建筑工程施工管理的發(fā)展分析.doc

/ /建筑工程施工管理的發(fā)展分析摘要： 網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)方法是工程施工單位進(jìn)行施工組織設(shè)計(jì)和管理的一個(gè)有效的方法。目前國(guó)內(nèi)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的理論水平與應(yīng)用方面已經(jīng)取得了較大進(jìn)步，但在應(yīng)用管理上，特別是計(jì)劃執(zhí)行中的監(jiān)督與控制，以及跟蹤調(diào)整方面還比較落后，根據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)結(jié)合我國(guó)工程管理現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行分析。Network planning technique in engineering is the construction unit construction organization design and management of an effective way. At present domestic in the aspect of theoretical level and application of network planning technique has made big progress, but in the application management, supervision and control, especially in the implementation of the plan and tracking adjustment is relatively backward, and according to the characteristics of the network planning technique combined with the engineering management present situation in our country are analyzed.關(guān)鍵詞： 網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)；施工組織；施工管理；應(yīng)用Key words: network planning technique; Construction organization; Construction management; application 0 引言0 the introduction 網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)方法既是一種編制計(jì)劃的方法，又是一種科學(xué)的施工管理方法，但其在我國(guó)施工管理中的應(yīng)用不容樂(lè)觀。Network planning technique is a method of planning and construction management is a scientific method, but its application in construction management in our country is not optimistic. 1 現(xiàn)行施工企業(yè)現(xiàn)狀1 the current construction enterprises the status quo 1.1 普及率不高 我國(guó)現(xiàn)有施工企業(yè)規(guī)模和企業(yè)內(nèi)部人員素質(zhì)差異較大。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，中央直屬和省級(jí)施工企業(yè)管理水平較高，每年應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃組織施工達(dá)40左右；地市級(jí)施工企業(yè)每年應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃組織施工在15左右；而縣級(jí)及其以下施工企業(yè)技術(shù)管理水平較差，每年應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃組織施工僅為5左右。1.1 penetration rate is not high in our country current construction enterprise scale and enterprise internal personnel quality differences. According to statistics, directly under the central government and provincial construction enterprise management level is higher, the application of network planning organization construction of 40% a year; Municipal construction enterprise application network planning organization construction every year at about 15%; And at the county level and the construction enterprise technology management level is poorer, application of network planning organization construction is only about 5% every year. 1.2 管理水平低 絕大部分施工企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的應(yīng)用只停留在編制計(jì)劃上，對(duì)計(jì)劃執(zhí)行中的監(jiān)督與控制及計(jì)劃調(diào)整缺少有效的管理方法。1.2 low management level of the vast majority of construction enterprise application of network planning technique only stay on the planning, supervision of plan implementation plan to adjust and control and the lack of effective management methods. 1.3 深度不夠 施工網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃的編制往往只能反映整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中各工作單元之間的相互關(guān)系，根據(jù)施工方法確定工作單元各項(xiàng)工作的相互關(guān)系，編制深度不夠，更談不上網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃的優(yōu)化。1.3 depth is not enough construction network plan compiled only can reflect the relationship between each work unit in the whole project, according to the construction methods determine the correlation of all work of the unit of work, preparation of depth is not enough, not to mention network planning optimization. 2 產(chǎn)生原因2 reasons 造成網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)在我國(guó)施工管理中應(yīng)用不理想的原因主要是外部環(huán)境的影響和施工企業(yè)自身素質(zhì)不高的結(jié)果。Caused by network planning technique applied in the construction management in our country is not perfect reason mainly is the influence of the external environment and the result of the construction enterprise own quality is not high. 2.1 外部環(huán)境的影響 外部環(huán)境的影響包括工程設(shè)計(jì)多變、工期的確定受行政干擾多、工程進(jìn)度付款沒(méi)有與網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃緊密聯(lián)系、工程款拖欠等。工程設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)常變化給網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃的制定和調(diào)整帶來(lái)很大困難，使施工企業(yè)應(yīng)接不暇，無(wú)法使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃實(shí)行施工管理；有些工程建設(shè)期限的確定違反科學(xué)規(guī)律，工程竣工日期一再提前也使企業(yè)無(wú)法按網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃去組織管理；工程付款不及時(shí)以及付款時(shí)沒(méi)有與網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃緊密結(jié)合，也在客觀上減弱了企業(yè)應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃的責(zé)任感。另外，目前市場(chǎng)上網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃的編制軟件很多，但適用于進(jìn)度控制的軟件卻很少，而且通用性比較差，從客觀上阻礙了施工企業(yè)應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃實(shí)施項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度控制。2.1 the influence of the external environment changing external environment including the influence of the engineering design, the determination of time limit for a project subject to administrative interference, the progress of the payment not more closely contact with network planning, project payment default, etc. Engineering design change frequently bring considerable difficulties to formulate and adjust the network plan, the construction enterprises were overwhelmed and unable to use network planning construction management; Some engineering construction period violate the scientific rule, to determine the project completion date again and also make the enterprise cant in advance according to the network planning to go to the organization and management; Engineering payment not in time, and payment did not bind to network planning and also objectively weakened the enterprise application of network planning of the sense of responsibility. In addition, the network planning compiling software on the market is very at present much, but is suitable for the schedule control software is very few, and versatility is bad, from objectively hinder the construction of enterprise application network plan implementation of the project schedule control. 2.2 企業(yè)自身素質(zhì)的制約 傳統(tǒng)工作方式的阻礙。傳統(tǒng)施工管理采用手工管理，且很多工作都是靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)完成的，企業(yè)對(duì)實(shí)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃管理的必要性認(rèn)識(shí)不足。很多施工人員拒絕網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃是因?yàn)橛X(jué)得它會(huì)限制行動(dòng)自由，沒(méi)有傳統(tǒng)管理方式那樣得心應(yīng)手。施工管理粗放。施工管理中現(xiàn)場(chǎng)跟蹤檢查沒(méi)有形成制度，隨意性比較大，進(jìn)度數(shù)據(jù)收集不全面、不完整，進(jìn)度數(shù)據(jù)的整理、統(tǒng)計(jì)、加工、分析能力差，無(wú)專人負(fù)責(zé)等。缺乏高素質(zhì)管理人員。2.2 enterprise own quality constraints (1) the traditional way of working. Traditional construction management USES the manual management, and a lot of work is done by experience, enterprise insufficient understanding of the necessity of implementing network plan management. Many workers refuse to network planning because think it limits freedom of action, without the traditional management way as well. (2) construction management and extensive. In construction management field tracing test did not form system, optional sex is bigger, progress data collection is not complete, incomplete, progress of data sorting, statistics, processing and analysis ability is poor, without someone whos in charge, etc. (3) lack of high-quality management personnel.目前大部分施工企業(yè)的管理人員同時(shí)又是工程技術(shù)人員，他們往往只注重施工技術(shù)的研究，進(jìn)度的管理依賴于橫道圖管理，對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)知識(shí)的掌握不系統(tǒng)。At present most of the construction enterprise management personnel and engineering technical personnel at the same time, they tend to pay attention to the research of construction technology, the progress of the management is dependent on the horizontal way figure, mastery of knowledge of network planning technique system.3 處理措施3 treatment measures 根據(jù)上述分析，施工企業(yè)提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的應(yīng)用水平除了從源頭抓起，盡快規(guī)范建筑管理體制，并制定有效的措施提高企業(yè)應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的積極性之外，更重要的是企業(yè)自身要從提高市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的高度，通過(guò)全面實(shí)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃促進(jìn)企業(yè)管理上質(zhì)量、上水平。According to above analysis, the construction enterprise to improve the application level of network planning technique in addition to grab from the source, the standard construction management system as soon as possible, and make effective measures to boost the enthusiasm of the enterprise application of network planning technique, more important is to improve the market competitiveness of enterprise itself, through the full implementation of network planning on quality, promote enterprise management level. 3.1 規(guī)范建筑管理體制，為應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)提供良好的環(huán)境 加強(qiáng)工程設(shè)計(jì)管理，合理確定建設(shè)工期。通過(guò)建立規(guī)章制度，促進(jìn)工程設(shè)計(jì)和工期確定科學(xué)合理，嚴(yán)禁設(shè)計(jì)的頻繁變更和建設(shè)工期的主觀確定。完善項(xiàng)目監(jiān)理制度。工程監(jiān)理在監(jiān)督工程質(zhì)量的同時(shí)，要對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目的進(jìn)度進(jìn)行監(jiān)理，保證進(jìn)度控制與質(zhì)量控制、投資控制的一致性和協(xié)調(diào)性。建立嚴(yán)格按網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃撥付工程款的機(jī)制。工程款撥付與網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃緊密結(jié)合，不僅提高了企業(yè)應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃進(jìn)行施工管理的自覺(jué)性，同時(shí)也促使網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃編制更可行。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這種結(jié)合，簽訂施工合同時(shí)，應(yīng)將進(jìn)度計(jì)劃中的主要工作與工程款撥付建立對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。3.1 specification construction management system, provide a good environment for the application of network technology (1) in order to strengthen the management of engineering design, reasonable construction time limit for a project. Through the establishment of rules and regulations, promote the engineering design and construction determine the scientific and reasonable, it is forbidden to design change frequently and subjective determine the construction period. (2) improve the project supervision system. Engineering supervision in supervision and construction quality at the same time, to the progress of the project supervision, to ensure consistency of progress control and quality control, investment control and coordination. (3) set up the system of project funds allocated in accordance with the network project. Combined closely with the project payment disbursed and network project, the application of network planning not only improves enterprise to carry on construction management consciousness, at the same time also prompted network planning more feasible. Construction contracts, in order to realize the combination should be allocated to build schedule and main work of the project payment.3.2 適應(yīng)科學(xué)管理的需要，加強(qiáng)人才培養(yǎng)和應(yīng)用研究 制定有關(guān)規(guī)程，加強(qiáng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化工作。結(jié)合國(guó)情和行業(yè)特點(diǎn)，制定網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)編制和管理規(guī)程，統(tǒng)一畫(huà)法、術(shù)語(yǔ)和各種類型的網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型，便于推廣和應(yīng)用。多途徑培養(yǎng)人才。行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)和行政主管部門(mén)應(yīng)組織編寫(xiě)實(shí)用的培訓(xùn)教材，舉辦網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)與計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用培訓(xùn)班，對(duì)施工企業(yè)的技術(shù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和施工管理人員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)，學(xué)習(xí)和掌握網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)；高等學(xué)校要增加現(xiàn)代化管理技術(shù)課程，使學(xué)生畢業(yè)后即能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化管理的需要。開(kāi)發(fā)適用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)度控制軟件?？蒲袡C(jī)構(gòu)、高等學(xué)校與施工企業(yè)應(yīng)通力合作，在深入調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合工程實(shí)際，開(kāi)發(fā)實(shí)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃與控制的通用軟件，培訓(xùn)使用人員。3.2 adapt to the needs of scientific management, strengthening personnel training and applied research (1) enact related regulations, strengthening the standardization work. Combined with national conditions and development characteristics of network planning technique and management procedures, unified representations, terms, and various types of network model, is advantageous for the promotion and application. (2) training talents from different channels. Industry associations and departments should organize write useful training materials, hold the network planning technique and the computer application training, technology leadership and construction management of construction enterprises personnel training, to learn and master the network planning technique; Courses of colleges and universities to increase the modern management technique, the students after graduation can meet the need of modern management. (3) the development of the network schedule control software. Scientific research institutions, institutions of higher learning and construction enterprises should work together, in combination with the engineering practice on the basis of in-depth investigation and research, development and practical network general progress plan and control software, staff training use. 3.3 提高認(rèn)識(shí)，注重實(shí)效，扎扎實(shí)實(shí)提高企業(yè)管理水平 施工企業(yè)是應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的主體，施工中全面實(shí)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃管理是提高我國(guó)施工企業(yè)管理水平的關(guān)鍵。3.3 increase awareness, results-oriented, make earnest effort to improve enterprise management level of construction enterprise is the main part of the application of network planning technique, the construction of a general network plan management is the key to improve the level of construction enterprise management in our country. 3.3.1 轉(zhuǎn)變觀念，充分認(rèn)識(shí)應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)的重要性 網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)方法的最大特點(diǎn)是它能夠提供施工管理所需的多種信息，有助于管理人員合理的組織生產(chǎn)。施工管理中推廣應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃方法必將取得好、快、省的全面效果，進(jìn)一步提高施工管理水平。對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題，企業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)應(yīng)該有充分的認(rèn)識(shí)，把應(yīng)用網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)放在關(guān)系到企業(yè)生死存亡的高度去重視，逐步拋棄傳統(tǒng)的憑直覺(jué)管理的方式，克服困難，投入一定的人力與資金，推動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃的應(yīng)用。3.3.1 change ideas, fully understand the importance of the application of network planning technique method is the biggest characteristic of network planning technique is that it can provide many kinds of information needed for the construction management, help to reasonable organize production management personnel. Popularization and application in construction management network planning method is sure to get good, fast and comprehensive effect, further improve the level of construction management. For this problem, the enterprise leaders should have full understanding, put the application of network planning technique in relation to the height of the enterprise survival value, gradually abandoned the traditional management way by intuition, overcome difficulties and certain manpower and fund, promote application of network planning. 3.3.2 采用易于控制的形式 橫道圖是工程技術(shù)人員最熟悉的控制形式，具有直觀、易懂、繪制簡(jiǎn)便、所需時(shí)間少、費(fèi)用低的特點(diǎn)，但缺點(diǎn)是不能反映各項(xiàng)工作之間的相互依賴、相互制約的關(guān)系，對(duì)大中型工程的進(jìn)度控制困難?？稍诰W(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃技術(shù)編制和調(diào)整進(jìn)度計(jì)劃后，轉(zhuǎn)換成橫道圖形式去實(shí)施，這種做法既有網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣的嚴(yán)密性，又兼有橫道圖簡(jiǎn)單易懂的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，減少網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃實(shí)施中的阻力。3.3.2 rainfall distribution on 10-12 takes the form of easy to control, crossing figure is engineers are the most familiar form of control, is simple and easy, intuitive, and easy to understand and draw less time required, the characteristics of low cost, but the disadvantage is that do not reflect the work between the interdependence, mutual restrict relationship, in large and medium-sized project schedule control difficult. Can be adjusted in the network planning technique and schedule after converted into