2011英語長難句講義2～何凱文.doc

1/20/2020 知識創(chuàng)造價值 學(xué)習(xí)成就未來英語長難句突破講義l 適用對象：考研學(xué)子，四級，六級英語學(xué)習(xí)或相當(dāng)者。l 課程目的：打破英語閱讀學(xué)習(xí)的幻覺，真正獲得一扇通向別樣美麗世界的窗戶，人生從此再無長難句。為英語寫作夯實基礎(chǔ)。l 課程安排：方法論講解；難句解析；考試實戰(zhàn)演練第一部分 方法論講解 n 引子 我們?yōu)槭裁匆x句子 ？ 自由筆記區(qū)un 閱讀的實際過程是什么n 閱讀在句子層面的障礙含義 語序 簡單句的障礙來源 只有一套謂語的句子叫做簡單句 基本句型：主謂I come I saw I conquer. 主謂賓I love you. 主謂雙賓I bring a book to you. 主謂賓補 she makes me crazy. 主系表I am a ugly man. 簡單句的障礙識別及處理方法 四大障礙 ：定語 狀語 插入語 同位語n 定語：在句子中修飾名詞的成分叫做定語u 前置定語：形容詞性的詞+名詞u 后置定語 ：前置 形容詞短語：形容詞+介詞+名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞 名詞+ 不定式（不定代詞的定語置后）介詞短語：介詞+名詞表語形容詞：alive a cat aliveu 定語從句（不屬于簡單句范疇）人稱代詞 who whom which that as +非完整句關(guān)系代詞 物主代詞 whose+完整句引導(dǎo)詞 關(guān)系連詞where why when how + 完整句 賓語 +非完整句 This is the expert to whom we are turning. 介詞+關(guān)系代詞 充當(dāng) 狀語 +完整句There is something by the virtue of which the man is the man. 定語 +完整句There are a lot of problems of which the fetching fresh water is the foremost. by the virtue of=by the reason ofthat與as不能接到介詞后面 （in that 引導(dǎo)的不是定語從句，而是狀語從句表示的是because） 同位語普通同位語:A ,B A or B A of B（正式 university of tsinghua） 在句子中和名詞處于相同位置的成分同位語從句:引導(dǎo)詞 that + 完整句； 處理方法：刪除n 插入語 處理方法：刪除n 狀語 副詞 介詞短語 現(xiàn)在分詞 （其前面沒有名詞，有名詞就是定語） 過去分詞 不定式 獨立主格處理方法 ：剝離（隔離） 例1：Using techniques（方法，技法） first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments（沉淀物） and rock from the ocean floor.例2：A few art collectors James Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring （創(chuàng)造性的）artists, and established in their respective （各自的）communities（社區(qū)） the idea of the value art and the need for institutions（制度） devoted to its encouragement. 非簡單句的障礙來源：如何拆分與組合 非簡單句的障礙解決方案：關(guān)聯(lián)詞和主句專一原則n 關(guān)聯(lián)詞和主句專一原則u關(guān)聯(lián)詞：關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系連詞 標(biāo)點（分號 冒號 破折號）并列連詞 主句專一原則：英語主句中只有一個主句一套謂語，主句中沒有關(guān)聯(lián)詞；n個分句就有n-1個關(guān)聯(lián)詞 句子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)方式u1.并列l(wèi) 并列聯(lián)詞的用法：連接前后功能、性質(zhì)、用法完全一致的成分（對等的必須完全對等） 從后往前尋找并列成分。u2.嵌套：主從復(fù)合 That+完整句l常見的復(fù)雜句形式:賓從/表從 What+非完整 It +vi.+that+從句主語從句 that what how why when who 特殊的(形式主語句) It+be+adj.+that+從句 主語+ vi.+that+從句 The sun rises that looks gorgeous （that引導(dǎo)的是非完整句則為定語從句)主語+be+adj.+that+從句The fact is true that i love you（that引導(dǎo)的是完整句則為同位語從句）狀語從句：where when because+完整句（要剝離，狀語和狀語從句在閱讀時要剝離，否則要遭報應(yīng)的，將同位語給刪除掉，將插入語給刪除掉，剩下的主謂賓是那么的可愛 層次化句子閱讀方法（與計算機程序類似） u1.層次化結(jié)構(gòu)的表示形式 uu2.括號匹配法：保證在每個括號中都是完整的簡單句（適用于初級階段使用）l 畫左括號的條件：出現(xiàn)句間關(guān)聯(lián)詞的時候 畫右括號的條件：句子終結(jié)（出現(xiàn)終結(jié)標(biāo)點句號；后續(xù)內(nèi)容與前邊無關(guān)）；出現(xiàn)句間并列連詞 Kvin is a good student 【who is studying in the BFSU 【which is a good university in china 】 Kvin ,【who is studying in the BFSU【 which is a good university in china ,】 is a good student However , for many years , Physicists thought that【 atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously】 and that 【stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker . 】 例3：The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.例4：The desperate plight(困境，保證) of the South has eclipsed（遮蓋，日食）the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. (壯觀地，引人注目地)括號內(nèi)的副詞不可能修飾括號外的動詞】例5：The technique方法 （technology 翻譯為技術(shù)） of direct carving was a break with the nineteen-century tradition in which the making of a clay（泥土，粘土） model was considered the creative act【 and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. 】例3：The history of clinical nutrition or(or連接的同位語，后面直接刪除不看，不用翻譯, 直 接看到謂語can be) the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras:【1 the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when （when前面有名詞，所以when引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，when做連詞）【2 it was recognized for the first time that【3 food contained constituents 【4 that were essential for human function 4】3】and that（此that不做成分所以和第三個that并列）【 different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents（成分）.5】2】1】例1.The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790s, and North American entrepreneurseven without technological improvementshad broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.例2 Tracking whales is but(=only) one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. 泛讀 (有里向外面翻譯) 例3. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.例4：Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious different being that it is often much heavier. （詞本無意，意由境生）（逗號不能連接句子，是獨立主格，通常在獨立主格前面可以加with，也可以省掉） 寫作方法： 1 兩個句子主語相同，保留主語，將句號變逗號，動詞作如下變化 am /is/are being was/were having been do/does do did having done be done done 2兩個句子主語不同，保留主語，將動詞做一上變化3.完整信息鏈法l不完整情況：英語句子中主干部分被隔離（主謂隔離：主謂之間加入定語、同位語、插入語。句子開頭的第一個名詞就是句子主語應(yīng)該和其相匹配的動詞在一起謂賓隔離：在謂語和賓語之間加入狀語，狀語通常有介詞短語充當(dāng)）動+介+名1+名2 （名詞1如果修飾名詞2，名詞2前面就不可能當(dāng)有冠詞，名詞修飾名詞不多見，如果修飾了，此時名詞1已經(jīng)變?yōu)樾稳菰~了）（介詞+名詞1做的是狀語，動詞去讀名詞2）非正常語序：倒裝與強調(diào)句（省略） 倒裝句的分析方法n 1.部分倒裝的處理方法：情態(tài)動詞、系動詞和助動詞置于主語之前叫做部分倒裝情態(tài)動詞、系動詞要還原，助動詞要去掉。n 2.完全倒裝的處理方法：謂語前的部分到謂語后，謂語后的部分到謂語前；即謂 語前后部分顛倒。u 2.1完全倒裝的存在環(huán)境：主系表倒裝為表系主 adj性的詞， 置于句首時就可以看做是倒裝，除了adj 外都是做后置定語的 2.2能夠在句子中充當(dāng)主語和表語的成份 adj Vingu /Pronoun/to do (Pro 代理proxy server代理服務(wù)器 VedVing 表語 adj短語：adj+介+名Of +名詞介短n /pronoun /to do 2.3完全倒裝的判斷流程 Ving是做的形容詞性的現(xiàn)在分詞，還是名詞性的動名詞，判斷倒裝流程：一：當(dāng)adj 性的詞置于句首不修飾名詞時（修飾名詞的話就是充當(dāng)定語，而不是表語了），后面出現(xiàn)系動詞，可判斷為倒裝。二：當(dāng)開頭為Ving形式時，且系動詞為復(fù)數(shù)，可判定為倒裝（動名詞作主語，系動詞只能是單數(shù)）三：當(dāng)開頭為Ving形式時，且系動詞為單數(shù)，系動詞后為非性質(zhì)（不是adj）狀態(tài)描述時，可判斷為倒裝。 Playing basketball is my cousin from the NY。 倒裝 Playing basketball is funny。 正常語序例1：Herein the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3：With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the countrys impressive population growth.例5：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.例6：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 例7：With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. 筆記區(qū)例1：Herein=in here副詞 lay系動詞 方位副詞也能作表語， In this picture stand two girls, On the picture stands a lamp.完全倒裝 例2：column（柱子）petals（花瓣） as such（as such是狀語，可以不看） gorgeous（漂亮的） weird(怪的）（倒裝存在的原因：強調(diào)與平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)） 例4：Basic to any understanding （adj 短語） impressive（巨大的，意由境生） （提取寫作模板：Basic to any understanding（appreciation（認(rèn)識，欣賞） of B is A 。）Basic to any understanding of environmental problem is china current Situation 英語在于熟練 例5： rear（養(yǎng)育） 例6：Most （前面無the 所以是adj非常的，不是最高級） composition（構(gòu)圖原則） 例8：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.例9：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.例10：Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration from town and farm to city, within the United States.例11：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. 例9： habitats（棲息地） appreciation（認(rèn)識，欣賞） Coincident with concerns about B has been grouping appreciation of importance A importance of A to B 英語多名詞，漢語多動詞，翻譯時把英語的名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語的動詞n 例11：虛擬語氣，省略了if2.強調(diào)句的處理方法 強調(diào)句的分析方法n 1.強調(diào)句的構(gòu)成it is（was） +被強調(diào)部分 +that（who只用于人）+其他成分 2.強調(diào)句的處理方法：將強調(diào)格式去掉，被強調(diào)部分還原就可例1：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous