英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)串講2.doc

第五章：Word Meaning The meanings ofMeaning 指的是哪三個(gè)層次的內(nèi)容?意義中的含義的三個(gè)層次的劃分:What are the meanings of Meaning?1) Reference (有reference 的詞必然具有sense, 也必然具有Concept ) 2) Concept( 能夠形成Concept 的詞必然有reference )3) Sense (有sense 的詞未必具有concept , 也未必具有reference)(Conjunction , prepositions, adverbs, 它們都是具有sense 的詞,但是未必具有reference , 也未必具有concept, 例如：if, but, probably : 它們有sense, 但沒(méi)有concept ) What is the relationship between the reference and the thing outside the language?（等同于：What is relationship between sound and form ）答: Arbitrary and conventional 名詞解釋: reference 名詞Concept : 1. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical .They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories.2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind . 3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.4. a concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.重點(diǎn): sense 的名詞解釋?zhuān)篠ense : 1. sense denotes the relationships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.*3. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)重點(diǎn)：What are the type of motivation？1) Onomatopoeic motivation 2) Morphological Motivation 3) Semantic Motivation 4) Etymological Motivation填空:1.some of the words when edited with prefixes and suffixes, it will become another new word, either new in meaning or new in sense, this motivation is called ( morphological motivation ) 2. Compounds are totally different in the meaning before it was carried out with different elements, so the meaning of a compound can not be deduced from component constituted this compound ,this motivation is called ( morphological motivation )3. pen in old English , refers to the feather, but with the development of technology, fountain was invented , but the name of this material was kept up to this day, people still used the pen to refer to writting tool, this motivation is called (etymological motivation)4. Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning )4.laconic answer (簡(jiǎn)短回答),laconic 的形成是屬于哪一種理?yè)?jù) (etymological motivation)問(wèn)題: pingpong ball , cuckoo 是靠哪一種理?yè)?jù)形成的新詞?答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation 問(wèn)題:at the foot of mountain, the mouth of river, 此時(shí)采用了哪一種理?yè)?jù)構(gòu)成?答案: Semantic movtivation論述題: 1. What are the types of motivation?2. What are the types of meaning? 按大的分支來(lái)分分為: (1)grammatical meaning (2)Lexical meaning分析題:*The dog is chasing a cat, analyze the sentence based on grammatical meaning.Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.(語(yǔ)法意義上分析沒(méi)考過(guò), 但從詞匯意義上分析考過(guò))語(yǔ)法意義指一個(gè)詞的詞性, 句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞? 句子的時(shí)態(tài),單復(fù)數(shù)形式等.1)Dog, cat are nouns, and chase is transitive verb.2) The sentence is used in present continuous tense.3) The dog, a cat are singular form.問(wèn)題:The pen is mightier than sword? 請(qǐng) 從語(yǔ)法意義的角度上分析這句話(huà)?Both pen and sword are nouns. mightier is an adjective, and than is preposition.The sentence is in simple present tense.這是現(xiàn)在時(shí)中采用的哪一種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)?Mightier than is comparative degree.pen and sword are in singular form.The pen is subject, and sword functions as an object to preposition than.mightier is predictive.重點(diǎn)名詞解釋: Conceptual meaning:1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. 2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communiation as the same word has the same conceptual meaing to all the speakers of the same language.*Associative meaning :(一定要把它的四種分支答上)1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated.3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.問(wèn)題: Connotative meaning is not the same to everybody, every situation and every time, analyze the statement?答案: e.g. A child is prejudiced against, often jeered at, beaten or scolded at home, then home to his is nothing but a hell, hence unfavourable connotatitions, 問(wèn)題: 某些貶義詞是不是任何時(shí)候都是貶義詞？答案：e.g. A phrase like son of a 娃哈哈 which normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey the connotation of friendliness and intimacy used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time.問(wèn)題:Stylistic meaning 根據(jù)字典上的劃分有幾種劃分?根據(jù)The Five Clocks 劃分,有幾種劃分?答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang.Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality: frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate.問(wèn)題:在日常生活中,人們把文體只簡(jiǎn)單地劃分為哪三類(lèi)?答案:1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal注意:要把書(shū)中89頁(yè)中例子2223分析要記好.在情感意義affective meaning, 考試往往要落腳在affective meaning 的兩個(gè)分類(lèi):(年年affective meaning 例子都考)(1) appreciative meaning (2) pejorative meaning Collocative meaning 中的例子要記好: pretty , handsome Green 搭配的例子記好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster. 復(fù)習(xí):問(wèn)題: Blackmail 從發(fā)音的角度被劃分成什么詞,從理?yè)?jù)的角度被劃分成什么詞?答案:Complex Morphological motivation 問(wèn)題: 有 reference 的詞必然具有sense and concept ( 正確)有sense 的詞一定具有reference.(錯(cuò)誤)The word which have meaning does not have necessarily reference.問(wèn)題: Forget, forgot, forgetting , forgotten , forgets這是從哪一個(gè)角度來(lái)界定這個(gè)詞的分支?答案: Grammatical meaning 問(wèn)題: frozen, formal , consultative, casual and intimate 這五個(gè)詞是總結(jié)了什么的劃分， 是根據(jù)什么的劃分?答案: stylistic meaning , 是根據(jù)The Five Clocks written by Martin Joos.問(wèn)題:But in daily life , we always refer to (formal), (neutral) , (informal).問(wèn)題: Pretty boy, pretty woman , pretty garden, pretty garden , pretty car，請(qǐng)解釋這些詞的意義一樣不一樣？如果不一樣請(qǐng)加以理論分析？答案:Collocative meaning, when pretty is used to modify different nouns both animate and inanimate , their collocative meaning are totally different.問(wèn)題：Table tennis can be replaced by pingpong ball and the name of the bird is also called cuckoo , which can also be reused to refer to the sound of the bird , so their two words are (onomatopoeically) motivated.問(wèn)題：Unexpected, expectation, expecting, these three words are (morphologically) motivated.問(wèn)題： Hopeless, jobless, dislike, 這三個(gè)詞是靠什么motivated. ( morphologically motivated) 問(wèn)題：East or west , home is best and there is no place like home. 這兩話(huà)是使用了什么樣的意義構(gòu)成的？答案: Connotative meaning第六章: Sense Relations and Semantic Field polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五種關(guān)系的名詞解釋要記住）Two Approaches to Polysemy:1) Diachronic approach2) Sychronic approachTwo Processes of Development 1) radiation (1) radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (2) the meaning are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.e.g. face, neck 2) concatenation (1) meaning linking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning . (2) In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost. e.g. treacle 注意： 這兩種模式的名詞解釋照樣要記（這兩種模式只在填空，選擇，出過(guò)題，還沒(méi)有以名詞解釋形式考過(guò)）問(wèn)題：In the linguistic study, what are the sense relations and what are the types of sense relations ?答案: A word which is related to the other words is related to them in sense, so it is called sense semantic relations.types of sense relations : polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五種關(guān)系的名詞解釋要記?。﹩?wèn)題：Fruit 與 apples bananas, pineapples, lychees 是什么語(yǔ)義關(guān)系？答案：Hyponymy?問(wèn)題：Fruit 這一類(lèi)里包含apples, bananas, pineapples, grapes 它們形成了一種什么樣的理論？答案： Semantic field 問(wèn)題：有的時(shí)候在英語(yǔ)中存在著一種語(yǔ)言不共容的現(xiàn)象，那就是反義詞的不共容的現(xiàn)象， 那么這種不能夠相互溶合，這樣的詞在反義詞當(dāng)中被稱(chēng)作什么詞。比如說(shuō)：dead , alive , 它們之間的反義關(guān)系是什么樣的一種關(guān)系？答案：Contradictory terms 它們之間形成的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系被稱(chēng)作antonymy 問(wèn)題：Contradictory terms 有一個(gè)最大的特點(diǎn)是什么？答案：Mutually exclusive and are non-gradable, They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualify them.問(wèn)題：反義詞存在不存在一種包容現(xiàn)象？答案：表明two poles, two extremes，的反義詞，它們之間存在一種包容現(xiàn)象，這種包容現(xiàn)象被稱(chēng)作（Middle ground） e.g. huge / tiny（ 它們之間存在著big , small , quite big, quite small）e.g. young / old 這類(lèi)反義詞被稱(chēng)為(Contrary terms) 問(wèn)題：fast 這個(gè)詞, 它表示緊的概念時(shí), 它 和loose 是一組反義詞，表示快的概念 時(shí)，它和slow 是一組反義詞， 這樣的 一種語(yǔ)義關(guān)系算什么樣的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系？答案： polysemy 問(wèn)題：分析deer , dear 這兩個(gè)詞是什么樣的詞？ 答案：Homophone 重點(diǎn): homonyms 有哪三個(gè)類(lèi)別的劃分？1) perfect homonyms e.g. bank , bear2) homographse.g. bow, sow 3) homophonese.g dear, deerright, write, rite 重點(diǎn)：Origins of Homonyms 1) Change in sound and spelling 2) Borrowing3) Shortening 問(wèn)題：shortening 可以表現(xiàn)在哪些分支結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成上?1) Acronymy 2) Homonymy 3) Narrowing 4) Idioms 重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題：Homonymy 和 Polysemy 的區(qū)別？（ 未考過(guò)）6.2.4 Rhetoric Features of Homonyms e.g. Long time no sea. ( puns ) humor, sarcasm or ridicule重點(diǎn)：名詞解釋 Synonyms Types of Synonyms :1) Absolute synonyms 2) Relative synonyms 重要簡(jiǎn)答題：Sources of Synonyms ( 四大來(lái)源， 配以例子說(shuō)明就可以了) 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions重點(diǎn)：如何區(qū)分同義詞？(Discrimination of Synonyms ) 1) Difference in denotation2) Difference in connotation 3) Difference in application antonymy : 反義關(guān)系要點(diǎn):反義詞的三種類(lèi)別的劃分:What are the different types of antonyms?三種類(lèi)別的名詞解釋都要記:1) Contradictory terms exclusive 特例: they cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like very to qualifythem.e.g. single/ married (有可能放在分析里去論述) 2) contrary terms 關(guān)鍵詞: two poles or extremesmiddle ground e.g. rich / poor (中間還可出現(xiàn)well-to-do)3) Relative terms e.g. parent / child , predecessor/ successor 問(wèn)題: What are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 特例:Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites, e.g. read, hit, house, book, power, magazine. Therefore, in a language, there are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. (這個(gè)特點(diǎn)只適用于polysemous )e.g. fast , dull3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.(這里講的包容性是指一個(gè)反義詞必然包 含著另外一個(gè)反義詞的絕對(duì)的概念)e.g.man/ woman (man 除了指男性,還可以指整個(gè)人類(lèi), woman 算作人類(lèi)的一 部分, 所以woman 也算在man 的范疇內(nèi),因此,woman 被man 所包容) dog / 娃哈哈 ( dog 除了指狗類(lèi)通稱(chēng),還可以指公狗, 娃哈哈是母狗, dog指狗類(lèi)通稱(chēng)的時(shí),娃哈哈是狗的一種,因此我們說(shuō)娃哈哈必然被dog所包容,所以,它們之間存在著Semantic inclusion)(語(yǔ)義上的包容性還沒(méi)有考過(guò)) e.g. tall/short, old /young4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(特例)Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite,(未考過(guò), 重要的選擇或填空內(nèi)容)e.g. happy / unhappy/ sad ( happy/ unhappy 之間的反義關(guān)系是negative, happy/sad 之間的關(guān)系是opposite ) The use of Antonyms (通常用在習(xí)語(yǔ)當(dāng)中)e.g. rain or sine high and low easy come, easy go名詞解釋:Hyponymy (未考過(guò),很重要的概念)Hyponymy : 1) hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. 2)That is to say, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.3) These specific words are known as hyponyms. The general words are the superordinate terms and the more specific ones are subordinate terms. 注意:hyponyms 和 subordinate 都是指下義詞.比如說(shuō):考試給你hammer, saw, spanner這些詞, 然后再給你tool這個(gè)詞, 然后讓你用語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的理論加以分析這組詞?分析: hammer, saw , spanner 都是specific word, 它們和tool 存在的關(guān)系是semantic inclusion , 所以tool 是一個(gè)superordinate , hammer, saw, spanner 屬于subordinate 或者是hyponyms.(用上下義語(yǔ)義關(guān)系進(jìn)行理論分析的題,也是一個(gè)考試的要點(diǎn))hyponymy ( 它與語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)semantic field具有一定的聯(lián)系) 注意: 上義詞與下義詞不是一成不變的, 也不是絕對(duì)的, 是一個(gè)相對(duì)的概念,不同的語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)就存在不同的上下義關(guān)系. 重點(diǎn):Semantic Field (名詞解釋) (未考過(guò)) Semantic Field: 1)The massive word store a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, and others smaller. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. 2) The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense. Therefore, the words of languages can be classified into semantically related sets or fields.3) According to Triers vision of fields, the whole vocabulary can be divided up into fields. 4)Words in each field are semantically related and define one another.注意:答語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)的簡(jiǎn)答題與它的名詞解釋相同.復(fù)習(xí)第六章:問(wèn)題:在反義關(guān)系中, 同一個(gè)詞具有不同的涵義, 因此也就具有了多個(gè)不同的反義詞 ( true or false )問(wèn)題: true e.g. fast, dull 問(wèn)題: 反義詞分為哪三類(lèi):1) Contradictory terms 2) Contrary terms 3) Relative terms 問(wèn)題:可以用形容詞比較級(jí), 可以用程度副詞 加以修飾的反義詞是屬于哪一類(lèi)?答案: Contradictory terms 問(wèn)題: 可以接納一個(gè)Middle ground, 這樣的詞是屬于哪一類(lèi)反義詞? 答案:contrary terms 問(wèn)題: Husband and wife , man and woman 這都是表示性別的反義詞,但是他們屬于同一類(lèi)反義詞的劃分, 對(duì)還是錯(cuò)? 答: 錯(cuò)husband and wife : relative terms man and woman : contradictory terms 問(wèn)題: empty 與 vacant 這兩個(gè)詞都表示空蕩蕩的感覺(jué), empty表示的是修飾容積,容量, 沒(méi)有填充物的空蕩蕩, 而vacant 表示的是一個(gè)not occupied, not taken 所以一般我們說(shuō)沒(méi)有放家具的房間叫做vacant apartment, 而人去樓空的房間叫empty room, 請(qǐng)從同義詞的角度對(duì)這種用法加以分析? (書(shū)111 頁(yè))答案: Differnece in application :Empty, vacant are synonyms, but their collocations are not the same.Empty implies that there is no one or nothing inside while vacant suggests that something or some place is not occupied.問(wèn)題: 反義詞之間存在不存在包容性概念semantic inclusion, 請(qǐng)舉例說(shuō)明?答案: e.g. man / woman , dog/ 娃哈哈 tall/ short, old /young 問(wèn)題:Face 具有不同的它有一個(gè)primary meaning也有很多的derived meanings ,那么,這種基本語(yǔ)義和派生語(yǔ)義體現(xiàn)在face的身上, 是用哪一種方法論研究得出來(lái)的結(jié)果?答案: diachronic approach 像車(chē)輪式一樣進(jìn)行發(fā)展的語(yǔ)義屬于哪一種模式? 舉例說(shuō)明?答案: radiation e.g. face, neck 問(wèn)題:harvest 它的意思是time of cutting, time of harvest, 現(xiàn)在是指yield of grain or food 是哪一種方法論得出的.答案: diachronic approach問(wèn)題:huge/tiny, 這是一組反義詞, 請(qǐng)從反義關(guān)系的角度來(lái)分析這是哪一種類(lèi)型的反義詞,并加以理論的解釋?答案:contrary terms Antonyms of this kind form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belong neither to one pole nor to the other as shown below:huge/very big/big/quite big / medium-sized/ quite small/small/ tiny( 這種分析題目易考)看例子: desk, table, chair, cupboard , 這些詞都算在什么范疇之內(nèi), 加以理論分析?答案: 這些詞都屬于furnature, furnature 是superordinate, desk , table . 是furniture 的subordinate words 或者稱(chēng)作hyponyms ,它們之間形成的relationship is called hyponymy.第七章: Changes in Word Meaning 兩個(gè)大的部分:1. Types of Semantic changes (五種)(1)extensionextension 又被稱(chēng)作generalizatione.g manuscript original meaning handwritting-now any authors writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writerbarn original meaning a place for stroing only barely-now storeroom(2)narrowingnarrowing 又被稱(chēng)作specialization e.g. deer animal-now just deercorn grain-now maizeonlygarage any safe place- a place for storing cars(3) degradationdegradation 又被稱(chēng)作pejoration e.g. boor peasant-now a rude, ill-mannered personchurlpeasant or free man-uncultivated or mean personhussy housewife-a woman of low moralvillain a person who worked in a villa-evil person or scoundrel (4) elevation elevation 又被稱(chēng)作 ameliration e.g. nice ignorance-foolish-now elevated to delight, pleasantmarshal keeper of horses-now means high-ranking army officer constable keeper of horses-now means policeman (5) transfere.g. paper ( p140)the lip of a wound ( associated transfer)purse for money (associated transfer )clear-sounding ( transfer of sensations ) 2.Causes of Changes : 1)extra linguistic factors (1) historical reason a word is retained for a name thogh the meaning has changed because the referent has changed.e.g. pen feather in the past -pen, ball-pens, fountains pensincreased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factors.(2) class reason elevation and degradation(3) Psychological reason The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of wordsReligious influence is another kind of psychological need.e.g. copperhead on p.1432)linguistic factors The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system.Especially when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole. The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning. The competition of native words eventually resulted in the semantic division.語(yǔ)義擴(kuò)大的三個(gè)特例:1)polysemic words of modern English2)technical terms 3)from proper nouns to common words問(wèn)題:由普通變成專(zhuān)有名詞算哪一類(lèi)詞類(lèi)變化模式?答案: Narrowing 問(wèn)題: 詞義縮小有幾個(gè)特例?答案:有三個(gè)特例1) From common words to proper nouns e.g. city - the City pennisular -the Pennisular profit -the Profit 2) shortening3) material nouns 問(wèn)題: 以下的詞的詞義的變化由什么模式造成的:1)lust 最早是指人的一種pleasure快樂(lè),現(xiàn)在是指sexual pleasure, 這種詞義變化屬于哪一種模式?答案: degradation.2)Editorial article 縮寫(xiě)為editor