汽車(chē)離合器課程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯/中英文翻譯/外文翻譯

外文資料翻譯  Automobile Clutch Nowadays the pioneers of the clutch disc, clutch disc is more pieces of it until 1925 later. The multi-gear clutch main advantage is that car started the clutch engagement is no impact on the smooth. Early in the design, layout design, according to slice pairs of a steel plate with a bronze blanks. Using the friction pair of pure metal, put them in oil, can achieve more satisfactory performance. As the power to combustion in mechanical transmission automobiles, clutch is as an independent assembly. The clutch is usually served in the engine and transmission, the active part between connected with engine flywheel, driven and transmission. Various types of cars for widespread adoption of friction clutch, in fact, is a kind of depend on their part, driven to relay the friction between the power and the separation. The major function of the clutch is cut off and the realization of the engine and transmission, to ensure smooth, stable car When the shift in the engine and transmission of separation, reduce transmission gear shift between the impact, Work in the dynamic load is larger, can limit the transmission of maximum torque, in order to prevent the transmission parts of a damaged by overload, Reducing effectively the transmission of the vibration and noise. In the early development of clutch structures, the most successful conical clutch. It was the prototype design in 1889 German Daimler company production of steel wheel on the car. It is to make the engine flywheel hole taper as clutch active. The taper clutch scheme continues to the middle of the twentieth century, when the manufacture, cone-shaped clutch friction relatively simple, easy to repair. It was used LuoMao friction material, leather belt, etc. Then have been hoof - drum clutch, its structure in the solid-bowl clingy reaches hoof. Hoof - drum clutch friction components with wood, leather belt is such, shoe - drum clutch weight is light cone clutch. Whatever tapered clutch or hoof - drum clutch, easy to cause the separation is not complete appear even Lord, follower cannot separate self-locking phenomenon. Years of practical experience and technical improvement makes people tend to preferred dry friction clutch single chip, because it has driven part of inertia, good heat, simple structure, convenient adjustment, compact size, etc, but also because completely in structure, already can take action to smooth, so now junction disc is widely used in large, medium and small various models. Now monolithic dry type clutch in structural design is quite perfect. Using the axial elastic platen, improve the clutch of comfort. The clutch platen assembly installed in reverse, prevent the transmission system of shock of torsional resonances, reduced the transmission system of noise and load. As the car comfort requirements, clutch in original basis has been obtained by car, by continuously improved by increasing the quality of the flywheel has double shock absorber, can turn better reduce transmission noise. Due to heavy clutch, commercial, engine power tends to large-scale increasing, but the size of the space increased clutch allows the use of limited, clutch, cool 1,  increase conditions to improve ability, preaching clutch torsion life-span, simplify the operation has become the development trend of the heavy clutch. In order to improve the ability of torsion, in heavy vehicles can be used on double dry type clutch. Theoretically, in the same radial dimensions, biplate clutch torsion ability and the service life is 2 times of single chip. But other objective factors, the actual effects of low value than others. In recent years, the wet clutch on technology improvement, some heavy cart in abroad and start using multiple wet clutch. Compared with dry type clutch, due to the use of the pump are forced cooling, friction surface temperature is lower than 93 degrees Celsius (not), therefore, long time also does not start sliding friction loss. Refer to the information at home and abroad were told that this clutch can use dry type clutch of 5-6 times, but the advantages of the wet clutch play must be in a temperature range, more than it can achieve a temperature range will play a negative effects. Now this technology is not perfect.  汽車(chē)離合器  當(dāng)今使用的盤(pán)式離合器的始祖為多片盤(pán)式離合器，一直到 1925年以后它才問(wèn)世。它最主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)為，當(dāng)汽車(chē)起步時(shí)離合器能夠平順的結(jié)合，極少的減少?zèng)_擊。在最早的設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中，多片盤(pán)式離合器設(shè)計(jì)的按成對(duì)布置，每一個(gè)青銅盤(pán)片都對(duì)應(yīng)著一鋼盤(pán)片。使用金屬的摩擦副，在油中浸著工作，能達(dá)到更好的性能。  在所有機(jī)械傳動(dòng)汽車(chē)中，把內(nèi)燃機(jī)當(dāng)做動(dòng)力的，離合器存在的形式是獨(dú)立的總成，它通常裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器中間，它的主動(dòng)部分連接發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪，從動(dòng)部分連接變速器。被汽車(chē)廣泛運(yùn)用的摩擦離合器，其實(shí)是依靠它的主、從動(dòng)部分間的摩擦傳遞動(dòng)力而且還能分離的結(jié)構(gòu)。離合器的主要功能是斷開(kāi)和完成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與傳動(dòng)系穩(wěn)定的接合 ，實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)起步汽車(chē)；可以再換擋時(shí)把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系分離，縮減換檔齒輪間的沖撞；當(dāng)受到較大的動(dòng)載荷，可以控制傳動(dòng)系承受的最大轉(zhuǎn)矩，來(lái)預(yù)防傳動(dòng)系中零部件過(guò)載損壞；降低傳動(dòng)系中的振動(dòng)以及噪聲。  以往所研發(fā)離合器的結(jié)構(gòu)，最成功的是錐形離合器。在 1889年德國(guó)戴姆勒公司制造的鋼制車(chē)輪汽車(chē)上曾裝載著它的原型。把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪內(nèi)孔做成錐體來(lái)當(dāng)離合器的主動(dòng)件。直到 20 世紀(jì) 20 年代中葉還繼續(xù)使用此方案，以當(dāng)時(shí)制造水平，制造錐形離合器較簡(jiǎn)單，容易修復(fù)摩擦面。曾以駱毛帶、皮革帶等為摩擦材料。那時(shí)曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)蹄 -鼓式離合器，其結(jié)構(gòu)有利于在離 心力作用下使蹄緊貼鼓面。木塊、皮革帶等是蹄 -鼓式離合器的摩擦元件，蹄 -鼓式離合器比錐形離合器輕。兩種離合器都容易分離不徹底更甚出現(xiàn)主、從動(dòng)件無(wú)法分離的自鎖現(xiàn)象。  經(jīng)過(guò)人們年復(fù)一年的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)和技術(shù)改良，人們開(kāi)始青睞單片干式摩擦離合器，因它眾多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：從動(dòng)部分轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量小、尺寸緊湊、結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、散熱性好、調(diào)整方便、分離徹底，通過(guò)結(jié)構(gòu)上采取改良措施，成功達(dá)成接合盤(pán)式平順的目的，因而被廣泛采用于各類(lèi)車(chē)型中。  現(xiàn)如今單片干式離合器已有了完善的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。從動(dòng)盤(pán)具有軸向彈性，有效提高接合平穩(wěn)性。在從動(dòng)盤(pán)總成中裝了扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器， 使傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的扭轉(zhuǎn)共振減到最小，縮小傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的噪聲。  人們對(duì)汽車(chē)舒適性要求越來(lái)越高，使得離合器也不斷改進(jìn)，越來(lái)越多的乘務(wù)車(chē)采用雙質(zhì)量飛輪的扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器，更好的降低了噪聲。  重型離合器因?yàn)樗密?chē)型趨向大型化導(dǎo)致發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率不斷加大，可是離合器所允許加大的尺寸空間是有限的，離合器的約束條件日益嚴(yán)格，導(dǎo)致離合器傳扭能力的提高，延長(zhǎng)使用壽命，操作簡(jiǎn)便，已成為重型離合器的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。為了能提高傳扭能