unit21Human Biology 基礎 知識梳理.docxVIP

Unit 21Human Biology 1digest vt.消化；領會，領悟 digest food _ 領會要點_have a good /poor digestion _ the digestive system _news digest _【例句】1) Cheese doesnt_.乳酪不易消化。2) 我花了一些時間才把聽到的東西弄明白。_3) 他的消化力很強。_4) Reporters must digest facts quickly in order to write their stories._5) 讀書不思考就像吃東西不消化。Reading without reflecting is like eating without _.6) 油膩食物對你的消化系統(tǒng)有害。 The rich food is bad for your _ system.2tolerate vt_ n. _ adj._(1)tolerate (sb./ones) doing sth.容忍(某人)做某事 (2)be tolerant of /towards sb./sth.容忍某人/某事 (3)have no tolerance for jokes of any kind 容不得開任何玩笑注意(1)tolerate常用于否定句。 (2)tolerate后接動名詞，但不接不定式?！纠洹?) 我再也不能忍受你那種惡劣的態(tài)度了。_2) 許多老年人對寒冷的忍受力很差 _3) Try and show some tolerance._4) .我不會容忍你的粗暴無禮。_5) I cant tolerate my son _(talk) at table.6) Perhaps you need to be more _(tolerate) of your neighbours.3. doubtful adj.懷疑的，不肯定的對懷疑的_ 懷疑是否_in doubt _ 無疑，確定_我確信_ I doubt whether/if _毫無疑問_【例句】1) 我不能肯定她是否會同意這點。_2) 我認為我們不大可能從此事中獲利。(make a profit out of)3) 毫無疑問Jone 會按時到的 _4Oppose vt._ adj._相反的，對立的(1)oppose A against/to B_ (2)oppose oneself to_(3)sb.be opposed to sth./doing sth._ (5)as opposed to_警示誤區(qū)：在be opposed to詞組中，to為介詞，后跟名詞 代詞或動名詞?！纠洹?) The President opposes giving military aid to this country._2) We _ the use of pesticides. 我們反對使用殺蟲劑。3) This is a book about business practice _ theory.這是一本講商業(yè)實務，而不是講理論的書。4) 我將反對改變這個法規(guī)。 _5contradict vt._ contradictory _ 詞性_ contradict sth._ contradict sb._ in contradiction to與互相矛盾 contradictory statements矛盾說法【例句】1) 你再頂撞我一次，我就解雇你_2) 你的行為與你的原則互相矛盾。_3) 他不敢頂撞他的父母。_4) 他們的短期目標和長期目標互相矛盾。_6Complicated adj_ _ v使復雜 complication n. _ to complicate matters further(插入語)使事情更難辦的是 add a further complication to_【例句】1) These new rules have complicated the tax system even further._2) Its rather complicated to explain，but Ill try._3) There are six candidates and，to complicate matters still further，every voter has four votes._4) If any complications arise，let me know and Ill help._7Seek vt._ ( seek-sought-sought) (1)seek (for) sth./sb._ (2)seek in vain for sth._(3)seek employment_ (4)seek advice/help/permission/approval from sb.(5)seek to do sth.設法做某事 (6)seek ones fortune外出尋找發(fā)財機會；外出闖蕩(7)seek sb./sth.out挑選出；物色 (8)seek for/after _(9)Seek after the truth _ (10) seek shelter from the rain _在這件事情上你應征求你律師的意見。_8. prohibit vt._ n._prohibit.from doing sth_ prohibit smoking_ prohibition against selling drugs禁止賣毒品的法令1) 辦公樓內(nèi)禁止抽煙。_2) 這機器價格昂貴，很難普及使_3) 他個子太小不能當警察 His small size _a policeman.9identify vt_ identify sb./sth.(as sb./sth.)_ identify oneself_ identify the problem areas找問題所在 identify what is wrong with.弄清問題(弊端) identify with sb.與某人產(chǎn)生共鳴；諒解；同情 be identified with與關系緊密 identify sth.with sth.認為某物等同于1) 她被要求辨認罪犯。_(criminal 罪犯)2) 你不應該認為財富就等于幸福。 You should not _ wealth _ happiness.3) 目前最重要的事是找出問題所在 _10Foresee vt .預見 可預見的 _-foresight n預見，先見之明；深謀遠慮foreseeable risks/consequences可預料的危險/后果in/for the foreseeable future在可預見的未來 foretell(foresee的同義詞)預言，預測【例句】1) .只要我們有足夠的時間，我看不出會有什么困難。_2) 他預知他的旅行將會受惡劣天氣的耽誤。_ 3) 他深謀遠慮，投資謹慎。_4) He _ that prices would drop next year.5) The statue will remain in the museum for the _ future.11temporary adj._ 反義詞_ a temporary job_【例句】1) 學生們常常在暑假打臨時工。_2) 對于建筑施工造成的短期不便，我們謹致歉意_3) 半數(shù)以上的職員是臨時雇員。_4) 她是臨時在這兒工作。_12. decline vt_ n._ declining adj.越來越少的越來越差的 decline steadily_ decline an offer _decline to do sth._ a decline in._fall/go into a decline _in declineon the decline_警示誤區(qū)：decline作“婉言謝絕”講時，不能用人作賓語。即不能說成I declined him.或He was declined?！纠洹?) 隨著年齡的增長，他的影響力降低了。_2) 我請他們來家里吃頓便飯，他們謝絕了。_3) 這位官員起初拒絕發(fā)表聲明，但后來她又同意了。_(statement)4) .出生率在下降。_5) 今年的利潤大幅度下降。_6) 他對電腦游戲的興趣開始減退。_7) 他婉言謝絕了我的邀請。_13submit vt.提交 n. Submission submit sth. to sth. _submit oneself to sth._submit to sth_ submit to._ make a submission to._ in submission_)_ 警示誤區(qū)：在submit.to詞組中，to為介詞?！纠洹?) 他們服從他的判決。_2) 6月3日是提交參賽表格的最后期限。_3) 女孩最后服從了父母的決定，選擇了醫(yī)學專業(yè)14 abuse vt. n. _abusive adj.辱罵的；惡語的；毀謗的 a child abuser _ a drug abuser_ 【例句】1) Several of the children had been physically_這些孩子中有幾個受到過身體上的虐待。2) It is easy to _ ones power. 權力容易被濫用。 3) The crowd started _ him after he failed to save a goal. 他沒能救起那個球，遭到觀眾的辱罵。4) Drug abuse and alcohol _ contributed to his early death. 他的過早離世是濫用毒品和酗酒造成的。 5) William _ the trust the film showed in him. 威廉辜負了公司對他的信任。15. fundamental adj._ n. (通常作復數(shù)) _be fundamental to _【例句】 1)他的根本錯誤是過分依賴他人。_ 2)水對于生存來說必不可少。_(survival 生存) 3)這對加強中國國防非常重要。_（national defemce 國防）4)他最關心的是她的幸福_5)首要的問題是政治問題。_16. postpone vt. _ postpone sth until / to_ postpone doing sth _ put sth off;/ put off doing sth_ delay (doing) sth _ 【例句】1)我們把度假日期推遲到我們有更多錢的時候。_2) 音樂會已被推遲到星期六舉行。_ 3)延遲建新醫(yī)院的決定是不得人心的。_ 17concern vt_ n_concerned adj._ concern oneself about / for sth_ be concerned about / for sth_ be concerned in _ be concerned with _as / so far as.be concerned _ show/express concern for/about _Have no concern with_ concerning_介詞 【例句】1)He doesnt bother about things that dont _ him.那些與他無關的事情，他不去費心。 2)She _ _ _ social welfare.她關注社會福利問題。 3)There is growing _ _violence on the Internet.人們對網(wǎng)絡暴力日漸關注。 4)_ parents are having a meeting on how to solve the serious problem.憂心忡忡的家長們正在開會討論如何解決這個嚴重的問題18. equip vt. _；_ equip sb / sth with sth _ be equipped with sth _ 【例句】1) We must _ young teachers to deal with difficult children.我們必須讓年輕教師具備對付問題學生的能力。 2) Our laboratory is _ _. 我們的實驗室裝備良好。 3) Your training will _ you for your future job.你受到的訓練使你能夠勝任未來的工作。 4)He _ _ _much experience in teaching.他具有豐富的教學經(jīng)驗。 19in vain _ 類似用法還有： in place_ in sight _； in effect _【例句】1) 警察試圖驅(qū)散抗議的人群，但沒有成功。_2) 我們所有的工作都白做了。_ 3) 警方搜尋失蹤的持槍歹徒，但毫無結(jié)果。 _ 20at random _ guess at random open a book at random read at random 【例句】1) 圖書管理員從書架上隨便拿了一本書。 _ 2) 兇手似乎是隨意選擇被害人。_（victim受害者） 3) 請不要隨地吐痰。_21. at all costs _ 同義短語：_at the cost of _at cost _ 【例句】 1)我們將不惜任何代價挽救他的生命。_ 2)要不惜一切代價在三天內(nèi)把橋修好。_ 3) 這場火災是以犧牲一位消防隊員的生命為代價才撲滅的。22. come across _ come about _ come out_ come to _come over_ come on _【例句】1) 昨天下午我碰見了一個我多年不見的老朋友_2) 他講了很久，但沒有人真正理解他的意思_23. rob _ rob sb. of sth _【例句】1) 疾病使他喪失了上學的機會_2) 他們在光天化日之下?lián)尳倭酥閷毜?_24. put off _ put aside _ put forward _ Put out _ put up _ put up with_【例句】1) 很多事情我都可以忍受，但不能忍受那些投東西的人。_2) 我們不得不把婚禮推遲到九月份 _24. bring up _ bring about _ bring in _bring out _【例句】1) 他們從小就被教育尊敬老師 _2) 他在會上提出做這件事的新方法_ 1at random隨便地，隨意地 【精講拓展】 (1)random adj.胡亂的，任意的，隨機的 (2)a random sample of voters隨機抽樣挑出的投票者 (3)the random killing of innocent people對無辜者的隨意殺戮 (4)randomly selected/distributed隨意挑選的/任意分配的 (5)an element of randomness to the situation 形勢的不穩(wěn)定因素 【典型例句】 The people for the experiment were chosen completely at random. 用來作實驗的人完全是隨意挑選的。朗文當代 He fired a few random shots.他亂放了幾槍。朗文當代 The books were randomly arranged on the shelves. 書被胡亂地放在書架上。美國傳統(tǒng)即學即用He opened the book _ and started reading.Ain vain Bfull of faith Cat once Dat random解析：本題考查介詞短語辨析。句意為：他隨意地打開一本書就開始讀起來。in vain“徒然”；full of faith“滿懷信心”；at once“立刻”；at random“隨便地，隨意地”。根據(jù)句意，答案為D。答案：DHe was not listening and made a _ answer to the teachers question.Arandom Bcareful Cstrict Dat random解析：本題考查詞義辨析。句意為：他沒聽講，對教師的問題亂答一通。random意為“胡亂的，隨便的”；careful“仔細的，認真的”；strict“嚴格的”；at random為介詞短語“隨意地，隨便地”。根據(jù)句意，答案為A。答案：A262stop sth.in its tracks終止，消滅 【精講拓展1】 stop n&v.停止 come to a stop停止，停下來 put a stop to sth.停止運動，停下 stop doing sth.停止做某事 stop to do sth.停下來去做某事 警示誤區(qū)：注意stop to do sth.與stop doing sth.的區(qū)別。如： He stopped to listen.他停下來聽。 He stopped listening.他不再聽了?！镜湫屠洹縏hey stopped dead in their tracks when they saw the bull charging towards them.他們看到公牛向他們沖來時，猛地站住了。朗文當代Her parents are trying to stop me seeing her.她父母企圖阻止我見她。朗文當代Stop by if youre in town.如果你在城里就過來坐坐。美國傳統(tǒng)Work on the project has come to a stop.該工程的施工已經(jīng)停下來了。朗文當代The new law put a stop to all the tax evasion that had been going on.新法律制止了一直存在的各種偷稅漏稅活動。朗文當代即學即用單句改錯 If the paper factories go on putting the waste water into the river，the fish will be stop in their tracks._ They stopped to work and went to have lunch._ 答案： stopstopped to workworking 【精講拓展2】 (1)track v跟蹤n.蹤跡，跑道，車轍 (2)track down追蹤到，追查到 (3)on the track of跟蹤 (4)keep/lose track of sb./sth.與保持/失去聯(lián)系；了解/不 了解的動態(tài)；掌握/失去的線索 (5)track the plane by radar用雷達追蹤那架飛機【典型例句】The dog tracked the wolf to its lair. 狗追蹤那匹狼一直到它的巢穴。I finally managed to track down the book you wanted in a shop near the station.我在車站附近的一家書店里終于找到了你想要的那本書。Police are on the track of a gang that has robbed five post offices in the last month.警察正在追蹤過去一個月里搶劫了五家郵局的一幫匪徒。即學即用He tries hard to keep _ the two pandas：Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan.A touch of Btrack of Cthe track Dthe track of解析：keep track of.“了解的動態(tài)；跟蹤的進展”，所以答案為B。答案：B 1Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months，with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old，the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most acute epidemic in history.西班牙流感在18個月內(nèi)使多達5 千萬人喪命，并且發(fā)病的傾向為：年輕力壯的而不是老 年人容易發(fā)病，它被認為是歷史上最嚴重的流行性傳染 病。 【精講拓展】 (1)be believed to do sth.“被認為是”，當主語為某物 或某人時，后用動詞不定式作主語補足語。(2)具有相同用法的動詞有：hope，report，think，suggest，order，require，suppose，know，say等(3)此種用法可轉(zhuǎn)換為下列句型：Its believed that從句 Sb./Sth.is believed to do sth.Its said that the book has been translated into French.People say that the book has been translated into French.The book is said to have been translated into French.據(jù)說那本書已經(jīng)被譯成法語。警示誤區(qū)：Its suggested /required/demanded that從句中，that從句要用虛擬語氣，謂語動詞用should 動詞原形，should可以省略?！镜湫屠洹縏he banks are widely believed to be planning a cut in interest rates.人們普遍認為銀行正在計劃降低利率。朗文當代Hes said to be the richest man in the world.據(jù)說他是世界上的頭號富翁。朗文當代The government is thought to be planning an election in June.據(jù)認為政府正計劃在六月舉行大選。朗文當代He is reported to have been seen in Brighton.據(jù)說有人在布賴頓見到他了。朗文當代All passengers are required to show their tickets.所有乘客都要交驗車票。朗文當代 即學即用His sister is said _ in the supermarket when she was doing shopping there yesterday.Ato be badly treated Bbadly treatingCbeing badly treated Dto have been badly treated解析：考查sb.be said to have done 結(jié)構(gòu)，意為“據(jù)說某人已經(jīng)做過某事”；并且his sister 與 treat 為邏輯上的動賓關系。答案：D2When he went to the doctor that day，he could not have known what was about to happen to him.當那天他去看 病時，他一定不知道什么事將會發(fā)生在他身上。 【精講拓展】 (1)could not have done sth.“過去一定沒有做某事”，是 對過去發(fā)生的行為進行推測。 (2)can/could have done sth.表示對過去發(fā)生的行為的懷 疑和不肯定，通常用于否定句和疑問句中。 (3)could have done sth.可用于肯定句，表示“可能已 經(jīng)”之意。此外，還可以表示過去本來能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)卻沒 有實現(xiàn)的可能性，含有遺憾的意思，意為“本來可 以”。 (4)must have done sth.表示對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為進行 推測，意為“想必/準是/一定做了某事”。(5)may /might have done sth.表示對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為的推測，意為“也許/或許已經(jīng)(沒有)”。一般只用于肯定句或否定句中(在否定句中表示“可能不”，不用于疑問句。用might則表示語氣更加不肯定。)(6)should /ought to have done sth.用于肯定句時，表示“過去本該做某事，而實際上未做”；用于否定句時，則表示“過去不該做某事反而做了”。(7)neednt have done sth.表示過去做了其實不必做的事，可譯為“本可不必，滿可以不”等。(8)would rather have done sth.表示“當時寧愿做某事”，其否定式 would rather not have done sth.表達相反的含義，兩者都表示“后悔”之意。(9)would like/ love to have done sth.表示過去愿意做某事，但未做成。(10)would have done sth.“原想”表示原本并不期望發(fā)生，而事實上已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事。 【典型例句】We couldnt have picked a worse day for the picnicit rained nonstop.我們挑選去野餐的日子挑選得再遭不過了那天雨一直下個不停。朗文當代In my view，this accident could have been prevented.依我看，這次事故本來是可以避免的。朗文當代Theres nobody herethey must have all gone home.這里一個人也沒有他們必定全都回家了。朗文當代You neednt have told him the news；he knew it already.你本來不必告訴他那消息，他早就知道了。朗文當代He oughtnt to have said that (but he did)他就不該說那些話。朗文當代即學即用My cats really fat.You _ have given her so much food.Awouldnt Bcouldnt Cshouldnt Dmustnt解析：本題考查情態(tài)動詞should have過去分詞的用法。句意為：我的貓真肥。你本來不該給她如此多的食物。should not have done sth.表示本不應該做，而事實上做了。根據(jù)句意，答案為C。答案：C3.Ben Johnson would still be in the 100 meters world record holder if he had not been caught taking drugs in the 1988 Olympics. 【精講拓展】 該句中if 引導的錯綜條件句，屬虛擬語氣的一種。其結(jié)構(gòu)是： if從句謂語用had done(過去完成時)假設過去的情況；主句謂 語用would / could /might do，講述現(xiàn)在的情況?！镜湫屠洹縃e would not stand here talking to you if he had died in the car accident.他要是已經(jīng)在車禍中死了的話，他就不會站在這兒跟你說話了。(事實：他在車禍中沒死，現(xiàn)在在跟你說話)If you had finished your homework yesterday，you could go out to play now.要是你昨天就把作業(yè)做完的話，現(xiàn)在不就可以出去玩了嗎？(事實：昨天沒把作業(yè)做完，現(xiàn)在不能出去玩)即學即用If you _ my advice，you would not feel sorry now.Afollowed Bhad followed Cwas following Dwould follow解析：本題考查if引導的錯綜條件句。句意：如果你當初聽我的建議的話，你現(xiàn)在就不會后悔了。(事實：當初沒有聽我的建議，所以現(xiàn)在后悔了。)答案：B 4Many people fear it could be the next global epidemic， especially as scientists who studied tissue from the bodies of people who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu proved that Bird Flu is a modern adaptation of the same virus. 【精講拓展】 這是一個較為復雜的句子。結(jié)構(gòu)分析：as引導時間狀語 從句，“當時候”。在該從句中ved.是 主句；其中又含有兩個定語從句和一個賓語從句。 (1)who studied tissue from the bodies of people是定語從 句，修飾先行詞scientists。 (2)who died of the 1918 Spanish Flu也是定語從句，修飾 先行詞people。 (3)that引導賓語從句，作proved的賓語。即學即用Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger.(廣東)Ain which Bby which Cwhich Dthat解析：在本句中有兩個定語從句和一個由when引導的時間狀語從句。who had seen