節(jié)水灌溉外文翻譯.doc

本科畢業(yè)（設(shè)計(jì)）論文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯學(xué) 院： 城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)學(xué)院 專業(yè)班級(jí)： 農(nóng)業(yè)水利工程0901班 water-saving irrigation1. existing water-saving irrigation methodsirrigation methods, field water distribution method is how to have been sent to the farms, the irrigation water is evenly distributed to the active layer of the crop root. irrigation water is the means by which to enter the active layer of roots, irrigation methods can be divided into surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation and underground irrigation.1.1 surface irrigationsurface irrigation is an ancient traditional irrigation method, in general, it is as compare whether water-saving basis points. surface irrigation technology are constantly develop and constantly improve, so there are many more water-efficient than traditional surface irrigation technology.1.1.1 new furrow irrigation toolstraditional furrow irrigation with artificial opening from the distribution channel water into the furrow, it is neither accurate and inconvenient, and often cause the field of water loss due to water port leakage countries have already adopted the siphon (for open channel water ) or gate hole pipe (aqueduct) drainage, china has done a number of tests, proven to improve field water utilization rate of 5% to 10%.1.1.2 surge irrigationmodern foreign developed wave chung (groove) border irrigation or intermittent ditch (furrow) irrigation, traffic control into the ditch (furrow) is intermittent water and then put a period of time (a few minutes or tens of minutes) to field stop the water for some time (a few minutes or tens of minutes), and so forth, so that you can make along the ditch (furrow) the length direction of the water distribution is more uniform. fields of water utilization up to 80% to 90%.film hole irrigation (also known as the film hole irrigation)gully, made on the film of water flow in the membrane, crops grow hole to penetrate the land, so that irrigation efficiency is high, generally water-saving 25% to 35%, an increase of 15% to 20%, they do not specifically facilities.1.2 irrigationsprinkler to spray through the air, due to the pressure of the commonly used pressure aqueduct. in general, its obvious advantages irrigation uniformity, less of farmland, save manpower, strong adaptability to the terrain. the main disadvantage is influenced by wind, high investment in equipment. more in our country are the following: fixed pipe sprinkler, the semi-mobile pipeline sprinkler irrigation, a rolling shift sprinkler manifold, when the needle irrigation machine, a large pan spray irrigation machine, grain irrigation machine in microirrigators units and so on.1.3 drip irrigationirrigation water with a small plastic tube directly sent to the the meike crop roots near the water drip out slowly by drippers, a sophisticated irrigation methods, only need water to irrigation can truly only irrigation crop instead of filling the land. and can be a long time in the crop root zone moisture in the optimal state, so to save water and increase production. but its biggest drawback is the dripper out flow orifice is small, the flow rate is low, so serious congestion problems. irrigation water must be carefully filtering and processing. at present, china has only noticed to prevent physical clogging equally serious clogging the biological and chemical clogging problem has not been taken seriously enough. the main way of drip irrigation: fixed-ground drip irrigation, semi-fixed-ground drip irrigation. membrane under irrigation, drip irrigation and other underground.1.4micro-sprinkler irrigationsome places called mist irrigation, and drip irrigation similar too easy just to overcome the dripper disadvantage of clogging the drippers to micro sprinklers, micro-sprinkler flow orifice large, large number of traffic flow rate faster unlike drippers so easy to plug, but the traffic has increased, capillary accordingly should bold some 1 to 2 micro sprinklers installed in every crop or tree usually can meet the needs of irrigation. micro nozzle still clogged filtration problems, and therefore should be given adequate attention, the cost per hectare is similar to fixed-drip irrigation. gradually replaced by drip irrigation micro sprinkler irrigation in a foreign country. especially suitable for irrigated orchards.1.5 subsurface irrigationsimilar to the subsurface irrigation and underground drip, just the dripper all buried in the underground seepage head instead, the seepage head of water unlike drippers as drop by drop outflow, but slowly seepage, such seepage head is not easy soil particles and root blockage. recently introduced in a foreign country using waste tires processed into porous percolation pipe, and the pilot of a small area, but the clogging of the micropores seepage pipe is a serious problem, without the test to test for a long time should not be hastily promotion.1.6underground irrigationthe underground irrigation irrigation is a method to control the water table. to irrigation groundwater table elevation to the water can enter the height of the root activity layers, the ground remains dry, so very provincial water, no irrigation, groundwater levels drop down. the limitations of this approach, only the root activity layers impermeable layer caixing.2. select the factors that affect water-saving irrigation methods2.1 weather conditionschina from the southeast coast to the inland northwest, generally divided into sub-humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid and arid regions, with dryness incremental, the dependence of crop irrigation is incremented accordingly. humid regions for many years the average annual rainfall is greater than the cultivation of dry crops in the field water consumption, water resources total more than just a lack of precipitation in the dry season and drought years, supplemental irrigation is required; semi-humid areas average annual rainfall is basically in line with planting drought crop water demand, but due to the uneven distribution of precipitation, dry years and dry season water shortages more; semi-arid areas average annual rainfall can not meet the crop water requirements, if there is no irrigation, agricultural production is very unstable, such areas such as irrigation, wasteland farming, the destruction of natural vegetation, can easily cause desertification; rainfall is scarce in arid regions, irrigation agriculture, water scarcity of such areas, river runoff from the alpine rain and snow melt water, industry and agriculture not only depend on the development and survival of the natural vegetation along the river channel near river water for irrigation, and therefore reference, must take into account the natural ecological water. 2.2 the topography and hydrogeological conditionstopography and hydrogeological conditions affecting the natural distribution of rainwater, will also affect the pattern of water-saving irrigation. ground on steep mountain hilly area prone to soil erosion and drought, water-saving irrigation to adopt comprehensive measures. cultivation technology and terracing, field ridges through agricultural consumption, reduce the sloping soil erosion and soil evaporation; gullies on the construction of embankments, or in suitable locations for the construction of water cellars, storing runoff solve drinking water and a small area irrigation water; repair reservoirs in the gullies and tributaries, centralized control runoff diversion project isolated tangba communication, formation of chodo jiegua-irrigation systems, improve rain water utilization and irrigation water to ensure rate.2.3 the use of surface water resources conditionsplain areas and open mountain basin, water conditions were better, but different parts have significant differences. piedmont sloping plain terrain slope, coarse sediment, runoff smooth, rich groundwater recharge, water quality, is conducive to the development and utilization. slowing the central plains terrain slope sediments thinning increased level surface several times due to river flood diversion, post depression to staggered, affect runoff excretion increased groundwater salinity under arid climatic conditions, soil there will be varying degrees of salinization phenomenon. the plains lower part of the lakeside and coastal area, low and flat, the soil is heavy clay, surface and underground runoff, poor drainage, arid climatic conditions, high salinity of groundwater development and utilization of difficulties, serious soil salinization. this region in the river downstream, dry season, the rivers and the rainy season is threatened by the flood, so building large and medium-sized irrigation and well irrigation area in the plains area, due to the different parts of which the landforms, water conditions and accompanying drought waterlogging, salinity and other disasters also vary from place to place.2.4 specific plantingfruit trees, irrigation quota vary according to the type of fruit trees, varieties and rootstock characteristics, age size. drought-tolerant tree species, such as jujube, chestnut and rootstock species with lower water requirements the irrigation quota can be as small; poor drought tolerance of species, such as grapes, apples, pears, irrigation quota should be larger. the saplings should be less irrigation, the results of fruit trees can be more than irrigation. saudi orchards should small water more than irrigation. saline land orchard irrigation should be noted that the groundwater level, in order to prevent the return of salt, returned to base. generally into one of the most suitable age fruit trees irrigation, soil moisture completely wet fruit tree roots within appropriate. under the conditions of use of water-saving irrigation methods, irrigation to reach a depth of 0.4-0.5 meters, plenty of water up to 0.8-1.0 meters.to mature vine irrigation, mainly in the grape growing infancy, before and after flowering, berry enlargement period and grapes after harvest period, the general irrigation 5-7 times.節(jié)水灌溉一現(xiàn)有的節(jié)水灌溉方法灌水方法即田間配水方法，就是如何將已送到田頭的灌溉水均勻地分布到作物根系活動(dòng)層中去。按灌溉水是通過(guò)何種途徑進(jìn)入根系活動(dòng)層，灌水方法可分為地面灌溉、噴灌、微灌和地下灌溉。(一)地面灌溉地面灌溉是古老的傳統(tǒng)的灌水方法，一般說(shuō)來(lái)它是作為比較是否節(jié)水的基點(diǎn)。但是地面灌溉技術(shù)也在不斷發(fā)展不斷完善，所以最近也有許多比傳統(tǒng)地面灌溉技術(shù)更節(jié)水的方法。1.新的溝畦灌水工具傳統(tǒng)的溝畦灌水是用人工從配水渠開(kāi)口放水入溝畦，這樣既不準(zhǔn)確又不方便，而且常因放水口滲漏造成水的田間損失，國(guó)外早已采用虹吸管(用于明渠輸水的情況)或閘門(mén)孔管(用于管道輸水的情況)放水，我國(guó)已做了一些試驗(yàn)，證明可提高田間水利用率5%10%。2.波涌灌溉近代國(guó)外又研究出波涌(溝)畦灌或稱間歇溝(畦)灌，就是控制放入溝(畦)的流量是間歇的，向田間放一段時(shí)間(幾分鐘或幾十分鐘)的水然后停止放水一段時(shí)間(幾分鐘或幾十分鐘)，如此反復(fù)，這樣可以使沿溝(畦)長(zhǎng)度方向的水量分布更加均勻。田間水利用率可達(dá)80%90%。3.膜上灌(又稱膜孔灌)在地膜上做成溝狀，水就在膜上流動(dòng)，到作物長(zhǎng)出孔處才滲入土地，這樣灌水效率高，一般可節(jié)水25%35%，增產(chǎn)15%20%，又不要專門(mén)的設(shè)施。(二)噴灌噴灌是通過(guò)空中進(jìn)行噴水，由于需要壓力所以常用壓力管道輸水。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，其明顯的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是灌水均勻，少占耕地，節(jié)省人力，對(duì)地形的適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。主要缺點(diǎn)是受風(fēng)影響大，設(shè)備投資高。在我國(guó)用得較多的有以下幾種：固定管道式噴灌、.半移動(dòng)式管道噴灌、滾移式噴灌支管、時(shí)針式噴灌機(jī)、大型平移噴灌機(jī)、紋盤(pán)式噴灌機(jī)以及中、小型噴灌機(jī)組等。(三)滴灌是用小塑料管將灌溉水直接送到每棵作物根部的附近，水由滴頭慢慢滴出，是一種精密的灌溉方法，只有需要水的地方才灌水，可真正做到只灌作物而不是灌土地。而且可長(zhǎng)時(shí)間使作物根區(qū)的水分處于最優(yōu)狀態(tài)，因此既省水又增產(chǎn)。但其最大缺點(diǎn)就是滴頭出流孔口小，流速低，因此堵塞問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重。對(duì)灌溉水一定要認(rèn)真地進(jìn)行過(guò)濾和處理。目前我國(guó)還都只注意到防止物理堵塞，而同樣嚴(yán)重的生物堵塞和化學(xué)堵塞問(wèn)題尚未引起足夠的重視。滴灌的主要方式有：.固定式地面滴灌、半固定式地面滴灌、.膜下灌、地下滴灌等。(四)微噴灌有的地方稱之為霧灌，與滴灌相似，只是為了克服滴頭太易于堵塞的缺點(diǎn)，將滴頭改為微噴頭，由于微噴頭出流孔口大一些，流量大一些，流速快一些，所以不像滴頭那么容易堵塞，但流量加大了，毛管相應(yīng)也要加粗些，在每棵作物或樹(shù)下裝12個(gè)微噴頭一般即可滿足灌溉的需要。微噴頭仍有堵塞問(wèn)題，因此也要對(duì)過(guò)濾問(wèn)題給予足夠的重視，每公頃造價(jià)與固定式滴灌相仿。在國(guó)外有逐漸以微噴灌取代滴灌的趨勢(shì)。特別適用于灌溉果園。(五)滲灌滲灌與地下的滴灌相似，只是用滲頭代替滴頭全部埋在地下，滲頭的水不像滴頭那樣一滴一滴地流出，而是慢慢的滲流出來(lái)，這樣滲頭不容易被土粒和根系所堵塞。最近在國(guó)外引進(jìn)采用廢輪胎加工成的多孔滲流管，并進(jìn)行小面積試點(diǎn)，但是微孔滲流管的堵塞是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問(wèn)題，未經(jīng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間試驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)不宜貿(mào)然推廣。(六)地下灌溉地下灌溉是用控制地下水位的方法進(jìn)行灌溉。在要灌溉時(shí)把地下水位抬高到水可以進(jìn)入根系活動(dòng)層的高度，地面仍保持干燥，所以非常省水，不灌溉時(shí)把地下水位降下去。這種方法的局限性很大，只有在根系活動(dòng)層下以有不透水層時(shí)才行。二影響節(jié)水灌溉方式選擇的因素(一)氣候條件我國(guó)由東南沿海向西北內(nèi)陸，一般劃分為濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)、半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)、半干旱地區(qū)和干旱地區(qū)，隨著干燥度的遞增，農(nóng)作物對(duì)灌溉的依賴程度也相應(yīng)遞增。濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)多年平均降水量大于種植旱作物的田間耗水量，水資源總量有余，只是在干旱季節(jié)和部分干旱年份降水量不足，需要補(bǔ)充灌溉；半濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)多年平均降水量基本符合種植旱作物的需水量，但由于降水分布不均，干旱年份和干旱季節(jié)缺水較多；半干旱地區(qū)多年平均降水量不能滿足作物需水量，如果沒(méi)有灌溉條件，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)則極不穩(wěn)定，這類地區(qū)如無(wú)灌溉條件，開(kāi)荒種地，破壞自然植被，極易引起土地沙化；干旱地區(qū)降水稀少，沒(méi)有灌溉條件就沒(méi)有農(nóng)業(yè)，這類地區(qū)水源奇缺，河川徑流主要來(lái)自高山降雨和冰雪融水，不僅工農(nóng)業(yè)賴以發(fā)展，而且沿河道附近的自然植被也賴以生存，因此引用河水灌溉，必須顧及自然生態(tài)用水。(二)地形地貌和水文地質(zhì)條件因?yàn)榈匦蔚孛埠退牡刭|(zhì)條件影響雨水的自然分配，所以也會(huì)影響節(jié)水灌溉的模式。如山區(qū)丘陵區(qū)地面坡度陡，易產(chǎn)生水土流失和干旱，因此節(jié)水灌溉要采取綜合措施。一是通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)耗作栽培技術(shù)和修筑梯田、地埂等，減少坡地水土流失和土壤水分蒸發(fā)；二是在沖溝上修筑塘壩，或在適當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)修筑水窖，攔蓄徑流，解決飲水和小面積灌溉用水；三是在大的沖溝和支流上修水庫(kù)，集中控制徑流，通過(guò)引水工程將各個(gè)孤立的塘壩溝通，形成長(zhǎng)藤結(jié)瓜式的灌溉系統(tǒng)，提高雨水利用率和灌溉用水保證率。(三)可利用的地表水資源條件平原地區(qū)和開(kāi)闊的山間盆地，水源條件較好，但不同部位也有顯著差別。山前傾斜平原地形坡度大，沉積物顆粒粗，徑流通暢，地下水補(bǔ)給豐富，水質(zhì)優(yōu)良，有利于開(kāi)發(fā)利用。平原中部地形坡度漸緩，沉積物變細(xì)，層次增多，地表由于河流多次泛濫改道，崗?fù)萁诲e(cuò)，影響徑流排泄，在干旱氣候條件下，地下水礦化度升高，土壤會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同程度的鹽堿化現(xiàn)象。平原下部湖濱和濱海區(qū)，地勢(shì)低平，土質(zhì)粘重，地表和地下徑流排泄不暢，在干旱氣候條件下，地下水礦化度高，開(kāi)發(fā)利用困難，土壤鹽漬化嚴(yán)重。且這一地區(qū)由于位于河道下游，旱季河水?dāng)嗔?，雨季受洪水威脅，因此建設(shè)在平原區(qū)的大中型灌區(qū)和井灌區(qū)，由于所處的地貌部位不同，其水源條件和與之相伴的旱、澇、鹽堿等災(zāi)害也因地而異。(四)具體的種植情況果樹(shù)的灌水定額依果樹(shù)的種類、品種和砧木特性、樹(shù)齡大小而有所不同。耐旱樹(shù)種，如棗樹(shù)、板栗等及砧木是水分要求較低的樹(shù)種，灌水定額可以小一些；耐旱性較差的樹(shù)種，如葡萄、蘋(píng)果、梨等，灌水定額應(yīng)大一些。幼樹(shù)應(yīng)少灌水，結(jié)果果樹(shù)可多灌水。沙地果園，宜小水多灌。鹽堿地果園灌水應(yīng)注意地下水位，以防止返鹽、返堿。一般成齡果樹(shù)一次最適宜的灌水量，以水分完全濕潤(rùn)果樹(shù)根系范圍內(nèi)的土層為宜。在采用節(jié)水灌溉方法的條件下，要達(dá)到的灌溉深度為米，水源充足時(shí)可達(dá)米。給成齡葡萄樹(shù)灌水，主要是在葡萄生長(zhǎng)的萌芽期、花期前后、漿果膨大期和葡萄采收后的4個(gè)時(shí)期，一般灌水57次。內(nèi)部資料僅供參考9jwkffwvg#tym*jg&6a*cz7h$dq8kqqfhvzfedswsyxty#&qa9wkxfyeq!djs#xuyup2knxp6x4ngpp$vstt#ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tngk8!z89amywpazadnu#kn&muwfa5uxgjqv$ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tngk8!z89amywpazadnu#kn&muwfa5uxy7jnd6ywrrwwcvr9cpbk!zn%mz849gxgjqv$ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tngk8!z89amue9aqgn8xp$r#͑gxgjqv$ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tngk8!z89amywpazadnu#kn&muwfa5uxy7jnd6ywrrwwcvr9cpbk!zn%mz849gxgjqv$ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tngk8!z89amywpazadnu#kn&muwfa5uxgjqv$ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tngk8!z89amywpazadnu#kn&muwfa5uxy7jnd6ywrrwwcvr9cpbk!zn%mz849gxgjqv$ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tngk8!z8vg#tym*jg&6a*cz7h$dq8kqqfhvzfedswsyxty#&qa9wkxfyeq!djs#xuyup2knxprwxma&ue9aqgn8xp$r#͑gxgjqv$ue9wewz#qcue%&qypeh5pdx2zvkum>xrm6x4ngpp$vstt#&ksv*3tng 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