6__動(dòng)名詞.doc

動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞是一種兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞特征的非限定動(dòng)詞。它可以支配賓語(yǔ)，也能被副詞修飾。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。解釋：動(dòng)詞的ing形式如果是名詞，這個(gè)詞稱動(dòng)名詞。動(dòng)名詞的作用動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。一、動(dòng)名詞定義和作用動(dòng)名詞是一種兼有動(dòng)詞和名詞特征的非限定動(dòng)詞。它可以支配賓語(yǔ)，也能被副詞修飾。動(dòng)名詞有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。解釋：動(dòng)詞的ing形式如果是名詞，這個(gè)詞稱動(dòng)名詞。一、動(dòng)名詞的作用動(dòng)名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。二、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞稱為動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，要在動(dòng)名詞之前加上物主代詞或名詞所有格，這便構(gòu)成了動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中物主代詞（名詞所有格）是邏輯上的主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞是邏輯上的謂語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，分別相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他來幫忙鼓舞了我。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)Janes being careless caused so much trouble. 簡(jiǎn)這么粗心惹來了不少麻煩。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 煩擾他們的是食物不足。 (=Whats troubling them is that they have not enough food.)在口語(yǔ)中，如果動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞賓格，名詞所有格常用名詞普通格來代替，但在句首作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不能這樣來代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的電腦介意嗎？The father insisted on his sons/his son going to college. 爸爸堅(jiān)決要求兒子上大學(xué)。Marys (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 瑪麗病了，使她媽媽很著急。His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽煙使他一家人非常生氣。在下列情況下動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)必須用名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓語(yǔ)：a.無命名詞The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 這個(gè)嬰兒被猛烈的關(guān)門聲吵醒。b. 有生命名詞但表示泛指意義Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你聽說過婦女練拳擊嗎？c. 兩個(gè)以上的有生命名詞并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你記得你父母和我都告訴過你這事嗎？ 三、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)1、作主語(yǔ)Reading is an art. 讀書是一種藝術(shù)。Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在這種工作條件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)，有時(shí)先用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把動(dòng)名詞置于句末。這種用法在習(xí)慣句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 灑掉的牛奶哭也沒用。It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 勸說這樣的人加入真是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上這種擁擠的車真難。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子們一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 對(duì)這種事情不是開玩笑。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的幾種類型動(dòng)名詞可以在句子中充當(dāng)名詞所能充當(dāng)?shù)亩喾N句子成分。在這里僅就動(dòng)名詞在句子中作主語(yǔ)的情況進(jìn)行討論。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)有如下幾種常見情況：1. 直接位于句首做主語(yǔ)。例如：Swimming is a good sport in summer.2. 用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，把動(dòng)名詞(真實(shí)主語(yǔ))置于句尾作后置主語(yǔ)。動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不太常用 it 作先行主語(yǔ)，多見于某些形容詞及名詞之后。例如：It is no use telling him not to worry.常見的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容詞不能用于上述結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 用于“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：There is no saying when hell come.很難說他何時(shí)回來。4. 用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ).No parking.5. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，?？梢栽谇懊婕由弦粋€(gè)名詞或代詞的所有格，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)(這時(shí)，名詞或代詞的所有格做動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ))。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)也可以在句中作主語(yǔ)。例如：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.6.例詞shopping fishing cycling這些都是很常見的動(dòng)名詞二、動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的比較動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞都可以用作主語(yǔ)。在意義上相近。但動(dòng)名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動(dòng)作，不定式多用來表示特指或具體動(dòng)作。比較：Smoking is not good for health.It is not good for you to smoke so much.注意：1)在口語(yǔ)中，用動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)位于句首的較不定式多見。2)在“It is no use.”，“It is no good.”，“It is fun.”，“It is a waste of time.”等句型中，通常用動(dòng)名詞作真實(shí)主語(yǔ)：It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that.*It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that.3)在疑問句中，通常用動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)：Does your saying that mean anything to him?*Does for you to say that mean anything to him?4)在“There be”句型中，只能用動(dòng)名詞，而不能用不定式作主語(yǔ)：There is no telling what will happen.It is impossible to tell what will happen.5)當(dāng)句子中的主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是非限定動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)在形式上要求統(tǒng)一：Seeing is believing.*To see is to believe.2、作賓語(yǔ)（1）作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)某些動(dòng)詞后出現(xiàn)非限定性動(dòng)詞時(shí)只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，不能用不定式。常見的此類動(dòng)詞有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, cant stand, be used to, get used to, devoteto, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如：They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他們繼續(xù)走，說個(gè)不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海灘上走真是樂事。（2）作介詞的賓語(yǔ)We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計(jì)劃。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始干活？（3）作形容詞的賓語(yǔ)The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽?zhēng)妆?。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)忙著做準(zhǔn)備。3、作表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)通常是對(duì)等的關(guān)系，表示主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容，主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)可互換位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任務(wù)就是擦窗戶。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被別人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)4、作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：a walking stick a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping 四、worth 的用法worth，worthy，worth-while都為adj.意為值得。1. worth： be worth + n. 當(dāng)名詞為金錢時(shí)，表示 值得be worth doing sth.某事值得被做The question is not worth discussing again and again.2. worthy：be worthy of +n.當(dāng)名詞為抽象名詞時(shí)表示值得be worthy to be done 某事值得被做The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth 值得做某事 worth while： It is worth while doing sth It is worth while sb to do sth.典型例題It is not _ to discuss the question again and again.A.worthB.worthyC.worth-whileD.worth while答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只適合詞組be worth-while to do sth.。因此選C。五、 動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)如下：時(shí)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、動(dòng)名詞一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常是一般性動(dòng)作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作，或是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。2、動(dòng)名詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。3、動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)同時(shí)也是動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)名詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。（1）它的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。如：I dont like being laughed at in public. 在公共場(chǎng)合下，我不喜歡被別人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高興你能獲得這樣的獎(jiǎng)牌。（3）在某些動(dòng)詞，我們常用動(dòng)名詞的一般式表示完成式，盡管動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，這似乎是一種強(qiáng)大的習(xí)慣。如：Excuse me for being late. 我來晚了請(qǐng)你原諒。I dont remember ever meeting somewhere. 我記不得原來在什么地方見過。Thank you for giving us so much help. 謝謝給我們這么大的幫助。（4）在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子顯得累贅，尤其是在口語(yǔ)中。如：I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被帶到過這個(gè)動(dòng)物園，可我忘了。（5）動(dòng)名詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式同形，但無進(jìn)行意義，being不可省略。如：She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被領(lǐng)到大眾面前。 六、動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的同與不同動(dòng)名詞它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，都是在動(dòng)詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法中，這兩種形式同視為-ing形式。 這兩種形式的另一個(gè)相同之處是：它們都是由動(dòng)詞變化而成的，它們都保留了動(dòng)詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，而構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，作狀語(yǔ)）他在公眾場(chǎng)所講話時(shí)總是興高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)）她不喜歡在公眾場(chǎng)所講話。區(qū)別：1動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動(dòng)詞之后作表語(yǔ),區(qū)別方法是:作表語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞與主語(yǔ)指的是同一件事,此時(shí)系動(dòng)詞相當(dāng)于“是”,通常把主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的位置互換,語(yǔ)法和意思不變,例如:My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)位置互換)現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)主要用以說明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),不能與主語(yǔ)互換位置,例如:The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting is the story.2動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語(yǔ)來修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于:動(dòng)名詞修飾名詞時(shí)主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時(shí)性質(zhì)狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作等試比較:a swimming boy和a swimming suit前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動(dòng)作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動(dòng)名詞swimming表示suit 的用途a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car前者的意思是“一個(gè)正在睡覺的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞 child 正處于的狀態(tài);而后者的意思是“臥車(被用來睡覺的車廂)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,動(dòng)名詞 sleeping 表示car 的用途被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞Our classroom is cleaned everyday.I am asked to study hard.Knives are used for cutting things.2. 一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞A new shop was built last year.Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.4. 一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees will be planted next year.5. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞Young trees must be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may be locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them.7. 不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to + be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted.二、 怎樣把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?把主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)非常簡(jiǎn)單，可以遵循以下幾個(gè)步驟：1. 先找出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；2. 再找出謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)；3. 把賓語(yǔ)用作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)；4. 注意人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week.2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.3. He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far.4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now.6. You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave.三、 使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題：1. 不及物動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。What will happen in 100 years.The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。This pen writes well.