主謂一致(2).doc

主謂一致審稿：白雪雁 責編：張敏主謂一致關系概述在英語句子中，謂語受主語的支配，謂語動詞的形式必須和主語在人稱和數上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。主語和謂語動詞在人稱上的一致當句中的主語是第一、二人稱單復數及第三人稱復數時，除be動詞在形式上有相應的人稱變化(am，are，was，were)以外，其他動詞在形式上均沒有數的變化I am free on Thursday 我星期四有空。They are good students 他們是好學生。We often see her on the TV screen 我們經常在電視上看到她。We think it important to complete the project on time 我們認為按時完成這項工程是很重要的。當句中的主語是第三人稱單數，除動詞be和have的形式有變化(is, has)以外，其他動詞在一般現在時態(tài)中均用第三人稱單數形式She is my daughter 她是我女兒。Its very kind of you 你真好。He has five dollars in his pocket 他口袋里有五美元。She often makes mistakes in her composition 她經常在作文中出錯。Science requires precision while art needs imagination 科學要求精確度而藝術則需要想像力。值得注意的是，情態(tài)動詞除了be able to以外都無人稱的變化。My daughter may watch television after supper 我女兒晚飯后可以看電視。We may watch television after supper 我們晚飯后可以看電視。主語和謂語動詞在數上的一致謂語動詞用單數形式(1)若主語是單數名詞、代詞、不定式及其短語、-ing形式及其短語或從句時，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。The chief industry in the Middle East is the oil industry 中東地區(qū)的主要工業(yè)是石油工業(yè)。The news from the various districts is sent to a central office 各地來的消息都送至總辦公室。That sounds a good idea 那聽起來是個好主意。Understanding the culture habits of another nation is a complex task 了解另一個國家的文化習俗是一項復雜的任務。Nodding the head means agreement，while shaking it means disagreement 點頭意味著同意，搖頭意味著不同意。To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country 舉辦奧運會對一個國家來說是一筆豐富的獎賞。To learn English by recitation is a useful way 通過背誦學習英語是一種有效的學習方法。How you got there doesnt interest me 你是如何到那里的我不感興趣。Who let out the secret is still unknown to us 我們依然不知道是誰泄露了秘密。What he said is not true 他說的話不是真的。但是，在what或whatever引導的主語從句中，主句的謂語動詞的單復數形式有時還要按句子的具體意思而定。What the children need are love and understanding 孩子們需要的是愛和理解。What the laser is clear to us now 激光是什么，現在我們清楚了。Whatever book he praises sells well 他表揚過的任何書都很好銷。(2)當主語是表示時間、距離、重量、貨幣等的復數名詞時，這些名詞指代的事物往往被看做是一個整體，因此謂語動詞常用單數形式。Seven feet is an abnormal height for a person 七英尺對人來說是一個異常的高度。Twenty miles is a long way to walk 走20英里可是很長的一段路。Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations 給了三個星期來作必要的準備。Fifty kilograms is not too heavy to carry 50公斤不至于重到扛不起來。Thirty pounds is a high price 30英鎊價格太高了。當然，也可以根據語法一致原則，把這些復數名詞看成一個個的個體，謂語動詞用復數形式。The past four weeks have been the driest in the countrys history 過去四周是這個國家最干旱的時期。Twenty miles were covered in half an hour 半小時走完了20英里。Twenty-five years have passed since we parted 我們分別已25年了。(3)如果主語是單數，其后跟有with，together with，as well as，no less than，but，except，like等引起的短語，謂語動詞用單數。An iron and steel works，with several satellite factories，is being built in the city這座城市正在修建一座鋼鐵廠和幾家衛(wèi)星工廠。An expert，together with some assistants，was sent there to help in the work 專家?guī)е鴰讉€助手，被派到那里協助工作。I as well as you am a lawyer 不僅你是一位律師，我也是位律師。No one but myself knows what really happened 除了我，沒有人知道發(fā)生了什么事。Everybody except you looks down upon me 除了你，大家都看不起我。(4)當主語是each，either，neither或是由some，any，no，every等構成的復合代詞(如someone，anybody，nothing，everything等)時，謂語動詞用單數形式。Everything goes well with me 我一切都好。Nothing is impossible to a willing heart 世上無難事，只怕有心人。Anything is better than nothing 有總比沒有好。Is there anybody in the classroom? 教室里有人嗎?Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in 超過16歲的人允許進去。Each of the graduates was presented with a certificate 每個畢業(yè)生都拿到了畢業(yè)證書。Each of the clerks has a desk of his own 每個辦事員都有自己的桌子。If either of you cares to call，I shall be in this evening 你倆誰要想來看我，今晚我在家。Neither of us has gone through regular training 我們兩人誰都沒受過正規(guī)訓練。注意：none作復數看待時較多，但也有時作單數看待，主要看說話人聯想到的是復數還是單數概念。None of the questions are easy enough for us. 這些問題對我們來說沒有一個是容易的。None of us has got a dictionary. 我們中間沒有一個人有詞典。I have ordered the cement, but none(of if) has yet arrived. 我已訂購了水泥，但還沒有運到。(5)當主語是由and連接的兩個名詞但表示同一人或物時，謂語動詞用單數形式。The girl and winner is jumping with joy 那位獲勝的女孩正高興地跳著。The secretary and principal of the school was present at the meeting 該校的書記兼校長出席了會議。The politician and the writer give us speeches 那位政治家和那位作家給我們作了演講。前兩句指的是同一個人，而最后一句則指兩人，所以謂語動詞分別用相應的單復數形式。Ham and eggs makes a good breakfast 火腿加雞蛋就成了一頓很好的早餐。Bread and butter is a daily food in the west 抹黃油的面包是西方人每天的食品。(6)英語中有些名詞雖以-s結尾，實際上卻并不表示復數概念，如mathematics(數學)，measles(麻疹)，physics(物理)，politics(政治)，news(消息，新聞)等。當這些名詞作主語時，應注意謂語動詞須用單數形式。Physics was the only course she failed in 物理是她沒考及格的唯一一門課程。Electronics is the basis of all telecommunications systems 電子學是電訊系統(tǒng)的基礎。Phonetics deals with speech sounds 語音學是研究語言聲音的。謂語動詞用復數形式(1)若主語是復數名詞或代詞時，謂語動詞用復數形式。The contents of this book are most fascinating 這本書的目錄極其吸引人。His congratulations are always to the point 他的祝賀詞總是恰到好處。They speak Japanese as well as I do 他們日語說得和我一樣好。(2)當主語是由and連接的兩個或兩個以上的人或物時，謂語動詞要用復數形式。Polluted rivers and lakes have also been a cause of death 被污染的江河與湖泊也是造成死亡的一個原因。Skill and confidence are an unconquered army 技能和信心是無畏的軍隊。Jane，Mary and Helen are cousins 簡、瑪麗和海倫是表姐妹。A hammer and a saw are useful tools 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具。A poet and an artist are coming to speak to us about literature and painting in Americatoday一位詩人和一位畫家要來給我們講今天美國的文學及繪畫。The dove and the olive branch are the symbols of peace 鴿子和橄欖枝是和平的象征。Men and women have similar abilities and needs 男人和女人的能力和需求是相似的。需注意的是，若由and連接的幾個名詞合起來表示一個書名時，謂語動詞要用單數。War and Peace is worth reading 戰(zhàn)爭與和平值得一讀。(3)當主語是集體名詞people，police，cattle時，謂語動詞要用復數形式。The people of northern Canada are called Eskimos 加拿大北部的人們被稱為愛斯基摩人。The cattle eat all the grass and anything that grows on poorer land 牛群吃光了長在越來越貧瘠的土地上的草及其他一切東西。A traffic accident has just happened around the corner of the streetThe police were already there 街道拐角處剛發(fā)生一起交通事故。警察已在現場了。必須弄清楚的是，并不是所有的集體名詞作主語時謂語動詞都用復數形式。謂語動詞用單復數均可(1)有些集體名詞如family，team等作主語時，謂語動詞可用單數形式，也可用復數形式。當它們被當做是一個整體時，謂語動詞用單數形式；當它們如果就其中一個個的個體來考慮時，謂語動詞就用復數形式。這些詞是作單數還是復數看待，要視句子的意思而定。His family are all music lovers 他家的人都喜歡音樂。(強調每個家庭成員)My family is very large 我家是個大家庭。(把家看做一個整體)The team is the best in the league 這個隊在聯合會中是最好的隊。The team are driving to the game in their own cars隊員們正駕車趕往比賽地點。The class has been reorganized 這個班已被重新組織起來。The class were taking notes in English 這個班里的學生在用英語記筆記。這一類的名詞還有company，crowd，enemy，group，couple，public，population，majority，government，committee，mankind等。The Edison Telephone Company was presently swallowed by the Bell Telephone company愛迪生電話公司日前已被貝爾電話公司吞并。I he company are so excited with their success that they are inclined to go這家公司的職員們都為成功而激動，以至他們都想去。The enemy has suffered a sharp defeat and severe losses敵軍已遭到一次沉重的打擊，損失慘重。The enemy were strongly entrenched upon the other side of the river敵人在河的彼岸以鞏固的壕溝防護自己。The audience was enormous 觀眾人很多。The audience were greatly moved at the words 聽了這話聽眾都很感動。The party was now moving towards the house 那伙人現在正向那座房子移動。The party were discussing how to rob the bank 那伙人正在商量如何搶銀行。The population is about one hundred million in Japan 日本人口大約有1億。The population of those inland cities vary from 150000 to 600000那些內地城市的人口從15萬到60萬不等。(2)當what，who，which，any，more，all，most或such等代詞作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式要視句子的具體情況而定。What is the teacher doing now? 那老師現在在干什么?What are the teachers doing now? 老師們在干什么?Who is that boy? 那個男孩是誰?Who are those boys? 那些男孩是誰?A few people were killed in the fire，but most were saved少數人在火災中喪生，但大多數人都給救了出來。He earned a lot of money，and most was spent on traveling他掙了很多錢，大部分都花在旅游上了。Many people support the government，but many more are against it許多人擁護政府，但反對的人更多。He has found some water，and more is needed 他找到了一些水，但還需更多。當句子的主語是most of，all of，any of以及the last of，the rest of等加上名詞或代詞時，謂語動詞的單復數形式也要視名詞或代詞而定。如果它們是復數意義的，謂語動詞用復數形式；如果它們是單數意義或是不可數名詞時，謂語動詞則用單數形式。All of the books have been placed on the shelves 所有的書都已放在書架上了。All of the food was eaten up 所有的食物都被吃光了。Most of the people present are against the plan在場的大多數人都反對這項計劃。Most of the surface of the earth is sea 地球的表面大部分是海洋。The rest of the gangs leaders were either dead or in jail該犯罪集團的其他首領要么已死，要么就在獄中。The rest of the day was spent watching TV 我們那天剩余的時間在看電視。The last of the water was gone 最后的一滴水也喝完了。The last of the books were burned 最后的幾本書也被燒了。值得一提的是，當more than one所修飾的詞組作主語時，謂語動詞用單復數形式均可。More than one letter is received every day 每天收到不止一封信。More than one person is involved in this case 這件案子牽涉到的不止一人。More than one pilot was killed in the air raid 這次空襲中死掉的飛行員不止一個。More than one fireman has been overcome 不止一名消防隊員因力盡而倒下了。More than one teacher in our school hashave a portable computer 我們學校不止一位老師有便攜式筆記本電腦。many a(許多)雖然表示復數概念，但當它所構成的詞組作句子的主語時，謂語動詞也多用單數形式。Many a man has that kind of opportunity 很多人有那種機遇。Many a little makes a mickle 積少成多，集腋成裘。(諺語)Many a boy has lost his heart to Nancy 許多男孩愛上了南希。(3)在分數或百分數，如percent of，half of以及majority of等后面加上名詞或代詞的結構作為句子主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式取決于這個結構中的名詞或代詞的數。如果這個名詞或代詞是單數形式的，謂語動詞也用單數形式；如果是復數形式，謂語動詞則用復數形式。Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea 地球表面四分之三是海。Thirty percent of the crop was ruined by the heavy rain 百分之三十的莊稼被那場大雨毀壞了。Two-thirds of the students are satisfied with the class 三分之二的學生對這個班滿意。Ten percent of the pupils are absent today 今天百分之十的學生缺席。A majority of two hundred votes was enough to win 200票的多數足以獲勝。The majority of doctors agree that smoking is extremely harmful to health 大多數醫(yī)生認為吸煙對健康極為有害。(4)當數詞作主語時，謂語動詞可用單數也可用復數。Two and two isare four 二加二等于四。Ten times five is/are fifty 五的十倍是五十。(即：10乘以5等于50。)Two five make/makes ten 二五得十。但是，在上句中，如果動詞是系動詞的話，常用復數形式。Two fives are ten 在有些情況下，動詞只能用單數形式。Ten minus two is eight 十減二是八。如果主語是one or two后接名詞時，句子的謂語動詞多用復數形式。One or two days are enough for them 對他們來說一兩天就夠了。One or two of his things are still worth your reading 他有一兩部作品還是值得你讀一讀。One or two students were absent from class this morning 今天上午有一兩個學生缺席。(5)當主語是a kind of，a sort of，a type of等后接名詞時，無論名詞是單數還是復數，謂語動詞一般用單數形式。A kind of birds has been discovered by them 他們發(fā)現了一種鳥。A kind of plants is only grown in the south of China 一種植物只生長在中國南部。但是如果主語是these(those) typekindsort of后接復數名詞時，謂語動詞用復數形式。Those sort of parties are dangerous 那種聚會是危險的。(6)以“number of+名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式要視句子而定。如果主語是“a number of+復數名詞”時，謂語動詞要用復數；如果是“the number of+復數名詞”時，謂語動詞則只能用單數形式。它們所表達的意思也不同。A large number of young people have left the countryside for urban areas 大量的年輕人離開農村去城市發(fā)展。An increasing number of people have owned their own cars now in China 在中國擁有私家車的人越來越多。The number of nature reserves in China is 574. 中國現有574個自然保護區(qū)。The number of pandas in our country is increasing 我國大熊貓的數量正在上升。The number of competitors is limited 參賽者的數量是有限的。The increasing number of private cars has caused serious parking problems 私家車越來越多，引起了嚴重的停車問題。(7)當“the+形容詞”結構作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數形式也取決于句子的意思。若指的是一類人，謂語動詞用復數形式；若指個人或抽象概念時，謂語動詞則用單數形式。The rich are not always generous to the poor 富人對窮人并不總是慷慨。The homeless need more than pityThey need practical help 無家可歸的人需要的不只是憐憫，他們需要實際的幫助。The good in him wins，and hell return the wallet to the old woman 他的善良占了上風，他要把錢包還給那個老婦。(8)存在句there be句型中，be動詞用單數還是復數取決于句子中主語的單復數形式。如果主語是單數形式，謂語動詞就用單數形式；否則用復數形式。There is only one predicate in one sentence 一個句子中只有一個謂語。There are seven continents and four oceans on the earth 地球上有七大洲和四大洋。There are twenty dollars in his pocket 他口袋里有20美元。但在there be句型中，當句子有兩個以上的主語時，其主謂一致遵循“就近原則”。There was a suit of clothes，two ties，a camera and a few rolls of film in the case 箱子里裝著一套衣服，兩條領帶，一部照相機和幾個膠卷。(9)還有一些句子主語后跟有連詞或介詞短語(如as well as，like，but，except，besides，with或together with等)，那么謂語動詞的單復數形式要視連詞及介詞短語前面的名詞而定。The captain，as well as the other players，was tired 隊長，還有其他那些隊員，感到累了。Alice，together with her boyfriend，goes fishing every Sunday 愛麗絲和她男朋友每個星期天都一起去釣魚。The wallet，with the ID card and money，was lost 錢包，包括錢和身份證都丟了。(10)在“one of+復數名詞+關系分句”結構中，由于先行詞是復數名詞，因此關系分句的謂語動詞要用復數形式。Daniel is one of those people who are always ready to help others 丹尼爾是那種樂于助人的(一個)人。He is one of those astronauts who have walked on the moon 他是曾在月球上行走的宇航員之一。當one前面有the only等限定詞時，定語從句的謂語動詞就根據one而定，即用單數形式。She is the only one of those girls who has got scholarship 她是那些女孩中唯一獲得過獎學金的。He is the only one of those foreigners who speaks Chinese well 他是那些老外中唯一一個漢語講得不錯的人。(11)由not only.but also.，neither.nor.，either.or.，whetheror等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞的單復數形式應遵從“就近一致”的原則，即根據最靠近它的名詞或代詞的單復數形式而定。如是單數名詞或代詞，則謂語動詞也用單數；否則用復數。Not only Norman but also his parents are coming 不僅諾曼要來，他的父母也要來。Not only the children，but also their father likes to see the pictures 不但孩子們，而且他們的父親也喜歡看這部影片。Either the boy or his sisters are to blame 要么是男孩，要么是他的姐姐們應受到責備。Either his friends or his brother is wrong 不是他的朋友們錯了，就是他弟弟錯了。Neither the TV set nor the transistors are mine 這臺電視機不是我的，這些半導體收音機也不是我的。Neither you nor I was awarded the prize 你我都沒獲獎。On Peace Day，no fighting or conflicts are allowed 在“和平日”這一天，不允許有打斗或沖突。拓展延伸倒裝句中的主謂一致在例裝句中謂語應與后面的主語保持一致。On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso. 墻上掛著畢加索的幾幅畫。Gone are the days when we worked and laughed together. 我們在一起工作和歡笑的日子一去不復返了。Such were the viewpoints of my colleagues. 這些就是我的同事們的觀點。Near the eastern end of our country was the Pacific Ocean. 靠近我國東端的是太平洋。On the left of each person are a table-napkin and a plate with a roll on it. 每人左邊有一塊餐巾和一個盤子，盤里放著一卷面包。真題回眸1. Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culturebut when and where _ yet(2007年浙江卷)Ahasnt been decided Bhavent decidedCisnt being decided Darent decided2. As a result of the serious flood，two-thirds of the buildings in the area _ (2007年陜西卷)Aneed repairingBneeds to repairCneeds repairing Dneed to repair3. The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. (2006年遼寧卷)Ais going Bgo Cgoes Dare going4. A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.(2006年江蘇卷)Ais Bare Cwas D were5. The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third _ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.(2006年浙江卷)Ais Bare Cwas Dwere6. Most of what has been said about the Smiths _ also true of the John sons (2006年安徽卷)Aare Bis Cbeing Dto be7. China has promised to revise its existing regulations and _ new policies according to WTO requirements. (2006年上海春季卷)Aforming Bto form Cto be forming Dhave formed8. Nowadays，a large number of women，especially those from the countryside，_ in the clothing industry. (2005年遼寧卷)Ais working Bworks Cwork Dworked9. While watching television，_.(2005年全國II)Athe doorbell rang Bthe doorbell ringsCwe heard the doorbell ringDwe heard the doorbell rings10. Professor Smith，along with his assistants，_ on the project day and night to meet the deadline. (2005年上海卷)Awork Bworking Cis working Dare working11. At last，we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005年上海卷)Asitting Bhaving sat Cto sit Dsat12. With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth _ each year (2005年山東卷)Ais washing awayBis being washed awayCare washing away Dare being washed away13. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier，_ it more difficult (2005年上海春季卷)Anot makingBnot makeCnot to make Dnor to make14. Telephone messages for the manager _ on her desk but she didnt notice them (2005年上海春季卷)Awere left Bwas left