如何寫好主題句及發(fā)展段落.doc

,.中間落的寫作技法（一）如何寫出明確的(分)主題句?主旨和主題句: 主旨(thesis statement )針對(duì)整個(gè)文章而言; 而主題句（topic sentence ）針對(duì)段落而言。主旨是對(duì)全文中心思想的總結(jié), 靠全文各個(gè)段落來(lái)支持；而主題句時(shí)對(duì)段落中心思想的概括, 靠整個(gè)段落的內(nèi)容來(lái)發(fā)展。在全篇的層次結(jié)構(gòu)中, 主題句支持主旨，同時(shí)由段內(nèi)其他句子支持。所以主題句對(duì)段落而言要有概括力; 而對(duì)主旨句而言要有體現(xiàn)力。主題句可以出現(xiàn)在段落的任何位置, 甚至可以隱于其間。但是對(duì)于TEM-4考試, 由于時(shí)間、篇幅有限，為使閱卷教師在第一時(shí)間把握主題, 建議大家在文章最顯眼的位置, 以明確的方式提出文章的主題。這里我們想澄清一個(gè)問題, 根據(jù)TEM-4作文指令對(duì)內(nèi)容安排的要的要求，全文的主旨句在開場(chǎng)白提出, 因此第二部分(第二段或第三段)的主題句針對(duì)主旨而言是分主題。如果第二部分只說(shuō)明一個(gè)理由, 則段落只有一個(gè)分主題句; 如果兩個(gè)理由在第二部分出現(xiàn)，那么我們要寫兩個(gè)分主題。文章的發(fā)展模式如下：發(fā)展模式范 例 (提綱形式)第一部分：主旨第二部分：主旨+發(fā)展方法（有兩個(gè)理由）分主題1（理由一）分主題2 （理由二）第三部分：總結(jié)適用情況：通常要求議論或表態(tài)的場(chǎng)合主： I dont think phones will kill letter writing.分： My viewpoint that phones will never kill letter writing lies in the following two aspects.分1: First, letter writing outweighs pones in some embarrassing situation s inconvenient for face-to face communication. 分2：Second, letter writing can not be replaced by phones to record the ever-lasting of emotion. 第一部分：主旨第二部分：分主題=主旨+一個(gè)具體理由第三部分：總結(jié)適用情況：通常要求議論或表態(tài)的場(chǎng)合主：College life differs from middle school life in that I can enjoy more freedom in college.分：My preference for college life mainly lies in that I am much freer to arrange my life and academic study.第一部分：主旨（利弊兩面）第二部分：分主題1分主題2第三部分：總結(jié)適用情況：要求利弊、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)、褒貶兩面論說(shuō)主：Taking a part-time job for a college student can be a blessing and a curse.分1：It can benefit a student in financial independence and ability training.分2：In spite of the advantages of taking a part-time job, without a proper plan, it can influence the students academic study.第一部分：主旨第二部分：主旨+事例第三部分：總結(jié)適用情況：要求以例子、細(xì)節(jié)為主要內(nèi)容的一種方法。主：It is obvious that travel can broaden our mind.分：No one can deny the significance of traveling in broadening our mind. Last winter, I went to TEM-4中, 如何寫出有效的分主題句呢?1. 分主題的結(jié)構(gòu): 分主題=論題+具體觀點(diǎn)(主旨的某一具體體現(xiàn))分主題是對(duì)主旨的發(fā)展。論題規(guī)定了 “段落圍繞什么展開?” 只有把握住這個(gè)大方向, 段落才能做到切題, 不至于跑題。觀點(diǎn)是分主題中至關(guān)重要的部分,它回答了“段落圍繞主題談了什么”, 或“主旨成立的理由是什么?” 例如, 2006年TEM-4命題作文要求就“網(wǎng)上交友是否明智”發(fā)表白己的見解。我們可以得到下面的分論點(diǎn):Making friends online might result in lacking communication with friends in real life. 論題 觀點(diǎn): 網(wǎng)上交友可能讓我們減少和生活中朋友的交流Making friends online may help us enlarge our circle of friends considerably. 論題 觀點(diǎn): 網(wǎng)上交友可以擴(kuò)大朋友圈再如, 1996年的TEM-4的論題為“A Major Advantage / Disadvantage of Advertising on Television”, 我們可以得到如下的分主題。The major advantage of TV advertising lies in its efficiency in message conveyance. 論題 觀點(diǎn): 電視廣告主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)The major disadvantage of TV advertising lies in its negative influence on young children. 論題 觀點(diǎn): 電視廣告主要缺點(diǎn)2. 分主題觀點(diǎn)不可過寬或過窄過于寬泛的觀點(diǎn)難以在200詞的作文或更短的段落里得到充分的闡釋; 過于窄的觀點(diǎn)則難以給作者留下充分的說(shuō)明、論證的余地。例如：關(guān)于吸毒危害性的話題, 我們可以有觀點(diǎn): 吸毒影響家庭生活。但是這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)可以寫成一本或若干本書, 對(duì)于200詞左右的作文顯然是過于寬泛了，我們不妨進(jìn)一步將其局限為: 吸毒影響家里的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況, 吸毒影響家庭和諧, 吸毒影響孩子教育；這樣就變得易于操作了。再如：病例問題分析及變通 (1) Making friends online is helpful. 觀點(diǎn)過于寬泛，應(yīng)該說(shuō)明在什么方面是有益的。Making friends online is helpful in broadening our friends circle.(2) The first reason is that we need to keep a good mood.一個(gè)“need”是不能說(shuō)明其內(nèi)容的，“我們?yōu)槭裁葱枰３忠粋€(gè)好心態(tài)？”是處于對(duì)健康的考慮，還是對(duì)人際關(guān)系的考慮？抑或是出于對(duì)事業(yè)成功等的考慮？一個(gè)好的（分）主題句必須將“要求”具體化，變通之后我們可以得到如下的分主題句。First, we need to keep a good mood to build harmonious interpersonal relationship.We need to keep a good mood, first, to keep us healthy physically and mentally.A good mood, first, is more likely to lead us to success in such a competitive society. (3) Cell phone is very important to our life.讀了這個(gè)句子，我們不知道手機(jī)在生活的哪些方面重要？有多重要？在此分主題中顯得非常含糊不清。我們應(yīng)該做如下變通，得到比較得體的分主題句。Cellphone is a very important way of communication.Cellphone is an important means of entertainment.Cellphone is a new way of getting information. (4) Womans role is more difficult to play than that of man.觀點(diǎn)過于寬泛，男人、女人都不容易，知識(shí)彼此困難的方面不同，應(yīng)將困難方面具體化。Woman is more difficult than man for they have to bear constant physiological troubles.Compared with men, women have to experience more serious dilemma between tiresome housework and competitive job.(5) One of my legs is longer than the other. 觀點(diǎn)過于狹窄,可以發(fā)揮的余地很小。Although one of my legs is two inches longer than the other, technology allows me to function perfectly. 3.分主題要足夠概括分主題要有足夠的概括力是指人們?cè)趂irst, second等表示分論點(diǎn)列舉的銜接詞后,期望看到的是以命題形式出現(xiàn)的論點(diǎn)，而非論證過程（如下面病例1）；也不是詳細(xì)的描寫（如病例2）。病例問題分析(1) My statement of the importance of keeping a good mood is based on the following reasons. First, I know everyone has such an experience that when you are upset or gloomy, you are unwilling to do anything. You become low-spirited in study or work.First顯然是the first reason, 讀者期望是具體的理由, 而作者卻列舉一種現(xiàn)象(每個(gè)人曾有的經(jīng)歷)。這種細(xì)節(jié)不足以擔(dān)當(dāng)分論點(diǎn)的角色。(2) First, a 100 year-old man was reported to do physical exercise everyday. He said that it is sports that make him stay healthy.First 后是較為詳細(xì)的描述,百歲老的長(zhǎng)壽經(jīng)驗(yàn), 它只是論點(diǎn)“鍛煉能人健康”的一個(gè)論據(jù),不足以對(duì)整段落起到概括的作用。4.分主題表達(dá)要充分自信、堅(jiān)定一個(gè)好的(分)主題句應(yīng)該是有力、堅(jiān)定、自信的。直截了當(dāng)?shù)乇砻饔^點(diǎn)，而不用刻意強(qiáng)調(diào)這是“我自己的觀點(diǎn)”, 顯得更加客觀、自信，因此我們要盡量避免使用“I think”、“I believe”等表達(dá)。試著比較下面（分）主題句。（分）主題句分析(1) In this paragraph I will talk about why people go to college.(1) People have many complex reasons for going to college. 和(1)相比.(l)更加直截了當(dāng)明人們上大學(xué)有很多復(fù)雜的原因, 而表明以下原因是客觀存在的, 而不是一己之見。(2) In my opinion, everyone should exercise. (2) Everyone should exercise to reduce stress, maintain a healthy weight, and feel better overall.“每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該鍛煉身體”是不爭(zhēng)事實(shí), 所以(2)中“In my opinion顯得多余: (2)則具體地說(shuō)明我要鍛煉的理由,表現(xiàn)出作者的自信觀點(diǎn)的有力。(3) I think student fees are much too high.(3) Student fees need to be explained and justified.(3)的觀點(diǎn)表現(xiàn)出明顯的主觀性不具有代表性, 并不是所有的人都為學(xué)費(fèi)太高; 但是(3)說(shuō)“應(yīng)該學(xué)費(fèi)做出解釋和說(shuō)明”這暗示著眾人的聲音, 說(shuō)明學(xué)費(fèi)已經(jīng)高到必須公眾以合理的解釋。這樣的觀點(diǎn)顯堅(jiān)定自信。5.分主題表達(dá)要規(guī)范這里要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是: 首先, 分主題要用完整的句子表達(dá);其次, 分主題最好用陳述句表達(dá)。同學(xué)們?cè)趯懛种黝}時(shí)常犯的一個(gè)語(yǔ)言問題是句子片段, 句子片段是由于句子缺省了必要成分后殘缺部分。例如,Why should we keep a good mood under whatever circumstance? First, to be calm enough to make decision. （反意疑問句）The reason for us to keep a good mood under whatever circumstance is that it can help us calm down to make a sensible decision.（陳述句）在這個(gè)段落中, 作者應(yīng)該明確地提出自己的觀點(diǎn), 雖然反意疑問句能表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情, 雙重否定能夠表示充分的肯定，但是它們表達(dá)意義時(shí)常常帶有強(qiáng)烈的主觀情感。最客觀的才是最有說(shuō)服力的，因此我們建議大家用陳述句來(lái)表達(dá)（分）主題。下面這些句子充當(dāng)分主題顯然過于主觀，可以做相應(yīng)的變通。Why shouldnt we keep healthy by doing regular exercise?We should keep healthy by doing regular exercise. No one would doubt the importance of a good mood in keeping a good relationship with others.A good mood is very important in keeping a good relationship with others.、6. 分主題句表達(dá)要兼顧行文的連貫與銜接采用“主旨的重復(fù)或變體+發(fā)展觀點(diǎn)”的方法可以保證分主題句和主旨的呼應(yīng), 以及和其他分主圖局的協(xié)調(diào)，使得文章顯得連貫。如前所述，分主題是對(duì)主旨的發(fā)展, 所以主旨的重復(fù)是必要的。例如, 針對(duì)“The best way to stay healthy”的論題，顯然主旨應(yīng)該是“The best way to stay healthy is sth./to do sth.” 我們可以有如下的寫作提綱：主旨句：保持健康的最佳方法是均衡飲食。分主題：（1）保證營(yíng)養(yǎng)均衡（2）可以美健康兩不誤（3）容易堅(jiān)持根據(jù)提綱，我們可以有如下的分主重復(fù)主旨和變通主旨在加上觀點(diǎn)發(fā)展的方法，可以使讀者感覺穩(wěn)重緊扣主銜接緊湊。The best way to stay healthy is to keep a balanced diet.（主旨）(分主題1) The first reason for a balanced diet as the best way to stay healthy is that it can guarantee us to get all the nutrition our body needs.(分主題2) A balanced diet is the best way to stay healthy also in that you can enjoy the tasty food while staying healthy.(分主題3) We insist on a balanced diet as the best way to stay healthy, also because, compared with other ways, it is easy to be held on. Self-Learning Material and Assignment for Weeks 14判斷下列各句是否可以做分主題句，如有不妥，請(qǐng)說(shuō)明理由。（此題不用做在練習(xí)本上，供大家思考、討論）（1） Because of the various advantages of cellphones, they are now widely use through the world.（2） It is true that the dinning condition here is poor. Generally speaking ,there are tow main problems. （3） Last Sunday, I went to my sisters wedding party.（4） Computer games are harmful to youngsters physically and mentally. （5） Extracurricular activities can develop students sense of cooperation. Assignment 在作文前是同學(xué)在作文前對(duì)cellphone, traveling, cheating in exam, advertisements 等論題所做的頭腦風(fēng)暴聯(lián)系，他們已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了一列的可能聯(lián)想。首先，請(qǐng)你將這些思想劃分出主要類別（有些偏的、內(nèi)容無(wú)法集中的材料除外），然后用一個(gè)詞概括每一內(nèi)容，再給每一類添加一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)模ǚ郑┲黝}句。(1) CellphoneSMS, chat, game, listen to the music, surf the Internet, receive radio program, take photograph, telephone, radiation, waste time, waste money, distract students from study, fast, convenient, fashion, make friends(2) Traveling Destination, book hotel, camera, luggage, money , beautiful scenery, dialect, lake, places of interest, custom , cultural shock, sunset, cultural information, experi