chapter 8非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.doc

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞：1) Infinitive to do2) Participledoing / doneadj.3) Gerund doingn.一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)1不定時(shí)做主語(yǔ)的句型It takes sb. Money / time to do sth.It is + adj. + for sb. to do sth.It is + adj. + of sb. to do sth.e.g.It is our duty to help them.It will take you quite a long time to finish it.It is easy for you to answer the questions. To answer the questions is easy for you.It is kind of you to help us. You are kind to help us.2動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的句型It is no use / no good / no point / a waste of time / a bore + doing sth.It is useless / pointless / good / interesting / worthwhile / expensive + doing sth.e.g.It is no use crying.It is a waste of time trying to persuade him to accept the idea.There is no saying what may happen.說(shuō)出將會(huì)發(fā)生什么事是不可能的。3不定式和動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1) 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)表示抽象的動(dòng)作，而不定式做主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。e.g.Smoking is prohibited here.It is not very good for you to smoke so much.2) 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)表示一件已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而不定式則表示未完成的事或者目的e.g.Climbing mountains is interesting.To study abroad has long been my dream.不定式與動(dòng)名詞的區(qū)別在此已闡述，做表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)等其他成分是，它們的區(qū)別也是如此。二、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞做表語(yǔ)1不定式與動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)1）不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，主語(yǔ)通常是一個(gè)名詞、不定式短語(yǔ)或者從句，不定式表達(dá)具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來(lái)的或沒(méi)有完成的動(dòng)作。e.g.Your present task is to learn English well.To see is to believe.2)）動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性動(dòng)作，主語(yǔ)一般為名詞、或動(dòng)名詞。e.g. Our work is serving the people.His hobby is collecting stamps.Seeing is believing.Attention:動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)形式相同，但主謂間的邏輯關(guān)系不同。e.g.His hobby is collecting stamps.He is collecting stamps.2分詞做表語(yǔ)并非所有的動(dòng)詞的分詞形式都可以做表語(yǔ)，只有表示心理狀態(tài)的“使意”動(dòng)詞由此用法。E.g. interest, excite, disappoint, tire, exhaust, convince, please, annoy, irritate, confuse, puzzle, bewilder, baffle, delight, satisfy, encourage, worry, etc.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，這些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式用來(lái)修飾物，而過(guò)去分詞形式用來(lái)修飾人。但具體的用法要看上下文的理解。e.g.Im interested in the interesting story.We all love the child, for he is pleasing.Through his annoyed face, we know he was really irritated.三、不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)1不定式作賓語(yǔ)1）有些動(dòng)詞只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)Afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, dare, decide, determine, decline, desire, endeavor, expect, guarantee, happen, hope, learn, long, love, mange, offer, plan, pledge, promise, prepare, want, refuse, venture, intend, demand, volunteer, help, wish, etc.e.g.I demand to know the truth.I happened to be out when he called.He offered to go with us.2）在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，一般用it來(lái)做形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)放在句尾可以這樣使用的形容詞有：Necessary, possible, impossible, difficult, easy, natural, hard, etc.可以這樣使用的動(dòng)詞有：Consider, make, judge, think, find, regard, etc.e.g.I found it difficult to pass the exam held by the professor.They consider it impossible to climb over such a stiff precipice.3）在有些動(dòng)詞后面，可以用“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：Know, ask, wonder, explain, learn, study, find out, etc.e.g.He knew where to find the treasure.We learn how to manufacture this sort of machinery.2動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)1）動(dòng)名詞可以作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)admit, acknowledge, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, consider, avoid, complete, delay, deny, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, propose, suggest, quit, recall, recollect, resist, risk, endure, cant help + doinge.g.By taking the back way, we escaped being seen.She admitted having stolen my money.Would you consider going north this summer? I appreciated your sending me such a gift.2）“動(dòng)介型”的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，后面都要接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)give up, succeed in, aim at, put off, insist on, be good at, depend on, do well in, leave off停止,be tired of, be capable of, be fond of, etc.e.g.I warned him against driving so fast.但是，to既可以是不定式中的小品詞，又可以是介詞，如果是介詞，后面要接動(dòng)名詞。Be used to, be accustomed to, be adapted to, be adjusted to, devote to, contribute to, stick to, respond to, object to, look forward to, see to, apply to, prefer doing to doing, etc.e.g.I prefer swimming to playing football.Tom objected to being treated like a child.3）有些動(dòng)詞后面既可以用動(dòng)名詞，又可以用不定式，但表達(dá)的意思不同。(可以根據(jù)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別來(lái)理解)Go on to do go on doingChance to do碰巧干chance doing冒險(xiǎn)試一試Forget to doforget doingRemember to doremember doingStop to dostop doingRegret to doregret doingTry to do try doingMean to domean doingNeed / require / want / deserve to do 被動(dòng) Doing主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)like / love / hate / prefer to do具體行為doing抽象，一般性動(dòng)作e.g.This kind of disease means your going to hospital.I regret telling him what I thought.She forgot my telling her about it.四、不定式和分詞做定語(yǔ)1不定式做定語(yǔ)1）當(dāng)與不定式連用的動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞時(shí)，其定語(yǔ)也要用不定式如agreement, attempt, decision, desire, determination, failure, plan, intention, promise, refusal, threat, tendency, etc.e.g.His wish to buy a car came true.Their decision to give the experiment surprised us.2）當(dāng)與不定式連用的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞時(shí)，其定語(yǔ)也要用不定式如ability, ambition, anxiety, aptitude, patience, impatience, reluctance, willingness, unwillingness, eagerness, curiosity, etc.e.g.She was obviously eager to learn dancing Her eagerness to learn dancing is obvious.She was burning with curiosity to know the end of the story.3）某些抽象名詞，如chance, effort, opportunity, chance, place, reason, right, time, way等，其定語(yǔ)也用不定式e.g.the right to speak,the time to go to bed,the reason to fire himthe way to get to the station4）不定代詞something, anything, nothing, everything等，定語(yǔ)也用不定式。e.g.I have something to tell you.He has everything to lose and nothing to gain.5）由only, last, next, 序數(shù)詞，形容次最高級(jí)修飾的名次后面也常用不定式做定語(yǔ)e.g.He is always the last one to leave the classroom.I dont think he is the best man to do the job.6）不定式常用來(lái)修飾have, get, give, look for, find等表示“得到”、“具有”等意義的動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。e.g.Jack has large family to support.He has found a room to live in.7）不定式常常修飾there be結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)e.g.There are many difficulties to overcomeThere is a big task to complete.8）不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語(yǔ)，要加上恰當(dāng)?shù)慕璐?，與被修飾的名詞形成邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系e.g.I need a pen to write with.2分詞做定語(yǔ)1）現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)意義，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義2）現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成e.g.he rushed into the burning house.The child standing over there is my brother.The advanced teacher 3不定式和分詞做定語(yǔ)的時(shí)間關(guān)系不定式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所發(fā)生的時(shí)間相同，但過(guò)去動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間則在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生之前。e.g.Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?Do you want to see the retired doctor?五、不定式和分詞做狀語(yǔ)總的來(lái)說(shuō)，非謂語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式表達(dá)目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，而分詞表示出目的與結(jié)果之外的其他狀語(yǔ)1不定式做狀語(yǔ)e.g.We human eat to live, not live to eat. 目的The old man walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.目的表示目的時(shí)，我們常用in order to, so as to 來(lái)突出目的性。表示結(jié)果時(shí)，常用下列詞組：so as to, such as to, enough to, too to, not / never too to, but / only toe.g.the child is old enough to dress himself.I cant praise the play too highly.One can never be too careful in ones work.I went to the station, only to find the train had already left.2分詞做狀語(yǔ)e.g.Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stoop up.時(shí)間，原因Being excited, I couldnt go to sleep.原因The children went away laughing.伴隨Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.讓步Heated, ice will be changed into water.條件，時(shí)間3分詞做狀語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系1）現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)詞就是句子主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，它們之間是主謂關(guān)系。2）過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)所要承受的動(dòng)作，它們之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。3）分詞做狀語(yǔ)可以與連詞連用，如when, while, once, if, unless, thought，一般情況下為了簡(jiǎn)潔而省略。While walking along the street early in the morning, he saw her.Once completed, this power station supplies the nearby towns and villages with electricity.4）分詞做狀語(yǔ)一般不表示結(jié)果和目的，但不定式做狀語(yǔ)，除了目的與結(jié)果之外，在特定的局勢(shì)中也可以表示原因。The boy is not tall enough to each the bookshelf.結(jié)果We are glad to hear the news.原因六、不定式與分詞做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)1不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)1）賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)不定式作賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，通常在賓語(yǔ)的后面，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明前面的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)中不完善的地方。a) 能夠用動(dòng)詞不定式補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, find, force, inform, invite, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, instruct, help, lead, wish, warn, teach, request, require, prefer, prepare, etc.e.g.Computers enable us to solve the math problems very quickly.We should prefer them to come next week.b) 不定式可以做感官動(dòng)詞，使役動(dòng)詞等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但是，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，小品詞to要省略，而在被動(dòng)句中，to則要再加上。感官動(dòng)詞：see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, perceive, smell, etc.使役動(dòng)詞：let, have, make其他相關(guān)詞組：look at, listen to, would rather, would you please, had better, rather than, etc.e.g.We saw him go out two hours ago.He was seen to go out two hours ago.c) 動(dòng)詞teach, tell, show等后面也通常用”wh-word + to do sth.”作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。e.g.the teacher teaches us how to remember the words quickly.Mother told me how to buy some dresses for myself.d) 動(dòng)詞believe, know, think, prove, consider等后面通常接”賓語(yǔ) + to be + 形容詞”，但to be一般省略掉。e.g.I believe him (to be) innocent.I consider it (to be) ridiculous.2）主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)部分含有動(dòng)詞do的一定形式時(shí)，作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省略to，也可以保留to。e.g.All he did was (to)make others work.The thing to do is (to) clear the road.2分詞做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)1）分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)a) 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以跟在以下動(dòng)詞后面感官動(dòng)詞：see, hear, feel, smell, notice, observe, watch, etc.使役動(dòng)詞：get, have, keep, set, send, leave, etc.e.g.His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose.We had to keep the machine working all day and night to finish the work.b) 過(guò)去分詞可以跟在以下動(dòng)詞后面做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)see, hear, watch, get, keep, leave, have, like, want, wish, order, etc.e.g.His always leaves a lot of things undone.We saw him stolen on the bus.c) 有些動(dòng)詞的后面既可以用不定式，也可以用分詞來(lái)做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但意義有所不同。現(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作地進(jìn)行性，而不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程。E.g.,I saw an old man crossing the road.I saw an old man cross the road.2）現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)多出現(xiàn)在被動(dòng)句中e.g.The old man was seen crossing the road.A lot of things are left undone.七、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常考的其他結(jié)構(gòu)1疑問(wèn)句+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)疑問(wèn)詞who, what, which, when , where, how等后面可以加不定式構(gòu)成特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)e.g.when to start has not bee decided.The difficulty was how to cross the river.2在do nothing / anything / everything but / except 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，but / except后面要接不帶to的不定式，而如果句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是do作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞的某種形式，but / except后面則要接帶to的不定式。e.g.Last night I did nothing but watch TV.John will do anything but work on a farm.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.八、獨(dú)立主格與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成是：邏輯諸于+分詞/形容詞/名詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/不定式等等。邏輯主語(yǔ)即意思上的動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常用來(lái)做狀語(yǔ)，表示一種方式，環(huán)境，伴隨的狀況等等。With往往是這一結(jié)構(gòu)的引導(dǎo)詞(with可以省略)。1）with + 邏輯主語(yǔ)+ 分詞With the weather permitting, well play basketball tomorrow.With this work done, they packed their tools and went back home.2）with+ 邏輯主語(yǔ)+ 介詞短語(yǔ)He stood there with his hat in hand.3）with+ 邏輯主語(yǔ)+ 副詞He went out with no hat on.4）with+ 邏輯主語(yǔ)+ 形容詞He slept well with the door open.5) with +邏輯主語(yǔ)+ 不定式He knew that with him to help her, she could succeed.不同點(diǎn)：1. 主語(yǔ)不同。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)也就是主句的主語(yǔ)，而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不同，是另外的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 2. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式只有三種：不定式，動(dòng)名詞和分詞；而獨(dú)立主格中除了不定式和分詞，還可以用到形容詞，副詞，介詞等。動(dòng)名詞I. Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and Dl. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.1. As Ill be away for at least a year, Id appreciate _from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. A. combined B. having combined C. combine D. being combined3. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery_just around the corner was untrue.A. would be B. to be C. was D. being4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist _what to do and what not to do.A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been told5. Ted had told me that he always escapes_ as he has got a very fast sport car.A to fine B. to be fined C. being fined D. having been fined6.When Jane fell off the bike, the other children_.A. were not able to help laughter B. could not help but laughingC. could not help laughing D. could not help to laugh7. The noise was caused by a dog_ a cat through the garden. A. catching B. fighting C. following D. chasing8. There was no sign that Mr. Joslin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite _from leadership of it, would intervene personally.A. being resigned B. having resigned C. going to resign D. resign9. I dont allow _ in my drawing-room. I dont allow my family _ at all.A. to smoke; smoking B. smoking; to smoke C. to smoke; to smoke D. smoking; smoking10. Ann never dreams of _ for her to be sent abroad very soon.A. there being a chance B. there be a chance C. there to be a chance D. being a chance11. There is _ that this has been a difficult year for the company.A. not to deny B. not denying C. no denying D. without denying12. I have always regretted _ harder at school.A. to have to studied B. not study C. not having studied D. not to study13. I dont mind _ the decision as long as it is not too late.A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make14. _all night in the rain caused him to catch a cold. A. He worked B. He to work C. Him to work D. His working15. No one then thought Toms suggestion was worth _ .A. to be considered B. to consider C. considering D. being considered16. _ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A. The girl was educated B. The girl educatedC. The girls. being educated D. The girl to be educated17. There is a regulation which forbids_ in public places. A smoking B to smoke C smoke D from smoking . 不定式1. The students expected there_ more reviewing classes before the final exam.A. is B. being C. have been D. to be2. It isnt cold enough for there _a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. was D. to be3. For there _successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.A. is B. to be C. will be D. being4. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly _.A. noticed B. to be noticed C. noticing D. being noticing5. The local health organization is reported _twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up6. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time_ the last bus.A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught7. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday.A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed8. I advise them to withdraw_A. so as to get not involved B. so as not to get involvedC. so that not to get involved D. as not to get involved9. Would you_ to give me a helping hand when I move to the new houses?A. be so kind B. be kind as C. be so kind as D. be kind10. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along _to spend most of their time together.A. so well B. too well C. well as D. well enough1l. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about _compliments to his political leaders.A .paying B. having paid C. to pay D. to have paid12. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, _ to find it locked.A. just B. only C. hence D. thus13. Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though_ out of the office.A. went B. gone C. to go D. would go14. Do you remember_ to Professor Smith during your last visit?A. to be introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced D. to have introduced15. She moved closer _what she was saying.A. for my hearing B. for me to hearC. as to for me to hear D. in order I to hear16. The tourists decided not to make a trip to that ancient temple_.A. but stay where they were B. but staying where they wereC. but to stay where they were D. instead of staying where they were17. Did you notice the little boy_ away?A. took the candy and run B. taking the candy and runC. take the candy and run D. who taking the candy and running18. The pressure_ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed19. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman _the Nobel Prize for Literature.A. receive B. received C. to receive D. she received20. Madame Curie is believed _the radium.A. discovering B. having discovered C. to have discovered D. to discover過(guò)去分詞1. John was so_ in his book that he did not hear the door bell ring.A. engaged B. occupied C. absorbed D. concentrated2. After a long walk on a hot day, one often feels_.A. exhaustive B. exhausting C. exhaust D. exhausted3. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely_ to the outside world.A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D. lost4. In spite of the wide range of reading materials specially written or_ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.A. adapted B. acknowledged C. assembled D. appointed5. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am_ to carrying out the plan.A. obliged B. committed C. engaged D. resolved6. _of the burden of