高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 精品資料專題10 定語從句教學(xué)案（教師版）.doc

2013高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí) 精品資料專題10 定語從句教學(xué)案（教師版）【2013高考考綱解讀】定語從句是中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的重點，也是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的難點，同時又是高考考查的熱點?？v觀近年各地高考試題，就能發(fā)現(xiàn)考點大多集中在帶有插入語的定語從句；which 、as 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句； where 、 when引導(dǎo)的定語從句以及定語從句和強調(diào)句、同位語從句的區(qū)別等方面。對定語從句的考查不單純考查其語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而是把它融入到一定的語境中，考查考生的實際綜合運用能力?！局攸c知識整合】在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞，關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as，關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why。一、關(guān)系詞的基本用法who 指人，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語關(guān)系代詞whom 指人，在從句中作賓語whose 指人或物，在從句中作定語that 指人或物，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語which 指物，在從句中作主語或賓語關(guān)系副詞as 指人、物，在從句中作主語、賓語或表語when 指時間，在從句中作時間狀語where 指地點，在從句中作地點狀語why 指原因，在從句中作原因狀語（1）the man (whom /who/that) my mother saw in the street is my teacher.（2）the book which/ that tells us about the earth is interesting.（3）she lives in a house whose windows faces south.（4）do you know the boy whose father is an english teacher?（5）i have never heard such stories as he tells.（6）ill never forget the day when /on which i joined the army.（7）i wont forget the factory where / in which my father worked.（8）tell me the reason why you came late.二、必須用“that”引導(dǎo)的定語從句1、當先行詞是不定代詞all，little, few, much, anything , everything, none, nothing, no one, some等時。he did everything that he could to help us.2、先行詞被all, every, no , some, any , little, much, the only, the very, the right, last , few , just 等修飾時。the only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.3、先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時，或先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級時。this is the most interesting film that ive ever seen.4、當先行時前有such 或the same修飾時，先行詞和關(guān)系代詞指同一物時。she is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.5、先行詞既有人又有物時，later they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.6、當主句是以who或which開始時的特殊疑問句時，who is the boy that won the gold medal?7、在同一個句子里，若有兩個定語從句，其中一個關(guān)系詞已用了which， 另一個宜用that.edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.8、當關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時。（只限于限制性定語從句中）china is no longer the country that it used to be.9、當先行詞是集體名詞時，多用that，he wants to join the team that won the game.10、that在有些句型中可作為關(guān)系副詞，且可省略。i dont like the way (that) he talks to me.三、只用which不用that時情況1、引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時：bruce went toward the fire, which was still smoking.2、先行詞在從句中作介詞的賓語且介詞前置。this is the house in which lu xun lived.3、先行詞本身是that時：whats that which flashed in the sky just now?4、先行詞后有插入語時，here is the english grammar book which, as ive told you, will help improve your english.5、which 用作表語，指人時，一般指從事某種職業(yè)或是有某種特性、品質(zhì)或才能的人。he is an engineer, which i am not。關(guān)系代as：在限制性定語從句中用在such, the same, as, so之后，as引導(dǎo)的定語從句常采用省略形式。i have the same book as you（have）.take as many as you want.here is so big a stone as no man can lift.this is such a book as was given to me.四、關(guān)系代詞的省略情況1、關(guān)系代在從句中作賓語時。have you received the book (that) i sent you last week?2、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時。mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.3、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞的賓語，而這個介詞又在句末時。this is the artist (whom) i spoke to you about.注意：關(guān)系代詞的省略是指在限制性定語從句中，在非限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。五、帶介詞的定語從句1、固定詞組，介詞置于后，關(guān)系代詞使用靈活。this is the child (whom / who/ that) she is looking after.2、非固定詞組，介詞位置靈活，關(guān)系代詞使用嚴格。the man (whom/ who/ that) i spoke to is a friend of mine.the man to whom i spoke is a friend of mine.3、介詞詞組（關(guān)系代詞遠離先行詞）in front of, on top of ,at the foot of, with the help of, as a result of.we stand in a building in front of which stands a lab.we arrived at a hill, on top of which stood a tower.4、代詞/數(shù)詞+of +關(guān)系代詞he has written many books, most of which are for children.we have many students, two of whom have won prizes of international competitions.5、介詞+關(guān)系代詞+代詞/數(shù)詞：he has written many books, of which most are in chinese.6、介詞+whose 修飾后面的名詞：he is the very man in whose pocket i found my lost money.六、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別限制性定語從句對先行詞起限制確定作用。如果沒有它，主句的意思就不完整，這種定語從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號隔開，在口語中前后沒有停頓。he is the man whose father died last week.that is the reason why i didnt open the door.非限制性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對先行詞起描述或補充說明的作用，省略后也不影響全句的意思，非限制性定語從句可以修飾名詞、代詞、短語、主句的一部分或全句，它和主句之間常用逗號隔開，朗讀時前后有停頓。i live in beijing where my parents worked ten years ago.his sister, who works in wuhan, is coming to see him tomorrow.七、as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句與which 的區(qū)別1、用于非限制性定語從句時，可以指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，as 和which 可以換用。he left her, as/ which was strange.2、as 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，從句可置于句首，句中和句尾。as everyone knows, tom is good at english.the earth, as we know, moves round the sun.3、非限制性定語從句中謂語為被動時，常用as 作主語。as is said/ known/ announced/ reported/ mentioned/ expected/ disused等。as is known to all, taiwan is part of china.4、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有“正如”的含義，因此，下列句式中多用as:as has been said aboveas anybody can seeas we had expectedas (it) appearsthings are not always as they appear.5、which 引導(dǎo)非限制定語從句，指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，從句只能置于句尾。the decision was postponed, which was exactly what he wanted.6、which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代主句中的一個詞（先行詞）從句置于先行詞后，可在句中或句尾。the football match, which i watched yesterday, is very interesting.7、which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，從句的謂語帶有賓語，有的還帶賓語補足語。after that things improved, which astonished me.water changes into steam, which is known to be a physical change.8、which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，從句意思可與主句相反，即從句為否定式或帶否定前綴的形容詞。he can write a letter in english, which i cannot.he was married again, which was unexpected.八、定語從句運用中的注意點1、是用the one還是用that , which, where.（1）is this school _ you study in?（2）is this the school _ you study in?（3）is this the school _ you study?（4）is this school _ is a senior one?a. that/whichb. wherec. the oned. the one where e. the one that / which 遇到這類句子，先將其變成肯定句，再看主句是否缺少表語。若缺表語，則必須用the one的形式，接著再看the one在從句中作什么成分，若作狀語，則必須用the one where，若作主語或賓語時，則用the one (that/ which)2、是用when還是用that, which （1）may 1 is the day _ we spent together.（2）may 1 is the day _i joined the army.a. that/ whichb. when當先行詞是表示時間的名詞時，作時間狀語時，用when, 若作主語或賓語時，就用that/ which.3、定語從句與強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別（1）it was in this house _ he was born.（2）it was this house _ he was born.（3）it was in the house _ he used to live that the exhibition was held.a. whereb. thatc. whichd. there判斷是否是強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的方法是去掉it is /was that, 若整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)和意義不受影響，則為強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，否則為定語從句。4、定語從句與其他從句的區(qū)別（1）定語從句與地點狀語從句的區(qū)別是看有無表示地點的名詞作先行詞，有則是定語從句，試比較：you should leave the toy where you can find. i still remember the bus stop where / at which i met you.（2）定語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別是看從句的邊接詞是否在從句中作成分，作成分的是定語從句；若連接詞在句中不作成分時，則為結(jié)果狀語從句。試比較：he is such a kind person as everybody likes. he is such a kind person that everybody likes him.（3）定語從句與同位語從句的區(qū)別主要是看連接詞是否在從句中作成分，作成分的是定語從句，不作成分而只是表示前面名詞的具體內(nèi)容的則是同位語從句。試比較：the news that he had been back surprised us all. the mews (that) he told us surprised us all.5、way 后面的定語從句（用that/ in which 或省略）：please tell me the way (that/ in which) you did the job.易混易誤，深度總結(jié) 1.誤認為作關(guān)系代詞whose只用于修飾人。 whose用作疑問代詞時，主要用于指人；但用作關(guān)系代詞時，它既可指人也可指物。例如： it was an island，whose name i have forgotten它是一座島，名字我忘了。 the factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 這家全是婦女的工廠。在假期關(guān)閉了。 2.混淆定語從句與并列句。 請看下面兩題： (1) he has two children, and both of_are abroad. a. them b.which c.whom d. who (2) he has two children, both of are abroad. a. them b.which c.whom d. who 第(1)題選a，第(2)題選c。由于第(1)題中用了并列連詞and，從而使整個句子為并列句，所以and后應(yīng)是一個獨立的簡單句，因此選a不選c；第(2)題沒有并列連詞and，both of whom are abroad為非限制性定語從句。另外，請比較下題(答案為a) he has two children, both of_being abroad. a. them b.which c.whom d. who 3混淆關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。 有的同學(xué)一看到先行詞是表示時間、地點或原因的名詞，就認為一定要用關(guān)系副詞，其實也不一定。在此情況下，還要看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作什么成分，若是用作狀語，則用關(guān)系副詞，若不是用作狀語（如用作主語、賓語等）則不能用關(guān)系副詞，而用關(guān)系代詞。比較： this is the factory where l want to work.這就是我想去工作的工廠。 (work為不及物動詞，where在從句中作狀語) this is the factory that l want to visit這就是我想?yún)⒂^的工廠。 (visit為及物動詞，that作visit的賓語) the reason why he cant come is that he is ill他沒來是因為他病了。 （come為不及物動詞，why在定語從句中作狀語） the reason that he put forth is very important他提出的理由很重要。 （put forth為及物動詞詞組，that在定語從句中作其賓語） 4誤認為逗號后一定是非限制性定語從句。 有的同學(xué)一看見逗號，就以為一定要選which而不選that，但問題是有時這類句子根本就不是定語從句。例如： (1) if a book is in english,_means slow progress for you. a. as b.which c.what d. that (2) when i say two hours,includes time for eating. a. as b.which c.what d. that 以上兩題均應(yīng)選that，而不能選which，因為它們根本不是定語從句。之所以選that，是因為句中已有if和when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，逗號后為主句，that為主句主語?！靖哳l考點突破】考點之一 ：正確區(qū)分關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，除不能作定語(用whose)外，其它幾個功能都可用that。但命題角度主要以that與which指物時的區(qū)別為重點。例如：（1）do you have anything in mind _ youd like for supper?well, _ is ok with me.a. that ; anything b. which ; everythingc. what ; whatever d. where ; something （2）the wrong youve done him is terrible, for _ you should make an apology to him, i think.a. this b. which c. what d. that （3）he should stand near the stage _ he could watch and follow the play.a. where b. when c. that d. there 【答案】a【解析】此處stage是先行詞，其在定語從句中作地點狀語。（4）do you think the reason _ he gave is believable.a. for which b. which c. why d. what （5）we are living in an age _ many things are done on computer.a. which b. that c. whose d. when 考點之三 ：當先行詞在定語從句中作主語時，應(yīng)注意主謂語的一致性及被動語態(tài)問題。尤其要注意在考題中不用定語從句，而是用分詞短語作定語。例如：（6）the first textbooks _ for teaching english as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. a. having written b. to be written c. being written d. written （7）the train that stands at platform 7 / standing at platform 7 is for wuhan.（8）any article that is left in these buses / left in these buses will be taken at once to the lost property office. 考點之四 ：定語從句中不能再重復(fù)與先行詞有關(guān)的代詞或副詞。必須牢記定語從句中關(guān)系詞已經(jīng)替代先行詞并且在定語從句中已經(jīng)充當其成分，故不能再用相關(guān)的代詞或副詞。例如：（8）he made another wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.a. which i think it is b. which i think isc. which i think it d. i think which is （9）this is the hospital _ they visited last year and is the one _ i worked in five years agoathat；where bwhere；thatcwhere；where dthat；that （10）there are dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands.a. that b. which c. where d. when 【答案】c【解析】 此處先行詞是her trousers，在定語從句中作狀語，相當于on her trousers=on which=where。故選c?？键c之五 ：對介詞后接關(guān)系代詞而不接關(guān)系副詞的考查；當關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語，且該介詞不是和從句的謂語動詞構(gòu)成固定短語時，介詞可以提前，這樣就出現(xiàn)介詞+關(guān)系代詞。先行詞指物，用介詞+which, 指人則用介詞+whom, 且兩個關(guān)系代詞均不能省略，介詞的選擇要遵循兩個原則：1.根據(jù)定語從句中謂語動詞與先行詞的搭配內(nèi)容而定。 2.根據(jù)先行詞特殊用法而定。例如：（11）this flower doesnt do well in soil other than the one_ it has been specially developedafor which bthat cof which dwhere （12）anyway, that evening, _i will tell you more about later, i ended up staying at rachels place.a. when b. where c. what d. which （13）our teacher set us such a difficult maths problem _ we could not work out.a. that b. which c. as d. even （14）carl said the work would be done by october , _ personally i doubt very much.a. it b. that c. when d. which （15）_ is reported in the newspaper , talks between the two countries are making progress.a. it b. as c. that d. what 考點之七 ：解題時要注意題干的內(nèi)容和句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，（進行必要的語法分析，弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)。）再行答題。例如：（16）the teacher wanted to teach us _ he knew at this last lesson.a. all which b. all whatc. of which d. everything which （17）meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment , _ i will always treasure.a. that b. one c. it d. what （18） mrs brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had _went wrong again.a. it repair b. it repairedc. repaired d. to be repaired （19）_is well-known that antarctica is difficult to reach.a. it b. what c. as d. which （20）_is well-known , antarctica is difficult to reach.a. it b. what c. as d. which （21）_is well-known is that antarctica is difficult to reach.a. it b. what c. as d. which 雖然定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和用法比較復(fù)雜，但只要從定語從句的形式上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和用法上來分析理解和比較，就一定就能把握定語從句的用法。 【難點探究】1.考查which/who(m)引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，用以指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，或主句中某個詞或短語的內(nèi)容。 【例】she brought with her three friends, none of i had ever met before. a. them b. who c. whom d. these【例】 by serving others,a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself,_can be very eye-opening and rewarding. a. who b.which c.what d.that【答案】b【解析】which在此引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，which在定語從句中作主語，表示前面所提到的情況?！纠?chans restaurant on baker street,_used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. a. that b.which c.who d. where2.考查as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句 as也可指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，但不同于which的是，它引導(dǎo)的定語從句既可以位于主句的前面，也可以位于主句的后面。它的意思是“正如”，as在這些從句中作主語或賓語。 【例】_i explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. a. when b.after c.as d. since【例】_is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. a. which b.when c.what d. as3.考查由“介詞十關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句 “介詞十關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞主要是which或whom，不能是that;其中的介詞則要根據(jù)句子中的相關(guān)搭配來確定。 【例】 he was educated at the local high school,_he went on to beijing university. a. after which b.after that c.in which d.in that【例】 she was educated at beijing university,_she went on to have her advanced study abroad. a. after which b.from which cfrom that d. after that4.考查由.of which引導(dǎo)的定語從句 這類結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示所屬關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系或整體與部分的關(guān)系。 (1) it is reported that two schools,_are being built in my hometown, will open next year. a. they both b.which both c.both of them d. both of which (2) we shouldnt spent our money testing so many people, most of_are healthy. a. that b.which c.what d. whom5.考查由where，when，why引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系副詞where，when，why引導(dǎo)定語從句時，它們分別在從句中充當?shù)攸c狀語、時間狀語和原因狀語。 【例】those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity_sight matters more than hearing a. when b.whose c.which d. where【例】the book was written in 1946,_the education system has witnessed great changes. a. when b.during which c.since then d. since when6.考查whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句此時要注意三點：(1) whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其后應(yīng)緊跟名詞，構(gòu)成“whose+名詞”；(2) whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物；(3) whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句指物時，可用of which代替whose，但詞序不同，即whose+名詞=the+名詞+of which。【例】last month, part of southeast asia was struck by floods, from_effects the people are still suffering. a. that b.whose c.those d. what【例】 george orwell,_was eric arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. a. the real name b.what his real name c. his real name d. whose real name7.考查分隔式定語從句 即所考查的定語從句與先行詞之間插有其他修飾語。做題時應(yīng)撇開其中的修飾語，直接將先行詞與定語從句聯(lián)系起來。 【例】the film brought the hours back to me_lwas taken good care of in that faraway village. a. until b.that c.when d. where【例】 it was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,_for the first time in years their team won the world cup. a. that b.while c.which d.when【答案】d【解析】定語從句修飾的先行詞是an exciting moment。8.考查關(guān)系詞省略的限制性定語從句 能被省略的關(guān)系代詞主要是用作賓語的that，which，whom，who等，且只限于限制性定語從句中。另外，the way后接定語從句修飾時，也可省略關(guān)系代詞。 【例】-why does she always ask you for help? -there is no one else_,is there? a. who to turn to . b.she can tum to c. for whom to turn d. for her to turn【答案】b【解析】先行詞是no one else，定語從句she can tum to前省略了作賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom或who。值得指出的是，本句還可以寫成to whom she can turn?！纠?what surprised me was not what he said but_he said it. a. the way b. in the way that c. in the way d. the way which9.考查定語從句與其他知識點的綜合運用【例】 he is the only one of the students who_a winner of scholarship for three years. a. is b.are c.have been d. has been【例】 meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_1 will always treasure. a. that b.one c.it d. what【歷屆高考】【2012山東卷】23. maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series. a. them b. that c. which d. what【答案】【解析】此處先行詞是two novels，后面是一個非限制性定語從句且介詞前置，因此用both of which引導(dǎo)。句意：maria寫了兩部小說，兩部都被拍成了電視劇。【考點】考查非限制性定語從句的用法?！?012福建卷】23. the air quality in the city, _is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.a. thatb. it c. as d. what【2012浙江卷】17.ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.a. whichb. whoc. whered. whom【考點】定語從句【答案】b【解析】who引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，在從句中做主語，修飾先行詞ellen（人名）。which修行先行詞是物的定語從句；whom修飾先行詞為人，且在從句中做賓語；where修飾先行詞是地點名詞，且在從句中地點狀語，均不符合語境，故排除?！?012浙江卷】9.we live in an age_more information is available with greater ease than ever before.a. whyb. whenc. to whomd. on which【2012江蘇卷】22.after the flooding, people were suffering in that area,_ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.a. which b. who c. where d. what【考點】定語從句關(guān)系代詞【答案】b【解析】指人的先行詞people在非限制性定語從句中充當主語，所以用關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)。故選b項?！九e一反三】由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞who只能指人，在從句中作主語或賓語。如：a teacher is a person who passes knowledge to the student.教師是傳授知識的人。（關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語）the man who can do this work will get 1000 dollars.能夠做此工作的人將獲得1000美元。（關(guān)系代詞who在從句中作主語）【2012安徽卷】29. lot of language learning, has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.a. as b. it c. which d. this【2012江西卷】28by 16:30, _was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.awhichbwhencwhatdthat【2012湖南】34. care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered. a. whatb. in whatc. whichd. in which【2012重慶卷】29. sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as salesa. which b. that c. when d. where技巧點撥：句意表示“我已經(jīng)達到人生的一個轉(zhuǎn)折點，應(yīng)該自己做決定?！毕刃性~是point, 關(guān)系