之任何事件”提請(qǐng)安理會(huì)注意，秘書長(zhǎng)在安理會(huì)（具有否決權(quán)）進(jìn)行推薦之后由大會(huì)進(jìn)行任命68。這一職責(zé)沒(méi)有具體的要求，但如今已形成慣例應(yīng)有一至兩個(gè)五年任期，應(yīng)根據(jù)地區(qū)輪轉(zhuǎn)任命，且不應(yīng)來(lái)自安理會(huì)五大常任理事國(guó)。現(xiàn)任秘書長(zhǎng)為潘基文，他在2007年接替了科菲安南，并在此后獲得連任，將于2016年年底結(jié)束任期.2.4The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.國(guó)際法院（ICJ）位于荷蘭海牙，是聯(lián)合國(guó)的主要司法機(jī)構(gòu)，于1945年根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章建立起來(lái)，并在1946年作為常設(shè)國(guó)際法院的繼承者開始運(yùn)行。國(guó)際法院由15名法官組成，法官任期9年，由大會(huì)任命，必須來(lái)自不同的國(guó)家2.5The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, which are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. The council has one annual meeting in July, held in either New York or Geneva. Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates, ECOSOCs functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations.7475 Owing to its broad mandate of co-ordinating many agencies, ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant.聯(lián)合國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)及社會(huì)理事會(huì)（ECOSOC）在推動(dòng)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)合作及發(fā)展方面對(duì)大會(huì)進(jìn)行協(xié)助。經(jīng)社理事會(huì)有54個(gè)成員國(guó)，由大會(huì)選出，任期三年。主席同樣選舉產(chǎn)生，任期一年，來(lái)自經(jīng)社理事會(huì)中中等或較小的成員國(guó)。理事會(huì)每年7月召開一次會(huì)議，會(huì)議地點(diǎn)在紐約或是日內(nèi)瓦。它的主要職責(zé)是收集信息、為會(huì)員國(guó)提供建議，與專門機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)并提供建議Specialized agenciesThe UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the UN can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties.Some of the best-known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Food and Agriculture Organization, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies. Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through WHO), the avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP), and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by UNHCR).聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章規(guī)定，聯(lián)合國(guó)的主要機(jī)構(gòu)可建立專門機(jī)構(gòu)以履行其職責(zé)。最為人所知的機(jī)構(gòu)包括國(guó)際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)、糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織、聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織、世界銀行以及世界衛(wèi)生組織。聯(lián)合國(guó)通過(guò)這些機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行大部分的人道主義工作，其中包括大規(guī)模疫苗項(xiàng)目（通過(guò)WHO）、防止饑荒和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良（通過(guò)WFP）以及保護(hù)難民（如聯(lián)合國(guó)難民署）。 3.Membership With the addition of South Sudan on 14 July 2011, there are 193 United Nations member states, including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City. In addition, there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over Vatican City) and the State of Palestine.The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their full treaty-making capacity recognised by the Secretariat.2011年7月14日南蘇丹加入之后81，目前聯(lián)合國(guó)總共有193個(gè)會(huì)員國(guó)，包括除梵蒂岡之外所有未受爭(zhēng)議的獨(dú)立國(guó)家. 此外，聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)中還有兩個(gè)非會(huì)員觀察員國(guó)家：圣座（對(duì)梵蒂岡擁有主權(quán)）和巴勒斯坦國(guó)84。庫(kù)克群島和紐埃兩國(guó)皆是同新西蘭自由聯(lián)合的國(guó)家，是多個(gè)聯(lián)合國(guó)專門機(jī)構(gòu)的正式會(huì)員，秘書處承認(rèn)它們的“完全締約能力”4. The Group of 77The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries.The group was founded on 15 June 1964 by the Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 聯(lián)合國(guó)中的七十七國(guó)集團(tuán)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的松散聯(lián)合，目標(biāo)是促進(jìn)其成員的共同經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和提升在聯(lián)合國(guó)中的集體談判能力。該集團(tuán)最初由七十七個(gè)國(guó)家創(chuàng)立，但截至2013年11月其成員國(guó)數(shù)量已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展至133個(gè)。1964年6月15日，在聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議上發(fā)表了七十七個(gè)國(guó)聯(lián)合宣言，正式宣布集團(tuán)成立。5.Languages聯(lián)合國(guó)共有六種用于政府間會(huì)議和檔的官方語(yǔ)言，分別為阿拉伯語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)（文字使用簡(jiǎn)體中文）、英語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)、俄語(yǔ)和西班牙語(yǔ)。秘書處則使用英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)兩種語(yǔ)言為工作語(yǔ)文。英語(yǔ)檔應(yīng)以英式用法和牛津拼寫為準(zhǔn)，漢字應(yīng)以簡(jiǎn)體中文為準(zhǔn)。正體中文在1971年中國(guó)代表權(quán)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移后（從中華民國(guó)到中華人民共和國(guó)）就已被取代。6.FundsThe UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member.7. Objectives7.1 Peacekeeping and sec