自考英語語法簡答題.docx

1. What are the two major types of alternative questions?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)SFi0A5JDThey are the type of YES-NO questions, e.g.&WxO;Ux,p0A: Would you like tea or coffee?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)/F .wO2eG*B: Tea, please.華夏大地教育網(wǎng),F.cn/_IAnd the type of WH-questions, e.g.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)h_w-ZPkp)M/TOA: What do you like, tea or coffee?4FA2Xug L2CR:D0B: Tea, please.,h9I _:/v!j*z z*X9I0P ET#q5Z/b4_02. Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)b.K iw8?r*ni|Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought, we need more than one sentence. It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our idea. When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence, we have a text, which relates sentences together. In other words, sentences in text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea. The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)zPAa%Pa%R u華夏大地教育網(wǎng)a&i&pW;UK|N9|3. Explain the syntactic distinction between the predicative and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary with example.w6Or$y.U1w$V$R0The syntactic distinction between the predictive and non-predictive use of modal auxiliary is clear in the following two sentences:華夏大地教育網(wǎng)6C,G3WdMm! He cant have been there yesterday.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)7k7mgET2He couldnt be there yesterday.s,V5tKJ_0The two sentences reveal two quite different uses of the modal auxiliary. The first sentence, where the predictive cant relates to impossibility and the main verb is marked for past time reference, refers to the speakers present denial of possibility of past event. In the second, the modal auxiliary itself, in non-predictive use, is marked for past tense, referring to lack of ability in the past.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)#hJhS sc6FNz7jE華夏大地教育網(wǎng)MtPJ5n4. Whats the function of relative pronoun?XBh oG8b,g0The relative pronoun serves as a “l(fā)ink” between the relative clause and its antecedent. It performs two functions: showing concord with its antecedent and indicating its function within the relative clause._I|T*Y _0華夏大地教育網(wǎng)H,R $g*QaQ5. Provide example to illustrate nominal, verbal and causal ellipsis.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)Y1-mhX1 Nominal ellipsis: Why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)._zQ2 Verbal ellipsis: - Have you seen him before?;zU4km:D(B0- Yes, I have (seen him before). q,z B&Qy1eN/|03 Clausal ellipsis: - Are you OK?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)?PT0y2M x- Yes (I am OK).華夏大地教育網(wǎng)/T*pUS$KP?KJJ70XtjM%Y06. If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to?/Xx,w6p)gbs0When tense points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs, aspect “reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time”.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)3Sv#UHp8srd#i%fm,o+07. Apart from querying the truth of a statement, what other potential functions can a NO question perform?a&AF0They may be regarded as the speakers invitations or suggestions, made in a tentative way as they often are, rather than his negative assumptions. They are like imperatives. For examples:q2|8N|!-j0Wont you come in?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)9|,w;W;nWont you sit down?)Z8q9r2MBAmt0They can also be like exclamations:7fb8Rgi0Isnt it lovely?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)%|/uZ v0ELArent you silly?7p-W9;HDb0_dv.k O$kv08. List the type of antecedents?華夏大地教育網(wǎng).t;a;wX Y,UThe antecedent is divided into nominal antecedent. Nominal antecedents fall into different subclasses: they may be common nouns or proper nouns, personal pronouns or demonstrative pronouns. Non-nominal antecedent can be subdivided into three types: clause, verb phrase, predictive adjective.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)$nV7eMQ華夏大地教育網(wǎng)Dn)t0XJ)S+m8j4a9. Provide examples to illustrate result-adjuncts and purpose-adjuncts that are introduced by so that.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)FB8r;m A?He worked harder, so that he managed to pass the examinations. (result)nvG9u6d 2W0He worked harder so that he could pass the examinations. (purpose)(J ROB4 R4QG0華夏大地教育網(wǎng)(_Q2 m5Z10. Provide example to illustrate the three degree of comparison.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)I2Jsg6d |My bother is as tall as me. (positive degree)華夏大地教育網(wǎng)64B/XT#?My bother is taller than my father. (comparative degree)Ej&nV6KA0My bother is the tallest in the family. (superlative degree11. When the simple present refers to the present time, what are its characteristic uses?-l!g3L7v:|9_Ub0When the simple present refers to the present time, it is suitable for the general timeless statements or the expression of so-called “eternal truths”. At the same time, it also denotes the present existence or state of affairs. Besides, it can express regular recurrence such as a habit, and it is also found in the presentation of an event that happens simultaneously with speech.d sW3G6r&W0d3FR,X5BU012. Under what general circumstances do we prefer genitive to of-phrase and vice versa.dk/eBSx O0When nouns refer to people, and the relation between the nouns is one of definition, classification, etc., genitives are preferred. When nouns refer to inanimate, lifeless objects, and the head words of noun phrases are classifying adjective, of-phrase are preferred.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)6R*XfaW!rT*FZs!UWi5R&b013. What is the primary of a WH-question?3Z5kU;QH:mhu&?a0The primary function of a WH-question is to ask for information concerning what, when, why, whose, which and how.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)D&v/zsK UO#1KB7qG014. What are contingency adjuncts? How many types of contingency adjuncts have we recognized?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)p#m FxHG/L0iContingency adjuncts are an adverbial category that includes adjunts denoting some kind of cause-effect relation. They can be divided into subclasses: reason-adjuncts, result-adjunts, purpose-adjunts, concession-adjuncts and condition-adjunts.5JlR*q8$kJ0華夏大地教育網(wǎng)Ab5Z-V15. Explain the difference between a double relative clause and an embedded relative clause.I9oKDR0In double relative clauses, there are two relatives, one enclosing the other, whereas in embedded relative clause there is only one relative clause which itself is embedded in a clause.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)OVB,r5g/Q|/u|*zG xT016. Provide examples to illustrate some different types of time adjuncts.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)Ytm8b%zi1 when- adjuncts: soon, on Friday morning, now, etc._N2PE3b7UtdO02 duration-adjuncts: for ten years, very long, since we met, etc.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)r&Q6cfr5n/nV3 frequency-adjuncts: daily, weekly, often, etc.D!Ld M ly0華夏大地教育網(wǎng)ihtw4fa-q17. What kind of relative clause do we normally use to modify a non-nominal antecedent? Give some examples.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)2PCu/L1SvWe normally use non-relative clause to modify a non-nominal antecedent.D&z8wB4B3?g2o0e.g. 1 Her husband is my brother and my wife is her sister, which makes us double in-laws.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)cblX:yS-2 She dance well, which I dont.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)Y&Y0w#QV3J;L3 Nick is tall, which I will never be.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)D,UfeOP1_m5I#r華夏大地教育網(wǎng)-Dp84-?u5NGb18. Where are given information and the new information located in the sentence.:sL:yk L0Generally speaking, the given information is offered at the beginning in each sentence while the new information in consistently found in the predicate which normally constitutes the latter half of a sentence.fqMU&ij-o0jW1YJg,m:Z019. Explain the relationship between tense and time.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)4dNu9W w/j$Dz/wTime and tense are not the same thing: time is concept and tense is a grammatical device. Different tenses can express the same period of time, such as the present.,j!VLE*HXDR4O3n0iymIO pe9cfX H020. What are the two major types of exclamations?:HrCwH1U:iGc0The two major types of exclamations are WHAT-exclamations and HOW-exclamations. The former is followed by a noun phrase, the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb.21. What is the pseudo-passive?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)MFi vgSA pseudo-passive sentences is form. but active in meaning. Its ed-participle is adjectival zed so that it becomes a subject complement in the SVC structure. As an adjective, therefore, it can occur in a comparative construction, with a variety of prepositional phrases other than by-phrase, and with other link verbs besides be and get.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)56M8o(q華夏大地教育網(wǎng) W!N7S1aC!HKM22. Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in question.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)q:QHbUC:oWhen a positive answer expected, assertive words can be used in question, such as: Is there some news for me? Is somebody waiting for me? And in affirmative sentences in which there are if clauses, putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can be used, such as: If anyone calls me, it must be John. Its odd that he should say anything like that. He is better than anyone else in this class.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)2 BCG?)X,Kgk9?g3U023. List the major types of postponement.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)9/BZW IPostponement is generally realized by active-to-passive transformation, by extra position of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements.華夏大地教育網(wǎng):o%e;xp(PM7RT-n8?x(A,os,TH024. Provide example to illustrate reference as realized by pronouns, demonstratives and comparison.?Ppwe?01 Reference by pronouns: Look at the man, I think hes the person wanted by the police.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)%:y!tqQ2Reference by demonstratives: They finally arrived at an agreement to stop fire. That agreement saved by the country from war.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)h#A#1Xq;Ng3 Reference by comparison: John is both stupid and lazy. His brother is no better.FBG5i6d+Vi&O0R2kj SwX,T#w025. Provide examples to illustrate nominal, verbal and clausal substitution.7rH+VgmZ?01 Nominal substitution: I know I need a good car, but I cant afford one.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)G tYsF2?p2 Verbal substitution: - Have you finished all the essays?w#u-wu3_!T8YKe!K0-I have done one.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)V5TbD 2w&rr3 Clausal substitution: -Is he the right person for the job?華夏大地教育網(wǎng)qS&T3a&M- I suppose so.華夏大地教育網(wǎng)#xd-:Wu+0W*PJWL2B9z v8P0#xYM7yc_Fs)a026. Whats the major function of preposition? And list the two types of preposition.,p(yB$x0The major function of preposition is connect words of nouns verbs and adjectives to other part of the sentence. We divide preposition into two types: simple preposition and complex preposition.-T9g&ngT tW0華夏大地教育網(wǎng)X2b$C27.