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語法1,1職稱英語 核心語法第一講職稱英語 核心語法第一講英語基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)(1)英漢句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較:例子1:(選自2008年職稱英語等級考試綜合類C級考題. 閱讀判斷)(1)Petitions(請?jiān)?請?jiān)笗?have long been a part of British political life. (2)Anyone who wanted to change something would(就要)get (獲得)a list(名單) of signatures(簽名) from people who agreed to the idea and either send (送)them to the government(政府) or deliver (遞送)them personally(親自地) to the Prime Ministers house (官邸)in London. 參考譯文:如果有人想改變什么,他就要獲得同他持有相同觀點(diǎn)的人的簽名,然后或者把簽名單送到政府部門, 或者由他親自送到位于倫敦的首相官邸。小結(jié):英語注重句法結(jié)構(gòu),大部分英語句子都有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。 漢語句子注重表意, 漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)是通過意義來密切結(jié)合起來,漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)在構(gòu)成上沒有英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)那么嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。例子2:她走進(jìn)屋子,坐在我的旁邊。she go into room, sit beside me. - she go into room and sit beside me. - She went into room and sat beside me.補(bǔ)充:英語句子嚴(yán)格講求主謂一致性,一致性包括語法形式一致(即主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要與謂語一致),如:She is listening(聽). They are listening(聽). The books are cheap(便宜的).The book is cheap(便宜的). 意義上的一致性(即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致),如:The police (警方)are investigating(調(diào)查). 英語基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)(1)補(bǔ)充:英語句子嚴(yán)格講求主謂一致性,一致性包括語法形式一致(即主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要與謂語一致),如:She is listening(聽). They are listening(聽). The books are cheap(便宜的).The book is cheap(便宜的). 意義上的一致性(即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致),如:The police (警方)are investigating(調(diào)查). 比較:My family has lived (居住)here(這兒) for ten years(年).My family are all tall(高的). 還有就近原則(即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語),如:There is a man(男人/人類) at the door(在門口).There are two people(人) at the door. she go into room, sit beside me. - she go into room and sit beside me. - She went into room and sat beside me. -She went into the room and sat beside me.提示2:充當(dāng)介詞賓語的名詞詞語的前面往往需要帶定冠詞,起限定范圍的作用。 小結(jié):大部分英語句子都有主語和謂語的結(jié)構(gòu)。而相比之下, 漢語注重的是表意 - 漢語中不少句子沒有句子主語,或有些句子的主語不明顯,但句意明確。如: 出太陽了。 真嚇人! 研究得怎么樣了? 去還是不去?由此可見要看懂英語句子就首先必須要識別出英語句子中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。 剛才提到大部分英語句子都有主語和謂語的結(jié)構(gòu), 這是因?yàn)樵谟⒄Z的書面語還可能會出現(xiàn)省略了主語和謂語的省略句結(jié)構(gòu), 而在英語口語中省略句結(jié)構(gòu)更是常常出現(xiàn), 如:I feel better(更好的) than(比)(I was) when he came(來) to see me. 提示3:省略結(jié)構(gòu)的正確理解是職稱英語閱讀題中的常考點(diǎn)之一。How (is it ) about the result(結(jié)果)?英語的祈使句結(jié)構(gòu)是典型的無主語句子結(jié)構(gòu)(祈使句用于表達(dá)命令、請求、勸告、警告、禁止等)。如:Sit down, please.(請坐下 命令)Watch your steps. (走路小心。警告)1.22.1ReviewingNo smoking. 禁止吸煙.No parking. 禁止停車(選自2008年度全國職稱外語等級考試衛(wèi)生類C級試卷)6Anti-Aging(防衰老的) Secrets:Four Ways(方法) to Stay(v. 保持) Young(年輕的)A. Reduce(減少) Stress(壓力)B. Avoid(避免) Isolation(與外界隔絕)C. Adopt(采用) a Positive(積極地) Attitude(態(tài)度) to Life(人生)D. Keep(保持) Your Mind(頭腦) Active(活躍的)E. Maintain(保持) Balance(平衡)F. Accept(承認(rèn)) Failure(失敗)英語句子大多含有主謂結(jié)構(gòu),而一個英語句子到底以什么樣的句子結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)歸根究底可以說就是由句子的謂語動詞所決定, 如:我走向樹林。句子主語謂語動詞賓語我(I/me)Go(走)樹林(the trees)我(I/me)be樹林(the trees)- I went(走) towards(朝.) the trees.主語 謂語 狀語- I was on my way to the trees.主語 系 表語小結(jié):要學(xué)好英語,必須掌握常見動詞的常用詞義和常用法。 英語動詞分為及物和不及物, 英語中絕大多數(shù)的動詞都可以作“vi”或“vt”使用,但是所表達(dá)的語義卻不相同,如:例:He can run very(非常) fast(很快地).比較:He runs a company (公司)in Beijing.同一動詞即使不不同的語境中均用作“vi”或 “vt”,但可能在不同的語境中也會具有不相同的語義,如:同用作及物動詞I saw two people(人) in the room(在房間里).He saw the joke(笑話). 同用作不及物動詞I live in a city(城市). Most people want(想要) to live forever(永遠(yuǎn)). 2.2l 英語的基本句型、主語系動詞表語(SVP)(Ssubject;Vverb;P-predicative)e.g. The flowers(花) are red(紅色的). 主語 系動詞 表語(形容詞) e.g. I am a worker(工人). 主語 系動詞 表語(名詞) e.g. The book(書) is on the table(桌子). 主語 系動詞 表語(介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu))e.g. He looks like his father. 主語 半系動詞 表語(介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu))補(bǔ)充:復(fù)習(xí)中需要掌握的常見半系動詞: Look(看起來好像),seem(似乎), turn(變成),feel(覺得),get(變成),become(變成),sound(聽起來),smell(聞起來), go(變成),remain(仍然(是)比較:The teacher looked at (看)the blackboard(黑板). That dog looks dangerous(危險的). e.g. The truth(真相) is that he is a liar(說謊的人). 主語 系動詞 表語(從句) e.g. What(的) I want to(想要) know(指導(dǎo)) is when(什么時候) you 主語 系動詞 表語will leave for(出發(fā)去.) Beijing? e.g. It is important(重要的) for him to be careful(仔細(xì)的). 主語 系動詞 表語 真正主語提示:形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)也可能使用 “主系表”結(jié)構(gòu)。比較:It is really(真正地) nice(令人愉快的) talking to you. It is really nice having talked to you.2.3、主語謂語(不及物動詞/不及物)(SV)e.g. He has come back. (謂語:不及物動詞 + 副詞)主語 謂語come back: v. 回來, 恢復(fù) e.g. They laughed at him. (謂語:不及物動詞 + 介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)) 主語 謂語laugh at v. 嘲笑, 因.發(fā)笑e.g. He tends to throw the ball too high. (謂語:不及物動詞 + 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)+ 狀語)主語 謂語相關(guān)課堂練習(xí)(選自2008年職稱英語等級考試綜合C考卷): Ways to Reduce Exposure to Air Pollution1 A report published recently brings bad news about air pollutionIt suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1 986 Ukraine nuclear power plant disasterThe report was published by the UKs Royal Commission on Environmental PollutionBut what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot,it turns out(“結(jié)果是”/省略了to be)2 Avoid walking in busy streetsChoose side streets and parks insteadPollution levels can fall (降低)a considerable(相當(dāng)多的) amount(數(shù)量) just by moving a few meters away from (遠(yuǎn)離)the main pollution sourceexhaust furies(廢氣)Also dont walk behind smokersWalk on the windward(頂風(fēng)的)side of the street where exposure of pollutants(污染物)can be 50 percent less than on the downwind(順風(fēng)的)side3 Sitting on the drivers side of a bus can increase your exposure by 1 0 percent,compared with sitting on the side realest the pavementSitting upstairs on a doubledecked(雙層電車)can reduce exposure It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the busAir pollution(空氣污染) on underground trains(地鐵) tends to(往往) be less toxic(有毒的)than(比) that at street level,because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles(粒子)thrown up by wheels hitting the rails,while diesel(柴油機(jī))and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants4 When you are crossing a road,stand well back from the curb(路緣)while(當(dāng).的時候) you wait for(等待) the light(交通等) to change(變化). Every meter really does(的確) count (重要)when you are close to(接近) traffic(車流)As(當(dāng).的時候) the traffic begins(開始) to move(移動),fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference,even though it might sound silly(愚蠢的)5 There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hoursPollution levels(程度) fall(下降) during nighttime(夜間)The time of year also makes a big differencePollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring(春天) and autumn(秋天) when winds (風(fēng))are freshest(新鮮的)Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause(造成) a build-up(堆積) of pollutants(污染物質(zhì))3.1、主語系動詞表語(SVP)相關(guān)課堂練習(xí)(選自2008年職稱英語等級考試綜合C考卷):Petitions(最后一段)There are(有) about 60 million people in Britain(1)So it is understandable(可以理解的) that the government(政府) wants to find out(查明) what people are thinking(思考)(2)But the problem with(關(guān)于.的問題) the e-petition site(站點(diǎn)) seems(似乎) to be that the British people have about 70 million opinions(意見),and want the Prime Minister(首相) to hear(傾聽) all of themPerhaps he could start a petition asking everyone to lust shut up for a while3.2、主語謂語(及物動詞)賓語補(bǔ)足語(SVOC)(C-complement) e.g. We considered(認(rèn)為) him to a top student(優(yōu)等生). 主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語- e.g. He was considered(被認(rèn)為) to a top student(優(yōu)等生). 主語 謂語 主語補(bǔ)足語 e.g. The news(消息) made(使) him very(非常地) happy(高興的). 主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語 “形式賓語結(jié)構(gòu)”e.g. They find(發(fā)現(xiàn)) it difficult(困難的) to answer(回答) the 主語 謂語 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語 真正的賓語question(問題). 提示: 能用于“主語謂語(及物動詞)賓語補(bǔ)足語(形容詞)”結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞不多,典型的有:make: e.g. make(使.處于某種狀態(tài)) me happy(高興的) keep: e.g. keep(使.處于某種狀態(tài)) the trees(樹) alive(活著的) leave: e.g. leave(使.處于某種狀態(tài)) the door(門) open(開著的)通常要求帶to不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:advise(勸告), allow(允許), ask(要求), cause(造成), consider(認(rèn)為), expect(期待), find(發(fā)現(xiàn)), imagine(想象), tell(命令), order(命令), want(希望), wish(希望)等。要求不帶“to”的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞(一般為表示“感覺”或“使役”的動詞)有:feel(覺得), have(使, 讓),get(使), hear(聽見), let(讓), make(使), notice(注意到), see(看見), watch(看)help后面的作賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式帶“to”或不帶“to”都可以, 如:help Mary wash(洗) her clothes(衣服)help Mary to wash her clothes相關(guān)課堂練習(xí)(選自2008年職稱英語等級考試綜合C考卷): Stop Eating Too Much(不要吃得太多) Clean your plate! ”and“ Be a member of the cleanplate club! Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparentOften,its accompanied by an appeal:“Just think about those starving orphans(孤兒)in Africa!”Sure,we should be grateful for every bite of foodUnfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites Instead of staying“clean the plate”,perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow According to news reports,US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies (肚子)A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government;according to a USA Today storyAmericans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that They prefer to have(讓) customers(顧客) complain about(抱怨) too much food(食物) rather than(而不是)too little Barbara Rolls,a nutrition(營養(yǎng))professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA- faddy that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1 970s,the same time that the American waistline(腰圍)began to expand Health experts have tried to get(使) many restaurants(餐館) to serve(供應(yīng)) smaller portions(飯菜的)一份). Now, apparently, some customers are calling for this tooThe restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believed restaurants served portions that were too large;23 percent had no opinion;20 percent disagreedBut a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still prefer large portionsSeventy percent of those earn at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions;but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthyIts just that,after long hours at lowpaying jobs,getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good dealThey live from paycheck(薪金支票)to paycheck,happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents31. Parents in the United States tend to ask their children A. to save food for tomorrow. B. to wash the dishes. C. mottos eat too much. D. not to waste food.32.Why do American restaurants serve large portions? A. Because Americans have big bellies. B. Because Americans associate quantity with value C. Because Americans are good eaters. D. Because Americans are too weak.33. What happened in the 1970s? A. The US government(政府) called on(號召) its people(人民) to reduce(減少) their weight(體重). B. Health(健康) experts(專家) persuaded(勸說) restaurants(餐館) to serve(提供) smaller portions((飯菜的)一份) . C. The American waistline started to expand. D. The United States produced more grain than needed.34 What does the survey indicate? A. Twenty percent of Americans want smaller portions. B. Many low-income Amercing want large portions. C. Fifty-seven percent of Americans want large portions. D. Forty-five percent of Americans want smaller portions35 Which of the following is NOT true of working class Americans? A. They work long hours. B. They live from paycheck to paycheck. C. They want to save money for presents. D. They dont want to be healthy eaters.4.1Reviewinge.g. He gave(給) me a book(書). 能帶雙賓語的動詞有: buy(購買),bring(拿來), call(稱呼), tell(告訴) ,advise(通知), inform (通知), give (給), pass (傳遞), hand (傳遞) e.g. We considered(認(rèn)為) him to a top student(優(yōu)等生). 通常要求帶to不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:advise(勸告), allow(允許), ask(要求), cause(造成), consider(認(rèn)為), expect(期待), find(發(fā)現(xiàn)), imagine(想象), tell(命令), order(命令), want(希望), wish(希望)等。e.g. There is (有)a book(書) on the table(桌子). 職稱英語中的長句結(jié)構(gòu)都是在基本句型的基礎(chǔ)上增加一些修飾/限定結(jié)構(gòu)而加以擴(kuò)大, 如:We found(發(fā)現(xiàn)) the house(屋子) full(滿的). We found the house full of students(學(xué)生) and teachers(老師). We found the large(大的) house full of students and teachers listening to (聽)an important(重要的) report(報告).英語句子的基本句式英語句子中的幾個基本句式:陳述句,疑問句,感嘆句和祈使句。反意疑問句反意疑問句是由陳述句和附在其后的附加疑問句組成。若前一部分(陳述句)用肯定式,后部分(附加疑問句)用否定式;若前一部分(陳述句)用否定式,后一部分用(附加疑問句)肯定式,如:e.g. He is a student(學(xué)生), isnt he? e.g. He likes(喜歡) English(英語), doesnt he? e.g. He cannot speak(說) English, can he? 對一般疑問句進(jìn)行回答時使用的yes和no要分別與其后面陳述句的肯定和否定形式一致:e.g. He is a student(學(xué)生), isnt he? 回答:Yes, he is. (是的, 他是一個學(xué)生。) No, he isnt. (不,他不是一個學(xué)生。)e.g. He cannot speak(說) English, can he? 回答:No, he cant. ( 是的, 他不會說英語) Yes, he can. (不, 他會說英語)4.2感嘆句感嘆句通常有what, how引導(dǎo),what修飾名詞,how 修飾形容詞,副詞或動詞,如:He is a clever boy.How(多么) clever(聰明的) a boy(男孩) he is!- How clever a boy (he is)!They are making noise. What(多么大的) noise(噪音) they are making(產(chǎn)生)!- What(多么大的) noise(噪音)!主語主語是全句談?wù)摰闹行脑掝}。主語是相對謂語而言的,主語相當(dāng)于句子的主題,謂語說明主語的情況、提供新的信息。英語句子的語序一般是主語位于謂語之前,但實(shí)際應(yīng)用時,主謂倒置的現(xiàn)象有時也較常見。 例如:(劃線部分是主語)1. Mr. Chen is a famous(著名的) scientist(科學(xué)家). ( 名詞作主語)2. Two-thirds of the students (學(xué)生)are boys in our school(學(xué)校). ( 名詞性的短語作主語) 3. They silently(默默地) grasped(抓住) our hands(手). (代詞作主語)4. To be able to talk with you is a pleasure(快樂的事情). (不定式短語作主語)5. What we shall(講) do next(其次)is not yet decided(決定). (從句作主語)6. It doesnt matter(重要, 要緊) whether(是否) she will come or not.(It 是形式主語, whether.部分是真正的主語)4.3英語句子主語判斷依據(jù):1 位于句子開頭; 2 名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)(單個名詞, 名詞短語(還包括動名詞結(jié)構(gòu), 不定式結(jié)構(gòu),名詞性從句)或代詞(人稱代詞主格形式,不定代詞,疑問代詞(who), it(提示:句子主語是it時要考慮it句型的可能性);3 主語后出現(xiàn)了與主語在“人稱和數(shù)”上保持一致的謂語動詞;e.g. He is going abroad(到國外). (he 與 is 都是單數(shù)形式)e.g. They are playing football.(they 與 are 都是復(fù)數(shù)形式) 但是在一些句子中, 句子的主語需要小心識別,如:No one(沒有人) except(除了) two students(學(xué)生) was late(遲的, 晚的). (主語是no one)提示:主語中含有附帶成份(如: except, along with, together with, including, in addition to 等)時, 要注意識別出句子真正的主語。Each(每個) of us has something(某事) to say(說). When well go out for camping(露營) has been decided(決定). 提示:不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 提示:用連詞or, either. or(或者或者), neither.nor(既不.也不.), not only.but also (不但而且)等連接的并列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數(shù)上一致。謂語 謂語說明主語的情況、提供新的信息,謂語的位置相對來說是固定的,它總是位于主語的后面。謂語可以分為簡單謂語和復(fù)合謂語兩類。由一個動詞(或動詞詞組)構(gòu)成的謂語都是簡單謂語。I like (喜歡)reading(閱讀). Hurry up(趕緊)! 復(fù)合謂語也可分為兩種情況: 第一種是由情態(tài)動詞,助動詞+不帶to的動詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語: What does this word(詞) mean(意味)? I wont do it again(再次). Ill go(去) and move away(移走) the bag(袋子) of rice(大米). 第二種是由系動詞+表語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語。例如: You look the same(一樣). I feel terrible(糟糕的, 可怕的). 例如:(劃線部分是謂語)1. His parents are teachers . (系動詞和表語一起作謂語) 2. We study hard. (行為動詞作謂語) 3. We have finished reading the book. (助動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語) 4. He can speak English. (情態(tài)動詞和行為動詞一起作謂語)英語句子謂語判斷依據(jù):1 出現(xiàn)在句子主語的后面;2 與句子主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致性;3 以某種時態(tài)的形式出現(xiàn);4 行為動詞的前面出現(xiàn)了助動詞或情態(tài)助動詞; 課堂練習(xí):(選自8年綜合類C級試卷):(黑色加粗字體結(jié)構(gòu)為句子主語, 藍(lán)色加粗字體結(jié)構(gòu)為句子謂語)Petitions (1)Petitions(請?jiān)?,請?jiān)笗?have long been a part (部分)of British(英國) political life(政治生活)(2)Anyone who wanted to change something would get a list of signatures(簽名) from people who agreed to the idea and either send(遞送)them to the government(政府) or deliver (遞送)them personally(親自地) to the Prime Ministers house(官?。?in London (3)They are always(總是) accepted (接收)at the door by one of the PMs officials(官員)(4)What happens(發(fā)生) then(然后)? (5)Nothing much(非常少)(省略happens) ,usually(通常)(6)But petitions have always(總是) been thought of as (一直被看作)a useful(有用的) way for those who govern to find out what the people really think (7)Thats why the UK government Launched its“epetition”site in November 2006(8)Instead of(不是.) physically collecting(收集) signatures,all anyone with an idea has to do now is to make a proposal on the government website,and anyone who supports the idea is free to add his or her signature (9)The petitions soon started to flow in(10)The idea was for the British people to express their constructive ideas(11)Many chose (選擇)instead(代替) to express their sense of humor (12)One petitioner called on Tony Blair to stop the Deputy Prime Minister eating so much”(13)Another wanted to expel(驅(qū)逐)Scotland from the United Kingdom because Scottish football fast never support England in the World Cup (14)Other petitioners called on the Prime Minister to abolish the monarchy(15)Some wanted to give it more power(16)Some wanted to oppose the United States(17)Others wanted to leave the European Union(18)Some wanted to send more troops to Iraq and others wanted them all brought home(19)Some wanted to adopt the Euro(歐元)(20)Others wanted to keep the pound (21)Yet if some petitions are not serious. (22)Others present a direct challenge to government policy(23)A petition calling on the government to drop plans to charge drivers for using roads has already drawn around 18 million signatures(24)In response to that,a rival petition has been posted in support of road pricingAnd that is also rapidly growing (25)There are about 60 million people in Britain(26)So it is understandable that the government wants to find out what people are thinking(27)But the problem with the e-petition site seems to be that the British people have about 70 million opinions,and want the Prime Minister to hear all of them(28)Perhaps he could start a petition asking everyone to lust shut up for a while5.1謂語動詞的時態(tài)英文中看動詞可以知道時態(tài)(一般有明顯的區(qū)分), 如:eats, (be) eating, ate, (has/have/had) eaten在中文里僅憑謂語動詞一般無法了解謂語動詞所用的時態(tài),如:我吃了巧克力。比較:別吵了。 我正在吃巧克力。我要吃巧克力了。如:2005年綜合C閱讀判斷的第一題:For 2,005 years, Ireland has been (一直是)the best place for humans to live in.A.

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