不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別.doc

不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別.動名詞和不定式做主語的相同點 1.不定式短語和動名詞做主語時，常常為了保持句子的平衡，用it來做形式主語，如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is no use asking him for help. 2.如果主語用了不定式,表語和賓語也要用不定式;主語用了動名詞,表語和賓語也要用動名詞,這在英語中稱為對稱性,如: To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼見為實) (85)It is better to stay home than _A_ out. A. to go B. going C. go D. gone .動名詞和不定式做主語的不同點 1.不定式做主語常表示具體的某一動作;表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念時,多用動名詞,如: (92)_B_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk2.動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。 不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗) Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰時刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗)3.在”There/It +be+ no use(good/help/need)”之后常用動名詞做主語,而少用不定式,如: It /There is no use crying over the split milk. It /There is no help taking this medicine.但是如果該句型中用了for引出不定式的邏輯主語,就只能用不定式,如: (93) There is no good for us to do that exercise. 4.不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whether等連用,在句子中做主語,賓語和表語,而動名詞則不能,如: How to solve the problem is a hot potato.Where to put the box seems hard to decide.Whether to do it hasnt been decided.What to do next is up to you.不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝ask問 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love愛swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供beg請求 fail不能 plan計劃bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿care關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) regret抱歉，遺憾choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許start開始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí) vow起contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 incline有傾向 propose提議seek找，尋覓 try試圖2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ)：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿announce宣布 force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵 pray請求authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒beg請求 induce引誘 report報告compel強(qiáng)迫 invite吸引，邀請， summon傳喚command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓(xùn)練cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴direct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵，力說encourage鼓勵 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé) lead引起，使得 teach教entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說到，講到admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate細(xì)想 enjoy享有，喜愛bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒cant help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避cant stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse借口consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描繪，計算 miss錯過 resent怨恨finish完成，結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復(fù)imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險involve卷入，包含 practice 實行，實踐 suggest建議hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅持，忍受loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、的中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4) regret to do對要做的事遺憾regret doing對做過的事遺憾、的后悔5）try to do努力、的企圖做某事try doing試驗、的試一試某種辦法6) mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味著7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、的傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如：I should like to see him tomorrow10) need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、的清理等)”意思。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?You must remember to leave tomorrow你可要記著是明天動身。I dont regret telling her what I thought我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful你可要多加小心。Lets try doing the work some other way讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didnt mean to hurt your feeling我沒想要傷害你的感情。This illness will mean(your)going to hospital得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作補(bǔ)語的比較一、基本用法區(qū)別當(dāng)賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的動詞在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系時，用不定式(未來或全過程) 或現(xiàn)在分詞(正在進(jìn)行或一直處于某種狀態(tài)) ；當(dāng)賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的動詞在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系時，用過去分詞。He asked us to come here early the next day. 他叫我們第二天來早點。(未來)We saw him enter the room. 我們看到他進(jìn)了那個房間。(全過程)We saw him talking to her. 我們看到他在與她談話。(正在進(jìn)行)She kept us waiting here for an hour. 她讓我們在這等了一個小時了。(一直處于某種狀態(tài))I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看到他被湯姆打了。(him與beaten是被動關(guān)系)二、幾點注意說明(1) 通常用帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動詞很多，常見的有：ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like/love/prefer 等表示勸請、要求類動詞后，用帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)。(2) 在help后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式帶不帶to均可。如：He helped me (to) clean the room. 他幫我清掃房間。(3) 在hope, suggest, agree, decide, demand等后不可接sb. to do sth. 。譯：我建議他不去那里。誤：I suggested him not to go there.正：I suggested that he should not go there.正：I advised him not to go there.(4) want, wish 等后接 to be done 作賓補(bǔ)時，to be 可省略，直接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如：When do you wish it (to be) finished? 你要什么時候完成？(5) 在使役動詞后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶 to。在使役動詞 make, let, have 后，一般用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，但在其被動式后作主語補(bǔ)足語時，要加上to。如：They made PaulstudyEnglish. 他們強(qiáng)迫保羅學(xué)習(xí)英語。Paul was made tostudyEnglish. 保羅被迫學(xué)習(xí)英語。(6) 感官動詞feel, listen to, hear, see, look at, watch, notice等后面的賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的非謂語動詞在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系時，用不帶to的(在被動式后作主補(bǔ)時要加to) 不定式(全過程) 或者現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)(正在發(fā)生) ，是被動關(guān)系是時，用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。(7) 在with的賓語后，若用過去分詞，表示賓語與過去分詞在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系，且意味著該動作已經(jīng)完成或；若用現(xiàn)在分詞，表示賓語與現(xiàn)在分詞在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系，且表示動作的持續(xù)進(jìn)行；若用帶to的不定式，則表示將來的動作，賓語與不定式在邏輯上可以是主動關(guān)系也可以是被動關(guān)系，注意此時的不定式不是作賓補(bǔ)而是作賓語的定語了。如()：The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 殺人犯被帶了進(jìn)來，他的手是被捆在背后的。I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on. 由于吵聲不斷我做不了作業(yè)。With a lot of difficult problems to settle, I have no time to have a rest. 由于有許多問題要處理，我沒時間休息。(8)在某些動詞后，復(fù)合賓語可由現(xiàn)在分詞或不帶to的不定式構(gòu)成，表示動作正在進(jìn)行時用現(xiàn)在分詞，表示動作完成時用不定式：He saw her working in the garden.他看見她正在花園里干活He saw her enter the room. 他看見她走進(jìn)了屋子里。She felt her heart beating fast. 她感到心跳很快She felt someone touch her shoulder. 她感到有人碰了的肩膀有時兩者都可以用：I saw the train coming/come into the station.Did you notice him leaving/leave the house?（10）過去分詞賓補(bǔ)表示正在發(fā)生的被動意義時要采用being + 過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu) We saw the wounded man being carried