山東省濟(jì)寧市學(xué)而優(yōu)教育咨詢有限公司中考英語復(fù)習(xí) 語法大全.doc

山東省濟(jì)寧市學(xué)而優(yōu)教育咨詢有限公司2013年中考英語復(fù)習(xí) 語法大全1名詞的種類專有名詞 普通名詞國名地名人名團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞2名詞的數(shù)2.1規(guī)定名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：一般在在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es 規(guī)則 例詞1 一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves knife-knives wife-wives half-halves 加-schief-chiefs proof-proofs roof-roofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties family-families story-stories city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys boy-boys day-days ray-rays henry-henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-esnegro-negroes hero-heroes potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos photo-photos auto-autos kilo-kilos solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeroes/zeros volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios bamboo-bamboos zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths mouth-mouths month-months path-paths2.2不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，先歸納如下：1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式：man-men woman-women foot-feet goose-geese mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同; sheep deer means works fish yuan jin3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式：trousers clothes thanks goods glasses4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)：people police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）：class family crowd couple group government population team public party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義：customs（海關(guān)）times（時代）spirits（情緒）drinks（飲料）sands（沙灘）papers（文件報紙）looks（外表）brains（頭腦智力）greens（青菜）7表示某國人7.1直接加-s：americans australians germans greeks swedes europeans7.2單復(fù)數(shù)同行：swiss portuguese chinese japanese7.3以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men或-women：englishmen frenchwomen8合成名詞8.1將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：sons-in-law lookers-on passers-by story-tellers boy friends8.2無主體名詞的將最后一部分改為復(fù)數(shù)：grown-ups housewives stopwatches8.3將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：women singers， men servants三名詞的所有格名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格，分為兩種情況：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是有介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。 3.1 s所有格的構(gòu)成單數(shù)名詞在末尾加 sthe boys father jacks book her son-in-laws photo復(fù)數(shù)名詞 一般在末尾加sthe teachers room the twins room不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys womens rights表示各自的所有關(guān)系時，各名詞末尾均需加sjapans and americans problem jane and marys bikes以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者dickens novels charless job the smithshouse 表示共有的所有關(guān)系時在最后一詞末加sjapan and americans problem jane and marys problem表示某人家，店鋪 所有格后名詞省the doctors the barbers the tailors my uncles 3.2 s所有格的用法1表示時間todays newspaper five weeksholiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan the worlds plan chinas plan4表示工作群體the ships crew majoritys view the teams victory5表示度量衡及價值a miles journey five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the lifes time the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view a stones throw at ones wits end(不知所措)3.3of 所有格的用法3.3.1用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair， the cover of the book3.3.2 用于有生命的東西，尤其是比較長的定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students3.3.3用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a，an），定冠詞（the） 2.1不定冠詞的用法1指一類人或者一類事相當(dāng)于a kind ofa plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指a boy is waiting for you,3表示每一，相當(dāng)于every，onewe study eight hours a day4表示相同。相當(dāng)于 the samewe are nearly of an age5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識此人或某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事a mr. smith came to visit you when you were out.the boy is rather a lei feng6用于quite rather many half what such 之后this room is rather a big one.7用于固定詞組中a couple of, a bit, once upon a time in a hurry have a walk many a time8用于so（as too how ）+形容詞之后she is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.2.2定冠詞的用法1表示某一類人或物the house is a useful animal. 2用于世界上獨一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the pacific ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的或者事wind you mind opening the door?4用于樂器前面play the violin play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the rich the living the wounded6表示一家人或者夫婦the greens the wangs 7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前he is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the united states the communist party of china the french9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前the compass was invented in china.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，世紀(jì)的某個年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前i hired the car by the hour 12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞及表示時間的詞組前he patted me on the shoulder. 2.3零冠詞的用法1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前beijing university, jack, china, love air2名詞前有this my whose some no each every等限制i want this book, not that one.whose purse is this?3季節(jié) 月份 星期 節(jié)假日 一日三餐前match sunday national day, spring 4表示職位 身份 頭銜 的名詞前l(fā)incoln was made president of america.5學(xué)科 語言 球類 棋類名詞前he likes playing footballchess 6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train by air by land7以and連接的連個相對的名詞并用時day and night knife and fork husband and wife8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前horses are useful animals三代詞3.1代詞可以分為七大類1人稱代詞主格i you he she it we you they賓格me you him her it us you them2物主代詞形容詞性my you his her its our their名詞性mine yours his hers its ours theirs3反身代詞myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves4指示代詞this that these those such some5疑問代詞who whom whose which what whoever whichever whatever6關(guān)系代詞that which who whom whose as7不定代詞one some any, each every ,none no, many much, few little a few a little,other another, all both, neither, either 3.2不定代詞用法注意點3.2.1 one，some 與any：1）one可以指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。one should learn to think of others。have you any books？no，i dont have any books.i have some questions to ask.2)some 可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。would you like some bananas？ could you give me some money？3）some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時。some表示某個，any表示任何一個i have read this article in some magazine。please correct the mistakes，if any。4）some與數(shù)詞連用表示大約，any可與比較級連用表示程度。there are some 3000 students in this school。 do you feel any better today？3.2.2 each 和every：each強(qiáng)調(diào)個別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個或者兩個以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個或者三個以上。each student has a dictionary。each of us has a dictionary。 we each have a dictionary。every student has strong and weak points。3.2.3none 和no：no等于not any，作定語。none做主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。there is no water in the bottle。how much water is there in the bottle？ none none of the students are（is）afraid of difficulties。3.2.4other 和another1）other泛指 另外的，別的 常與其他連詞連用，如：the other day，every other week，some other reason，no other waythe other 特指兩者中的另外一個，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如he hold a book in one hand and his notes in the other。 two students in class failed，but all the others passed the exam。2）another 指 另一個 又一個 無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others 泛指別的人或事i dont like this shirt，please show me another（one） the trousers are too long, please show me another pair.some like football, while others like basketball.3.2.5 all和both。neither和 eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數(shù)，both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none。all of the books are not written in english。= not all of the books are written in englishboth of us are not teachers。not both of us are teachers。 either of us is a teacher 四形容詞和副詞 1形容詞 形容詞的位置1） 形容詞做定語通常前置，但在下列情況而后置4.1.1修飾some，any ，every，no和body，thing，one等構(gòu)成的符合不定代詞時，如：nobody absent， everything possible，4.1.2以-able，-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后，如：the best book available，the only solution possible4.1.3alive，alike，awake，asleep，等可以后置，如：the only person awake4.1.4和空間，時間，單位連用時，如：a bridge 50 meters long4.1.5成對的形容詞可以置后，如：a huge room simple and beautiful4.1.6形容詞短語一般后置 a man difficult to get on with2）多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序 代詞數(shù)詞 性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchthe athisanotheryoursecondanotherone fourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowchineselondonsilkstone3)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-year 2副詞副詞的分類1時間副詞soon early now finally once recently5頻度副詞always often frequentlyseldom never2地點副詞here nearby outside upwards above6疑問副詞how when where why3方式副詞hard well fast slowly excitedlyreally7連接副詞how when where why whether however meanwhile4程度副詞almost nearly very fairly quite rather8關(guān)系副詞when where why三形容詞和副詞比較等級形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)前加more和most。3.1形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成1）規(guī)則變化構(gòu)成方法 原級 比較級 最高級單音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加er或esthightallshortslowhighertallershorterslowerhighesttallestshortestslowest以字母e結(jié)尾的詞加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest重讀閉音節(jié)詞尾只有一個輔音字母時，先雙寫輔音字母，再加-er或-estbigthinfatbiggerthinnerfatterbiggestthinnestfattest以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞，先把y改為i再加-er或-esteasyfunnyearlyeasierfunnierearliereasiestfunniestearliest多音節(jié)詞和部分雙音節(jié)詞在詞前加more或mostbeautifulinterestingoutgoingcomfortablemore beautifulmore interestingmore outgoingmore comfortablemost beautifulmost interestingmost outgoingmost comfortable2） 不規(guī)則變化原級比較級最高級good/wellbad/badlymany/muchlittlefarbetterworsemorelessfartherfurtherbestworstmostleastfarthestfurthest3.2形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級的用法級用法例句比較級表示兩者（人或事物）的比較。在比較級+than的句型中，當(dāng)than前后所使用的動詞相同時。通常用助動詞代替后面的動詞。該動詞或者助動詞可以省略。tina is more athletic than sam.who runs faster, lucy or han mei? he works much harder than i (do).=he works much harder than me.最高級表示三者或者三者以上（人或事物）的比較，其中有一個在某一方面超過其他幾個。形容詞最高級前面一般要加定冠詞the，后面可帶of（in）短語來說明比較的范圍。my person is the funniest person i know.the screen city is the best theater in our town.who is the funniest actor of the three.3.3注意點1同級比較時常用asas以及not so（as）.as如:i am not so good a player as you are。tom runs as fast as jack。2可以修飾比較級的詞有：much ，many， a lot ，even， far， a bit，a little，still，yet，by far，any，a great deal3表示一方隨另一方變化時用the more.the more.句型如：the harder you work，the more progress you will make。4用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思，如：i have never spent a more worrying day。5表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型：our school is three times larger than yoursour school is four times as large as yours。= our school is four times the size of yours。6表示最高程度的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favorite excellent extreme perfect五介詞（prepositions）介詞一般用于名詞和代詞前，表示該詞與句中其它成分的關(guān)系。介詞后面的名詞或代詞（若是人稱代詞，則要用賓格）稱為介詞賓語。介詞和介詞賓語結(jié)合在一起構(gòu)成介詞短語。1介詞的分類1簡單介詞about across after against among around at below beyond during in on2合成介詞inside into onto out of outside throughout upon within without3短語介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論) including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like unlike near next opposite1.1時間介詞 at on in鐘點at six oclock用餐at lunch time節(jié)日at christmas年齡at the age of 20時間at this time 時刻at sunrise一天中的某段時刻at noon at night, at dawn.某一天的時間段on saturday morning/afternoon/evening周幾o(hù)n monday日期on may 4th節(jié)日on new years dayon weekends on vacation一天中某段時間 in the afternoon in (during) the day月份in april季節(jié)in spring年份in 1949世紀(jì)in the 19th century時期in the holidays其它表示時間的介詞還有before，after等，如：before breakfast/ class/ school/ after breakfast/class/ school1.2地點介詞表示地點的介詞很多，如at，in，on，near，next to，in front of，above，under，behind，beside， between等等。此外，in the front of，in the middle of，at/in the corner of, at the back of等，也是表示地點的介詞短語。但其中最常用也是最靈活的是at in on這三個介詞。比如在河里可以說in the river，on the river；同樣，在學(xué)校里也可以說in school或者at school。at 表示一個點（或小地方）at your school，at home，at the pool，at huaxing clothes store， at new park，at the houseon 表示在一個表面on center street/fifth avenue, on the table/chair/dresser, on the wall, on the beach, on the floorin 表示一個范圍（或大地方）in paris/beijing/china, in the water, in the park/supermarket, in the school playground, in class five, in the school magazine/the photo, in the corner要注意的是，學(xué)習(xí)表示地點的介詞at on in的正確用法，關(guān)鍵是要把握從什么角度看空間中的位置，試比較下列三個句子：they stood at the door and waited。他們站在門口等著（站在門口那個點上）he is putting up a picture on the door.他正把一幅畫貼到門上（貼在門那個上面）there is a hole in the door.門上有個洞（從立體的角度看門上的洞）其他地點介詞above 在.上方 there is a map above the blackboard。under 在.的下方 the watch is under the bed。before 在前面 david was standing before the mirror。in the front of 在.前面there are some chairs in the front of the room。（某物內(nèi)部的前面）in front of 在.前面the school is in front of the post office。（在某物外部前面）in the middle of 在.中間my home is in the middle of the city。behind 在.的后面the hotel is behind the library。near 靠近；在附近there is a big supermarket near your house。next to 在旁邊 附近 the school is next to the post office。beside在旁邊there is a dog beside lily。inside 在.的里面i never went inside the building。outside 在外面we can eat outside the classroom。between 在.之間the library is between the restaurant and the supermarket。across from 在.對面our house is across from the supermarket。through 穿過，通過take a walk through the parkdown 沿著go down along the streetat the back of在.的后面at the back of the school is a playground。in the corner of 在的角落the cat is lying in the corner of the living room。1.3其他介詞about關(guān)于；對于could you tell me about your life？from從.；自從he has a pen pal from china.with 與.一起；附有next to the hotel is a small house with an interesting garden. she often goes to the park with her father.of .的；屬于.的 here is a photo of my family。 date of birthto向；到；對let me tell you the way to my house。 my english class is from8:00to9:00.as擔(dān)任；象：當(dāng).時we have a job for you as a writer。 as a boy，he often went skating in winter.like 像what does he look like? what is the weather look like?at 在；對著；以call ann at495-3539 we have sweaters at a very good price。for 對于；為了；給.for breakfast，he likes eggs，bananas，and apples。以.為代價 for boys，you can buy socks for only￥5each。(表示時間持續(xù)).之久after class，i play volleyball for two hours。1.4固定搭配1）介詞和名詞的連用at at first起初 at last最后 at school在上課；在上學(xué) at home在家，無拘束 at the moment此刻 at present現(xiàn)在 at work在上班 在工作 at the same time同時on on duty值日 on holiday度假 on time準(zhǔn)時 on the left/right在左右邊 on the radio在廣播中 on foot步行 on sale出售；降價出售 on tv在電視上播放 on the way在路上 on the phone在電話中in in all總體 in class在課堂上 in english用英語 in short總之 in a hurry匆忙的 in the end最后 in bed躺床上 in danger在危險中 in fact事實上 in time 及時的 in a minute立刻，馬上 2) 動詞和介詞的連用arrive in/at到達(dá) get off下車 learn from向?qū)W習(xí) help sb. with sth. 幫助某人做某事 look after照顧 look for尋找 think of想到 ask for請求 get up起床 laugh at嘲笑 listen to聽 look at看，注視 talk about討論 wait for 等候，等 worry about擔(dān)心 thank for為.而感謝3) 形容詞和介詞的連用be afraid of害怕 be proud of感到自豪 be careful with/about小心 be interested in對感興趣be good at善于 be crazy about酷愛 be late for干某事遲到 be good for對有利3) 其他by+交通工具 by bus/ train/ plane/ air /ship/ bikelots of /a lot of許多，大量 at most至多 at least至少 at once立即，馬上 in order to為了2常用介詞區(qū)別表示時間的in，on，atat表示片刻的時間，in表示一段時間，on總是與日子有關(guān)表示時間的since，fromsince指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間，和完成時連用，from指從時間的某一點開始表示時間的in，afterin 指在一段時間之后，after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中表示地理位置的in，on，toin 表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之內(nèi)表示在上的on，inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分表示穿過的through，acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關(guān)表示關(guān)于的about，onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述between和among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或者三者以上的中間besides和except的區(qū)別besides指除了.還有再加上，except指除了，減去什么，不放在句首表示用的in，withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音as與like的區(qū)別as意為作為，以地為或身份，like為象一樣，指情形相似in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)）into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置六動詞 1動詞的時態(tài)1.1動詞的時態(tài)共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下： 現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask/asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking1.2現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加已經(jīng)等詞，簡言之，利用過去，說明現(xiàn)在。如：i have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer。（已經(jīng)看過并且了解本書的內(nèi)容）2）一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯時可加過，了等詞。簡言之，只談過去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：i read the novel last month。（只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記?。﹊ lived in beijing for ten years。（只說明在北京住過了10年，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)）1.3現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，在含義上如注重表示動作的結(jié)果時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進(jìn)行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，一般不能用于進(jìn)行時的動詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時。i have read that book。我讀過那本書了 i have been reading that book all the morning。我一早上在讀那本書1.4一般將來時的表達(dá)方式：將來時用法例句will，shall+動詞原形 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)my sister will be ten next year.be going to+動詞原形含有打算，計劃即將做某事，或者表示很有可能要做某事we are going to have a party tonight.be+doing進(jìn)行時表示將來go come start move leave arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作he is moving to the south.are they leaving for europe?be about to+動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語。the meeting is about to closei was about to leave when the bell rang.be to+動詞原型表示按計劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見we are to meet at the school gate at noon.一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來the meeting starts at five oclock.the plane leaves at ten this evening. 2動詞的被動語態(tài)常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時am is are asked6過去進(jìn)行時was were being asked2一般過去時was were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時have has been asked3一般將來時shall will be asked8過去完成時had been asked4過去將來時should would be asked9將來完成時will would have been5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am is are being asked10含有情