專題6 動詞和動詞短語.doc

對動詞詞義、動詞短語的辨析以及動詞搭配的考查一直是高考的熱點。因此在一輪的復習中要注重對動詞及短語的含義及引申義進行歸納總結(jié)；突出對其在具體的語境中意義選擇的把握。一、?？嫉氖悇釉~及詞組1連系動詞特點：后面常接形容詞或名詞，此時動詞沒有進行時和被動語態(tài)。連系動詞按其所表示的意義可分為以下四種：(1)變化類，表事物發(fā)展變化的過程，如become, go, turn, grow, get, fall, come等。(2)感官類，表人體部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look，sound等。(3)狀態(tài)類，表事物所處的狀態(tài)，如keep, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove等。(4)外表特征類，表外表給人的印象，如appear, seem, look等。2感官動詞和使役動詞?？嫉母泄賱釉~有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch等。感官動詞的主要考點是后接非謂語動詞的不同形式作補足語，表達不同的含義。?？嫉氖挂蹌釉~有make, have, keep等。使役動詞的主要考點是后接非謂語動詞的不同形式作補足語，表達不同的含義。如：He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. Aput Bto be putting Cto put Dputting【解析】 Dcatch sb doing sth“發(fā)現(xiàn)、發(fā)覺某人做某事”，doing sth為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作賓語補足語?？山蝇F(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的動詞還有：feel, hear, have, get, see, watch, notice, observe, find, keep, leave等。3不用被動語態(tài)的動詞及動詞短語英語中有些動詞及短語可用其主動形式表達被動含義。(1)某些實義動詞的主動形式后跟副詞表示主語的某種屬性特征，不用被動。這類動詞有：sell, wash, write, last, read, wear等。如：This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long. 這種布耐洗而且耐用。The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 父親送給我作為生日禮物的鋼筆書寫很流暢。Written in simple English, this article reads easily. 因為這篇文章是用簡單的英語寫的，所以讀起來很容易。(2)某些及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)為不及物動詞后，其主動形式表示被動意義。這類動詞有：open(打開，營業(yè))，close(關(guān)門)，shut(關(guān)閉)，cut(切割)，weigh(重)，act(上演)等。如：This shop opens much earlier than it used to. 這家商店比過去開門更早了。Each stone weighs two tons. 每塊石頭重達兩噸。(3)某些不及物動詞及詞組，本身表被動含義，所以它們常用主動形式。這類動詞及詞組有：happen, occur, cost，come out(出版)，turn up(被找到)，come into being(產(chǎn)生)，come to ones mind(想起)，come into use(開始使用), turn out(證明是)，come about(發(fā)生)，break out(爆發(fā))，belong to(屬于)，come up(被提出), be worth(值得做), be to blame(受責備)等。如：The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. 第一批用作英語教學的外語教材出版于18世紀。Suddenly an idea came to his mind. 他突然想到一個主意。Who is to blame for breaking the vase?打碎花瓶應由誰負責？The problem finally came up at the meeting. 這個問題終于在會議上被提出來了。Even the best theory can turn out (to be) wrong. 即使最好的理論都可能被證明是錯誤的。(4)“主語系動詞形容詞不定式”句式中。當形容詞說明主語具有某種特征，主語又充當不定式的邏輯賓語時，其中不定式要用主動形式表達被動意義。常用于這一結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞有：easy, hard, difficult, heavy, fit, expensive等。如：The physics problem is easy to work out.這道物理題很容易算出來。A guide is expensive to employ. 雇用向?qū)ЩㄥX很多。This kind of fish is not fit to eat. 這種魚不適合吃。4接動名詞作賓語的動詞或詞組常見的有：avoid, cant help, cant stand, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, admit, appreciate, deny, forbid等。如：The bird was lucky to escape being caught.這只鳥幸運地逃離了被捕抓的命運。He is always practicing playing the piano after school.他經(jīng)常放學后練習彈鋼琴。5接不定式作賓語的動詞常見的有：afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse，want等。如：He cant afford to buy such an expensive car.他買不起這么貴的車。Tom managed to cut down dozens of trees.湯姆成功地砍倒數(shù)十棵數(shù)。6表示 “需要”意義的動詞這類詞既可直接接動名詞，也可接不定式的被動語態(tài)，但兩者均可表示被動含義。它們是：need, want, require等。如：Your sick mother needs looking after.Your sick mother needs to be looked after.你病弱的母親需要照顧。7接虛擬語氣的動詞有些動詞表示“應該(或命令、建議、要求等)”時，其后的賓語從句用should加動詞原形，其中should常可省略。它們是：order, suggest, insist, advise, demand, request, require, propose等。如：Our teacher requires this be done in no time. 我們老師要求這個立刻完成。8表示“計劃未能實現(xiàn)”的動詞此類動詞常用過去完成式加不定式，或用過去式接不定式的完成式表虛擬語氣，表達原來的計劃未能實現(xiàn)。它們是：intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, think, want, suppose等。如：I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me. They hoped to have stayed there a week, but they couldnt because of another important meeting.9現(xiàn)在表將來類這類動詞(詞組)常用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進行時表將來。它們是：come, go, leave, start, arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, take off等。如：Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon. 你的飛機是下午二點一刻起飛。10帶介詞to的動詞短語帶介詞to的動詞短語有：be (get) used to, lead to, devoteto, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, adapt to等。當它們后面出現(xiàn)動詞時，要用v. ing形式。Peter suggested that Tom go there at once.彼得建議湯姆立刻去那。二、以動詞為詞源形成的常用動詞短語1.以break為中心break away from脫離，逃離break down 出故障，崩潰，粉碎，瓦解break in 闖進，打斷break into 闖入；強行進入break out 爆發(fā)，發(fā)生break off 打斷，斷絕，折斷； 突然終止break through 突破；克服break up 破碎；解散，分解；結(jié)束2.以bring為中心bring about 導致，引起，促使bring back 帶回，使回憶，使恢復bring down 使下降，打垮，擊落bring forward 提出；提前bring in 把帶進來；引進；掙得(收入)bring on 導致，引起，使發(fā)展bring out 使顯現(xiàn)；出版bring up 撫養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)育，培養(yǎng)3.以call為中心call at 訪問(某地)；停泊在call away 叫走；把(注意力)轉(zhuǎn)移開call for 需要，要求；接(某人)，迎call in 召集，收集；下令收回call off 取消，下令停止call on 要求，恭請；號召；拜訪(某人)call out 下令罷工；召喚出動call up 打電話給；召集；使想起4.以carry為中心carry away 沖走，帶走；沖昏某人頭腦carry back 拿回，運回；使想起carry off 成功地對付；獲得(獎品)carry on 堅持，繼續(xù)，進行carry out 貫徹，執(zhí)行，實施carry through 堅持到底，進行到底；履行(承諾)5.以come為中心come about 發(fā)生come across 偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)；偶然遇到come back 回來；恢復，復原come off (頭發(fā)、牙齒、紐扣)脫落，離開come on 上演；開始；趕快；發(fā)展come out 出來；發(fā)芽；出版；結(jié)果是；說出come over 訪問；突然感到come round/around 蘇醒；拜訪；再次發(fā)生come to an end 終止，結(jié)束when it comes to 就而論，談到come to life 蘇醒come to light 明朗化，出現(xiàn)，顯露出來come to oneself 恢復常態(tài)come true 實現(xiàn)，成為現(xiàn)實come up 走近；發(fā)生；發(fā)芽；(問題)被提出6.以cut為中心cut away 切去，砍掉cut down 砍倒，削減，縮短cut off 切斷，中斷；阻礙，阻擋cut out 切下，剪下，裁下；刪去cut through 開辟(出路等)cut up 切碎，切掉；使悲傷7.以fall為中心fall back 撤退，后退fall behind 落后，落伍，落在后面fall down 不夠好fall in love with 愛上fall into 陷入；養(yǎng)成fall off 衰退，減少fall over 被絆倒8.以get為中心get about 徘徊，走動；流傳get across 使被理解get along 前進，進步；離去，相處get around 走動；傳播get away 離開，逃脫get back 取回，回來；報復get down to 認真對待，靜下心來get out of 由出來，從得出；避免；放棄get over 越過；恢復，痊愈；克服；完成get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，擺脫get through 撥通；到達；完成；通過；及格get up 起床，起立；忙于，從事9.以give為中心give away 贈送；失去；泄露give back 歸還；使恢復give in 屈服，讓步，投降give off 發(fā)出(煙、氣味)give out 分發(fā)；公布；發(fā)出；用完，耗盡give up 放棄；停止10.以go為中心go about 開始做某事；忙于某事go across 度過，越過go after 追逐，追求，跟隨go against 反對，不利于go ahead 前進，進展，繼續(xù)go along with 陪伴，和一道走go away 離開，走掉go by 經(jīng)過，過去go for 支持，贊成；適用于，去(取、拿)go off 走開；爆炸go on 繼續(xù)，接下去go out 出去；熄滅；送出；播出go over 溫習，檢查go round 拜訪；參觀go through 審查，履行；通過；經(jīng)歷，忍受go too far 走得太遠，做/說得太過火go up 上升，上漲；攀登go without 沒有也行11.以hold為中心hold back 隱瞞；阻止；克制hold down 壓制；壓低hold on 堅持；等一等，別掛斷hold on to 抓住不放；不賣hold out 伸出；提供機會hold up 舉起，豎起；支持??；延誤，使耽擱12.以keep為中心keep away (from) 不接近，避開，遠離keep back 阻止，扣留，隱瞞keep in mind 記住keep off 不接近，遠離；避免吃(或喝、吸)某物keep out 使不入內(nèi)；不卷入keep pace with 跟上，同步調(diào)一致keep to 堅持；固守，遵守keep up 繼續(xù)；(天氣)持續(xù)不變；保持，維持keep up with 趕上，跟上，與并肩前進13.以lay為中心lay aside把放在一邊；留存?zhèn)溆胠ay down 放下；規(guī)定lay off (暫時)解雇；停止lay out 鋪開，展開14.以leave為中心leave behind留下，忘記攜帶； 超過；永久離開leave out 省去，遺漏，不把計算在內(nèi)leave off 停止；中斷l(xiāng)eave over 留下，剩下leave alone 不干涉，不打擾15.以look為中心look about四下環(huán)顧；查看look after 照顧，看管look around 東張西望look back 回顧，回頭看look back on/upon 回顧look for 尋找；期待，期望look down on/upon 俯視；輕視look forward to 盼望，期待look into 窺視；調(diào)查；瀏覽look on/upon as把看作look out 向外看；注意；當心，提防look out for 當心，尋找，搜尋look through 透過看去；看穿；瀏覽look up 查閱；仰視look up to 仰慕，尊敬16.以pick為中心pick off去除；選擇(目標)射擊pick out 精心挑出，辨別出pick up 接(某人)，搭載；撿起；學會；(偶然)得到 17.以pull為中心pull apart 拉開，分開pull away 開動pull down 拉下，拉倒；拆毀；使(價格)下降；使掃興pull in (車船)抵達pull off 短暫停車；獲得成功pull out 駛出，離開pull through 克服困難；恢復pull up 停止；訓斥18.以put為中心put aside 把放在一邊；擱置；積蓄，攢錢put away 把放好，把收拾；儲藏put back 把放回原處put down 放下；鎮(zhèn)壓；記下put an end to 結(jié)束，終止，廢除put forward 提出；撥快；建議，推薦；提倡put in 安裝；添上；打斷put off 推遲，延期；消除；推脫，脫下put on 上演；穿上；增加；開動put ones heart into 全神貫注，專心致志put out 熄滅，伸出，拿出put through 完成；(電話用語)撥通；使穿過put up 舉起，掛起；提名，推薦；安排住宿put up with 忍受，容忍19.以send為中心send away 解雇；趕走，把送往遠處send for 派人去叫(請、拿)send off 發(fā)出，寄出；郵購，函購send out 發(fā)出，散發(fā)send up 發(fā)射；使上升；取笑20.以set為中心set about (doing) 著手，開始set an example to sb. 給某人樹立榜樣set aside 留出；放在一邊；暫不考慮set back 使推遲；使花費set down 放下，卸下；登記，記載set free 釋放(某人)set off 出發(fā)；使爆炸；引起set out 出發(fā)；發(fā)表；著手做某事set up 建立，設(shè)立，開辦；引發(fā)，產(chǎn)生21.以take為中心take after 仿效，與相似take away 拿走，減去；消除take back 收回，取消take care of 當心，注意；照顧；提防；謹慎take charge of 負責，主管take down 取下；記下；拆毀take in 留宿；欺騙；吸收；理解takeinto account/consideration 考慮，重視take off 脫去，除去；起飛，起程take on 呈現(xiàn)；雇傭；承擔，擔任take ones place 代替take out 拿出，取出；去除take over 接管，接任；占上風take part in 參與，參加take place 發(fā)生；舉行take pride in 以為榮，對感到驕傲22.以think為中心think about考慮think highly/well/much/a lot of 對評價很高think little/ill/nothing of 輕視，看不起think of as 把看作think out 仔細考慮，想通think through 想通；充分考慮think up 想出；發(fā)明23.以throw為中心throw at把投向throw away 丟棄，浪費；錯失(機會)throw oneself into 投身于，積極從事throw out 逐出；否決；散發(fā)throw up 嘔吐；使顯眼；匆匆建造24.以turn為中心turn away 把打發(fā)走，轉(zhuǎn)臉不理睬turn down 調(diào)小；駁回，拒絕考慮turn off 關(guān)上；拐彎；使厭煩turn on 打開；依靠，取決于；突然攻擊turn out 出席；證明是；向外；出現(xiàn)turn over 翻轉(zhuǎn)；轉(zhuǎn)動turn (a)round 旋轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)過身來turn in 上交turn to 轉(zhuǎn)向，求助于turn upside down 顛倒過來，翻過來1【誤】 He is listening the teacher carefully. 【正】 He is listening carefully. 【正】 He is listening to the teacher carefully. 【解析】學習實義動詞，一定要分清楚這個動詞屬于及物動詞還是不及物動詞，然后再根據(jù)不同的使用規(guī)則使用不同的動詞。 2【誤】 The mixture is tasted terrible. 【正】 The mixture tastes terrible. 【解析】 連系動詞后接形容詞或相當于形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。除了少數(shù)幾個(如get, become, grow等)外，系動詞不用于進行時態(tài)和被動結(jié)構(gòu)。3After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane _ her job as a doctor in the countryside.Aset outBtook overCtook upDset up【誤】 B【正】 C【解析】 對高頻短語take up的意思掌握不全面，不知道該短語除了表示“占用”之意外，還可以表示“開始從事”。句意：簡在醫(yī)學院學了五年后，在鄉(xiāng)村從事醫(yī)生工作。set out“出發(fā)， 開始”；take over“接收， 接管”；take up“拿起， 開始從事”；set up“設(shè)立， 豎立”。根據(jù)題意選C。12010全國卷 The workers _ the glasses and marked on each box “This Side Up”. Acarried Bdelivered Cpressed Dpacked【解析】 D考查動詞詞義辨析。句意為：工人們把眼鏡打包，然后在每個箱子上貼上“此端朝上”。pack打包。22010遼寧卷 The new movie _ to be one of the biggest moneymakers of all time. Apromises Bagrees Cpretends Ddeclines【解析】 A考查動詞詞義辨析。promise除了表示“允諾，答應”外，還有“有的希望”的意思；agree意為“同意，贊同”；pretend意為“假裝”；decline意為“減少，衰退”。只有promise符合題意。句意為：這部新電影有望成為電影票房史上票房最高的影片之一。3What the young man cant _ is that his mum always treats him like a baby. Asupport Bundertake Chold Dbear【解析】 D考查動詞辨析。A意為“支持”；B意為“承擔，擔任，著手做”；C意為“握住，容納”；D意為“容忍，忍受”。句意為：這個年輕人無法忍受的是他的母親總是把他當個小孩來對待。根據(jù)題意可知應選D。4We want to rent a bus which can _ 40 people for our trip to Beijing. Aload Bhold Cfill Dsupport【解析】 B根據(jù)句意，此處需用表示“容納，包含”的動詞，只有B項符合。5. The film Avatar will be on tonight but its at 1：30 am. I dont want to _ that late. Astay up Bshow off Cput up Dget off【解析】 A考查動詞短語辨析。stay up熬夜；show off炫耀，賣弄；put up舉起，建起，張貼；get off下車，出發(fā)，脫掉。根據(jù)題干意思選A。6How are you managing to do your business without a secretary?Well, I _ somehow. Aget along Bcare about Cwatch out Dset off【解析】 A考查動詞短語辨析。get along(勉強)生活，工作下去；care about關(guān)注；watch out小心；set off出發(fā)。7Ive _ my umbrella in the office and Ill have to fetch it. Aforgot Bleft Cremained Dlost【解析】 B根據(jù)句意，此處需用表示“遺漏，遺落”的動詞，B項符合題意。8Dont let yourself be _ into doing anything you dont want to do. Atold Bmade Ctalked Dasked【答案】 C9The designs of the few tools should be _ carefully, so that we can pick out the one that best suits our job. Atried BexaminedCexperimented Dexperienced【答案】 B10He cant be at home now, for I saw him _ in the gym just now. Agiving out Bworking outCcarrying out Dbringing out【解析】 B本題考查短語辨析。give out用完，分發(fā)；work out解決，鍛煉；carry out實現(xiàn)，執(zhí)行；bring out出版，生產(chǎn)。句意為：他現(xiàn)在不可能在家，剛才我還看到他在健身房鍛煉。故B項正確。11So Helen, are we going for that Chinese meal you promised me?Well，I kind of forgot to _， so well have to do French. Aconsult Border Creserve Dconfirm【解析】 C由答語的“so well have to do French”可以看出，這次吃不上上次承諾給對方的中國飯菜了，只有“我”忘了預定(reserve)可以講得通。consult商討，向請教；order點餐(菜或飲料)；confirm證實；確定。12One primary goal of UNESCO is to _ modern knowledge societies in which all people can participate in information and knowledge. Amake up Bpolish upCbuild up Dtake up【解析】 C考查動詞短語辨析。build up建立；take up從事；polish up改善，潤色；make up彌補，虛構(gòu)，整理，和解，化妝。句意為：建立現(xiàn)代化的知識社會，讓所有的人都能參與信息與知識，是聯(lián)合國教科文組織的一個主要目標。13Its extremely dangerous for the drivers to _ speed as the traffic lights are changing. Apull up Bput up Crise up Dpick up【解析】 D考查動詞短語辨析。句意為：對于司機來說在紅綠燈變換時，加速是非常危險的。pull up停下來；put up建造，舉起，提供住宿；rise up起義，上升，為不及物動詞詞組。pick up“加速”，符合題意。14His guilty expression _ my suspicion. Aconsidered BcommittedCconfirmed Dconvinced【解析】 Cconfirm證實，確認。句意為：他內(nèi)疚的表情證實了我的猜疑。consider認為；考慮；commit犯罪；做承諾；convince說服，使信服。15We complained to the travel agency about the horrible service during our trip, but no one has _ by now. Aresponded BadvocatedCrecovered Dsurvived【解析】 Arespond答復，回應；advocate主張；擁護；recover恢復，找回；survive幸存，生還。1(2011山東淄博模擬)The headmaster will_a speech to the visiting foreign guests this afternoon.Adeliver BaddressCannounce Ddeclare解析：句意為：今天下午校長將要對來訪的外賓發(fā)表講話。deliver 發(fā)表，deliver a speech 發(fā)表演講。address sb.對某人講話，對某人發(fā)表演說；announce 宣布，通告；declare 宣告，聲明。答案：A2(2011東北三校模擬)I think I should wear a dress instead of this jeans.Its just a small informal party，so you dont have to_.Awarm up Bput upCdress up Dkeep up解析：句意為：我覺得我應該穿禮服不能穿牛仔服。這只是一個不太正式的小聚會，因此，你不必刻意打扮。dress up 穿上特殊服裝，喬裝，化妝。答案：C3(2011山東臨沂)If you keep practising your son in football，he _to make a famous player.Awants BhopesCpromises Dwishes解析：句意為：如果你堅持對你兒子進行足球訓練，他有希望成為一個著名的球員。promise 有前途，有的可能。答案：C4(2011山東煙臺模擬)Newlydeveloped materials for spaceships can_extreme weather conditions.Ahold BsupportCstand Dcompete解析：句意為：新研發(fā)的航空材料能經(jīng)受極端天氣條件的考驗。stand 抵抗，抵御，經(jīng)受，符合語境。答案：C5(2011杭州模擬)Everyone in the village hoped that he would_after a few days treatment.Apick up Bcome upCkeep up Dmake up解析：句意為：村里的每一個人都希望他能在幾天的治療后康復。pick up 好轉(zhuǎn)，恢復；come up 走上前來，發(fā)芽，發(fā)生；keep up 保持；make up 編造，彌補，化裝，構(gòu)成。答案：A6(2011山東棗莊調(diào)研)He didnt _what I said because his mind was on something else.Ahold on Bhang onCtake in Dget over解析：句意為：他沒有理解我說的話，因為他剛才想別的呢。take in理解，領(lǐng)會；hold on 不掛斷；hang on 堅持，不掛斷，靠著，渴望；get over 爬過，克服，熬過，恢復。答案：C7(20103月濟南模擬)Stella was disappointed to find her new plan_and fell into great depression.Aput away Bcarried outCturned down Dleft out解析：考查動詞短語辨析。句意為：Stella 看到她的計劃被拒絕非常失望，難以振作。put away 收起來，放好；carry out 完成；turn down 拒絕；leave out 漏掉，忽略。答案：C8(20104月濟南模擬)What the young man cant_is that his mum always treats him like a baby.Asupport BundertakeChold Dbear解析：考查動詞辨析。bear 此處表示“忍受”；support 表示“支持”；undertake 表示“從事”；hold 則表示“容納”。根據(jù)語意“那個年輕人無法容忍的是”，選D項。答案：D9(20104月濟南模擬)Internet shopping is really_when people are sure of its safety.Ataking off Btaking upCsetting off Dsetting up解析：考查動詞詞組辨析。句意為：當人們確認了它的安全性之后，網(wǎng)絡(luò)購物真的迅速流行起來。take off 表示“迅速流行”；take up 表示“從事，占據(jù)”；set off 表示“出發(fā)