感染相關(guān)英文詞匯-15.7 曲霉感染.docx

醫(yī)學(xué)英文詞匯小結(jié)-INFECTION15.7感染相關(guān)英文詞匯小結(jié)真菌感染（15.7曲霉感染）81. Aspergillosis曲霉?。ㄓ汕箤僬婢鸬膫魅静?，多見于鳥類）2. collective term集合名詞3. any one of 35 pathogenic and allergenic species of Aspergillus由曲霉菌屬中約35個致病、致敏的菌種引起4. grow at 37C can cause invasive infection在37C生長的曲霉可造成侵襲性感染5. A. fumigatus煙曲霉6. chronic aspergillosis慢性曲霉菌病7. A. flavus黃曲霉8. cutaneous infections and keratitis皮膚感染及角膜炎9. A. niger黑曲霉10. colonizes the respiratory tract and causes external otitis定植于呼吸道，還可造成外耳炎11. A. terreus 土曲霉12. with a poor prognosis預(yù)后不良13. A. nidulans 構(gòu)巢曲霉14. chronic granulomatous disease慢性肉芽腫病15. decomposing plant materials腐敗的植物16. compost堆肥17. hyaline (nonpigmented)透明的（無色素的）18. septate有隔膜的19. branching mold分枝霉菌20. conidia (spores)孢子21. mycelial growth菌絲生長22. indoor and outdoor air室內(nèi)外空間均有23. Daily exposures vary from a few to many millions of conidia每日接觸的孢子可有數(shù)個至百萬不等24. hay barns谷倉25. dusty environments骯臟的環(huán)境26.The required size of the infecting inoculum is uncertain;致病所需菌種數(shù)量不明確27.intense exposures (e.g., during construction work, handling of moldy bark or hay, or composting)大量攝入（如：在建筑工地，接觸并操作長霉木材干柴，堆肥）28. healthy immunocompetent individuals免疫功能正常的健康人29. Allergic syndromes may be exacerbated by continuous antigenic exposure arising from sinus or airway colonization or from nail infection由竇道、呼吸道定植或指甲接觸導(dǎo)致的長期抗原接觸可加重過敏癥狀30.High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration高效微?？諝膺^濾31. protective against infection防止感染32. monitored for efficiency隨時監(jiān)測（HEPA）的效率33.The incubation period of invasive aspergillosis after exposure is highly variable, extending in documented cases from 2 to 90 days致病菌大量暴露后，侵襲性曲霉病的潛伏期長短不一，從已有記錄的病例來看，最短2天，最長90天34. Thus community-acquired acquisition of an infecting strain frequently manifests as invasive infection during hospitalization,although nosocomial acquisition is also common.因此，社區(qū)獲得性感染菌可能是早期入院期間獲得的感染，雖然社會獲得的可能性也存在35. a contaminated air source污染的空氣36. The primary risk factors最主要的風(fēng)險因素37. profound neutropenia and glucocorticoid use嚴(yán)重的粒細(xì)胞缺乏或糖皮質(zhì)激素使用38. risk increases with longer duration of these conditions隨著上述情況時間的延長，風(fēng)險升高39. neutrophil and/or phagocyte dysfunction中性粒細(xì)胞和/或巨噬細(xì)胞功能不全40. relapsed leukemia復(fù)發(fā)的白血病41.temporary abrogation of protective responses as a result of glucocorticoid use or a general anti-inflammatory state is a significant risk factor由于使用糖皮質(zhì)激素或處于抗炎狀態(tài)，使得機(jī)體保護(hù)反應(yīng)暫時缺失，是（曲霉病）的危險因素42. prior pulmonary disease既往肺部疾病43. sinusitis鼻竇炎44. Antitumor necrosis factor therapy also carries an increased risk of infection抗腫瘤壞死因子的治療也回提升感染的風(fēng)險45. underlying pulmonary disease基礎(chǔ)肺部疾病46. tuberculosis結(jié)核46. sarcoidosis結(jié)節(jié)病47.Glucocorticoids accelerate disease progression糖皮質(zhì)激素加速病程進(jìn)展48. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)變應(yīng)性支氣管肺曲菌病49. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis侵襲性肺曲霉病50. Invasive aspergillosis is arbitrarily divided into acute and subacute forms that have courses of 1 month and 13 months, respectively.侵襲性曲霉病主要分為急性型（病程1000 IU/mL) 血清總IgE升高（通常1000 IU/mL）118. a positive skin-prick test to A. fumigatus extract皮試對煙曲霉陽性119. detection of Aspergillus-specific IgE and IgG (precipitating) antibodies監(jiān)測曲霉特異性IgE和IgG抗體120. Central bronchiectasis is characteristic中心性支氣管擴(kuò)張121. multiple courses of antibiotics that are of only limited benefit多療程抗菌藥物使病人獲益有限122. The histologic hallmark of allergic fungal sinusitis is local eosinophilia and Charcot-Leyden crystals (the breakdown products of eosinophils).過敏性真菌鼻竇炎的典型組織學(xué)特點是局部嗜酸粒細(xì)胞升高以及出現(xiàn)夏科-萊登結(jié)晶（嗜酸粒細(xì)胞的終產(chǎn)物）123. Aspergillus can cause keratitis and otitis externa曲霉可導(dǎo)致角膜炎和外耳炎124. Patients with acute invasive aspergillosis have a relatively heavy load of fungus in the affected organ. Thus culture, molecular diagnosis, antigen detection, and histopathology usually confirm the diagnosis.急性侵襲性曲霉菌病通常在受累器官真菌負(fù)荷較重，因此，細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)，分子診斷，抗體檢測以及組織病理學(xué)證據(jù)均可明確診斷125. However, the pace of progression leaves only a narrow window for making the diagnosis without losing the patient, and some invasive procedures are not possible because of coagulopathy, respiratory compromise, and other factors但是，疾病進(jìn)展迅速，留給醫(yī)師確診及制定治療方案的時間有限。某些情況下，由于合并凝血障礙，呼吸系統(tǒng)損傷，決策時間更為緊迫126. Aspergillus hyphae are hyaline, narrow, and septate, with branching at 45曲霉菌素為透明的，狹長的，具有膈膜分離的，分叉角度為45127. Hyphae can be seen in cytology or microscopy preparations, which therefore provide a rapid means of presumptive diagnosis菌絲在細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查或顯微鏡下可見，可以快速指導(dǎo)診斷128. Bacterial agar is less sensitive than fungal media for culture真菌培養(yǎng)基比細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)基更為敏感129. Culture may be falsely positive (e.g., in patients whose airways are colonized by Aspergillus) or falsely negative真菌培養(yǎng)存在假陽性（如氣道內(nèi)定植）或假陰性130. Molecular diagnostic techniques are faster and much more sensitive than culture of respiratory samples and blood分子診斷優(yōu)于呼吸道標(biāo)本及血標(biāo)本培養(yǎng)，因為更快且敏感性更高131. The Aspergillus antigen test relies on detection of galactomannan release from Aspergillus spp. during growth曲霉菌抗原是檢測曲霉屬真菌在生長過程中釋放的半乳甘露聚糖132. positive results usually precede clinical or radiologic features by several days陽性結(jié)果早于臨床表現(xiàn)及影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)若干天133. Antigen testing may be falsely positive in patients receiving certain -lactam/-lactamase inhibitor antibiotic combinations.某些患者抗原檢測可呈假陽性，如接受某些內(nèi)酰胺/內(nèi)酰胺酶抑制劑的患者134. The sensitivity of antigen detection is reduced by antifungal prophylaxis預(yù)防性抗真菌治療也可是抗原檢測呈現(xiàn)假陽性135. a positive culture of a sample taken directly from an ordinarily sterile site (e.g., a brain abscess)原本無菌體液培養(yǎng)出的陽性菌（如腦膿腫）136. positive results of both histologic testingand culture of a sample taken from an affected organ組織學(xué)檢查陽性以及病灶部位標(biāo)本培養(yǎng)陽性137. ground-glass appearance 毛玻璃樣138. Voriconazole is the preferred agent for invasive aspergillosis侵襲性曲霉菌病首選藥物為伏立康唑139. caspofungin, posaconazole, and lipid-associated amphotericin B are second-line agents卡泊芬凈、泊沙康唑以及兩性霉素B為二線用藥140. Amphotericin B is not active against A. terreus or A. nidulans兩性霉素B對土曲霉、構(gòu)巢曲霉無效141. An infectious disease consultation is advised for patients with invasive disease, given the complexity of management由于治療復(fù)雜，侵襲性曲霉菌病應(yīng)進(jìn)行會診142. It is not clear whether combination therapy for acute invasive aspergillosis is beneficial, but it is widely used for very ill patients and for those with a poor prognosis.雖然聯(lián)合用藥是否能帶來更多獲益尚未達(dá)成共識，但是對于情況不佳及預(yù)后不良的患者，聯(lián)合用藥十分普遍143. The interactions of voriconazole and itraconazole with many drugs must be considered before these agents are prescribed伏立康唑、伊曲康唑藥物相互作用較多，臨床使用應(yīng)注意144. many authorities recommend monitoring to ensure that drug concentrations are adequate but not excessive推薦應(yīng)用TDM以防止藥物過量145. The duration of therapy for invasive aspergillosis varies from 3 months to several years, depending on the patients immune status and response to therapy.根據(jù)患者免疫功能情況以及對治療的反應(yīng)，侵襲性曲霉病的治療療程可由3個月至數(shù)年不等146. Itraconazole is the preferred oral agent for chronic and allergic forms of aspergillosis.伊曲康唑口服是慢性及過敏性曲霉菌病的首選用藥147. An itraconazole dose of 200 mg twice daily is recommended, with monitoring of drug concentrations in the blood伊曲康唑推薦劑量200mg,bid，需檢測血藥濃度148. Chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis probably requires life-long therapy, whereas the duration of treatment for other forms of chronic a