非常詳細(xì)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣講解資料.doc

虛擬語(yǔ)氣第一部分：語(yǔ)氣的定義和種類(lèi)1 語(yǔ)氣(mood)語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。2 語(yǔ)氣的種類(lèi)、陳述語(yǔ)氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是現(xiàn)實(shí)的、確定的或符合事實(shí)的，用于陳述句、疑問(wèn)句和某些感嘆句。如：There are two sides to every question.每個(gè)問(wèn)題都有兩個(gè)方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙嗎？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老師??！、祈使語(yǔ)氣：表示說(shuō)話(huà)人對(duì)對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求或命令。如：Never be late again!再也不要遲到了。Dont forget to turn off the light.別忘了關(guān)燈。、虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鳥(niǎo)，我就能在空中飛行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通過(guò)考試。May you succeed!祝您成功！虛擬語(yǔ)氣在語(yǔ)法里算得上是個(gè)難點(diǎn)。讓我們就從最簡(jiǎn)單的開(kāi)始吧。第二部分：簡(jiǎn)單句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣一、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式用于現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的謙虛、客氣、有禮貌、或委婉的語(yǔ)氣，常用于日常會(huì)話(huà)中。如：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?請(qǐng)你告訴我去郵局的路好嗎？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好別熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+動(dòng)詞原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此時(shí)may須置于句首（多用于正式文體中）。、May good luck be yours!祝你好運(yùn)！、May you be happy!祝你快樂(lè)！、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。、May the friendship between us last long. 祝愿我們的友情天長(zhǎng)地久。、May you be happy. (注意那個(gè)be ) 祝你幸福。2、用動(dòng)詞原形。例如：(1).Long live the people! 人民萬(wàn)歲！(2).“God bless you,”said the priest.牧師說(shuō)：“愿上帝保佑你！”(3).Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示強(qiáng)烈愿望。（該類(lèi)型虛擬語(yǔ)氣謂語(yǔ)僅用動(dòng)詞原形，第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)也不加“s”）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、表命令1.命令虛擬語(yǔ)氣只能用在第二人稱(chēng)(you)，而且通常省略主語(yǔ)(也就是you)。2.句子尾通常加上感嘆號(hào)：！3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go4.否定形式的命令語(yǔ)氣，可用助動(dòng)詞do，加上not。(1). Work !(2). Work harder !(3). Be more alert ! (虛擬語(yǔ)氣動(dòng)詞Be)(4). You go out !(5). Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虛擬語(yǔ)氣)(6). Dont be afraid. (口語(yǔ)中常用dont 代替do not)五、在一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好現(xiàn)在就出發(fā)。(2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告訴你這個(gè)秘密。第三部分：名詞性從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣第一節(jié)：賓語(yǔ)從句(Subordinate Clause)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，常省去賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。一）、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬（與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反）：從句用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)be和were(was)，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。例：1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式knew)我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥(niǎo)。(事實(shí)上不可能)4. When she was at the party, she wished she were at home.(wished,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國(guó)，他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過(guò)去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄?二）、對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬（和過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反）：用wish表示對(duì)過(guò)去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例：1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.他真希望沒(méi)有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)3. We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒(méi)同我們講)4. I wish you had called earlier.(wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.(will wish ,had + listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)例題分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. sleptC. might have slept D. have slept動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句，表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即用過(guò)去式（表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）或過(guò)去完成式（表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）。本題后半句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞have用的是過(guò)去時(shí)had to get up and come, 所以前面要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以, 選項(xiàng)A)could have slept是答案三）、對(duì)將來(lái)情況的虛擬(表示將來(lái)的主觀愿望)：從句動(dòng)詞would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形(時(shí)間上較后)(請(qǐng)注意：主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不相同)。用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)事情的愿望。例：1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒(méi)到)4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒(méi)那么容易就改變主意喔)5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我們和他在一起，實(shí)際上還沒(méi)在一起)四）、注意：1.如果將wish改為過(guò)去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money.我要是那時(shí)沒(méi)有花掉那么多錢(qián)就好了。2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿(mǎn)或希望未來(lái)有所改變或請(qǐng)求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.二、在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說(shuō)話(huà)者的主觀意見(jiàn)，認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣，這些詞語(yǔ)后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，且均以“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示這種語(yǔ)氣，但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略，故此從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形，常用的此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提議、勸告、建議”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“決定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主張”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的：consent, insist例如：1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí)，他說(shuō)“剃刀和水就行了”。)4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù)，直到我建議拆開(kāi)看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。)5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的國(guó)家呆上兩三年。)在表示命令、建議、要求等一類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面的從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣很普遍，其結(jié)構(gòu)如：order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) do 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.但注意：在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅(jiān)持自己, 用陳述語(yǔ)氣, 堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語(yǔ)氣.8.she insists that she is right.9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.或者說(shuō)，suggest, insist不表示建議或堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)，即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判斷改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò))11.You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (對(duì))12.Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(錯(cuò))13.I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.(對(duì))14.I insisted that you were wrong.例題分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play全句意思是：“旅館管理部門(mén)懇請(qǐng)客人晚上11點(diǎn)后不要打開(kāi)收音機(jī)”。句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞request（請(qǐng)求）所引出的從句應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即動(dòng)詞原形或“should動(dòng)詞原形”。本句的主語(yǔ)從句中，主語(yǔ)radio是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞play 的客體，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述這類(lèi)句子中不能用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)形式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣，所以A)不正確。選項(xiàng)B) not to play是動(dòng)詞帶to的不定式，不能在句中作謂語(yǔ)。選項(xiàng)D)did not play也是動(dòng)詞play的過(guò)去時(shí)形式，同樣不能在本句中作為虛擬語(yǔ)氣來(lái)使用。而且，它是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，而本題要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。練習(xí)：16). The chairman requested that .Athe members studied more carefully the problemBthe problem was more carefulnessly studiedCwith more carefulness the problem could be studiedDthe members study the problem more carefully17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .Awould be discussedBwill be discussedCbe discussedDmay be discussed18). The doctor insisted that his patient .Athat he not work too hard for three monthsBtake it easy for three monthsCtaking it easy inside of three monthsDto take some vacations for three months三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問(wèn)形式后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在expect, believe, think, suspect等動(dòng)詞的否定或疑問(wèn)形式后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，我們經(jīng)常用“should動(dòng)詞原形(或完成形式)”，表示驚奇，懷疑，不滿(mǎn)等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我們從來(lái)沒(méi)想到他是個(gè)如此勇敢的小戰(zhàn)士。練習(xí)：1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army?AIt is believedBShould they believeCThey would believeDIf they would believe2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.Awill leaveBmay leaveCleaveDleaves四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用來(lái)表達(dá)主觀愿望，它們之后的賓語(yǔ)從句中需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，用過(guò)去完成式表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。表示”寧愿做什么”或?qū)^(guò)去做的事的懊悔。(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(3).Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die.(4).I would rather you go tomorrow.(5).I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past.(6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office經(jīng)理寧愿她女兒不與他在同一間辦公室工作。(7).To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case坦率地說(shuō)，我希望你不要卷入這件事。(8).You dont have to be in such a hurryI would rather you went on business first你沒(méi)有必要這么著急，我寧愿你先去上班。(9).Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being我倒希望你暫時(shí)先不要就此事發(fā)表意見(jiàn)。(10).Frankly speaking ，Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being坦白地說(shuō)，我寧愿你現(xiàn)在對(duì)此事什么也不要做。(11).Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？為什么你不愿讓你的孩子早點(diǎn)上床呢？(12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday我真希望你昨天把這本書(shū)還了。注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用動(dòng)詞原形I would rather stay at home todaywould ratherthan中用動(dòng)詞原形I would rather stay at home than go out today五、“had hoped”后的賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣用“had hoped”表示原來(lái)希望做到而實(shí)際上未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情，其賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)用“would+動(dòng)詞原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美國(guó)去念書(shū)，但她說(shuō)她喜歡留在中國(guó)。第二節(jié)：主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣一、“It is (was)+形容詞（或過(guò)去分詞）+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在形如“It is (was)+形容詞（或過(guò)去分詞）+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中，使用某些表示愿望、建議、請(qǐng)求、命令、可能、適當(dāng)、較好、迫切、緊近、重要等形容詞后的主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其表達(dá)形式為should 動(dòng)詞原形或省略should直接用動(dòng)詞原形（美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中省去should）常用的形容詞：* natural (自然的), appropriate (適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable (合適的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必須的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本質(zhì)的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (極好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必須的），crucial（緊急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（驚人的），necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（緊迫的）。常用的過(guò)去分詞(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被請(qǐng)求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建議), recommended (推薦)* orderd (命令)1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)2.It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary, should + make) (表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備)3. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽煙)4. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand therule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))5. Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient.(important, should + take) (表示重要的是照顧好病人)6. It is natural that she should do so. (形容詞natural, should+動(dòng)詞原形do)7.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible這些申請(qǐng)表應(yīng)盡早地寄回，這是很重要的。8.It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project重要的是募集足夠的錢(qián)，為這個(gè)項(xiàng)目提供資金。9.It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening希望我們今晚一切都準(zhǔn)備就緒。注：在上述所列形容詞后面用that引出的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。10.I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience湯姆缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)，指派他做這項(xiàng)工作我認(rèn)為是不恰當(dāng)?shù)?。二、在It is 名詞that的主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在It is 名詞that的主語(yǔ)從句中，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示建議、命令、請(qǐng)求、道歉、懷疑、驚奇等。這類(lèi)名詞有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation ，requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建議派他去國(guó)外進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)。第三節(jié)：虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中當(dāng)某些表示建議、請(qǐng)求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其表達(dá)形式為should 動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。這類(lèi)名詞常見(jiàn)的有：demand (要求), desire (請(qǐng)求),requirement (要求)advice (勸告), recommendation (建議),suggestion (建議)order (命令)necessity (必要地), preference (優(yōu)先)proposal (計(jì)劃), plan (計(jì)劃), idea (辦法)，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off我們都贊成你提出的將討論延期的建議。The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone由市長(zhǎng)頒發(fā)獎(jiǎng)金的建議被每個(gè)人接受。、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.(名詞advice，should + leave) (表示加以勸告)、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出計(jì)劃)、 The judge assented to the suggestion that .Aboth of the criminals will soon be set freedomBsome of the criminals there are of guilt onlyCthe girl was to be paroled in the custody of a welfare societyDthe prisoner be sentenced to death第四部分：條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣第一節(jié)：if引導(dǎo)的條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示一種不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的假設(shè)。該語(yǔ)法主要用于if條件狀語(yǔ)從句。一、if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句的分類(lèi)及虛擬條件句的判斷1、可以把條件句分為兩類(lèi)：1).真實(shí)條件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假設(shè)的情況發(fā)生性可能很大，就是真實(shí)條件句。例如：、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有時(shí)間會(huì)幫助你做此工作的。、As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我說(shuō)了什么錯(cuò)話(huà)，你一定要指出來(lái)。、If time permits, well go fishing together.(如果有時(shí)間的話(huà)，我們就一起去釣魚(yú)。）2).虛擬條件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：當(dāng)假設(shè)是不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)時(shí)，就是虛擬條件句。例如：、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的話(huà)，就去參加會(huì)議了。、If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天來(lái)這兒的話(huà)，就會(huì)看見(jiàn)他的老朋友。、If it had rained yesterday, we would have stayed at home.（如果昨天下雨的話(huà)，我們就會(huì)留在家里。）2、.if條件狀語(yǔ)從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的判斷判斷是真實(shí)條件句還是非真實(shí)條件句。只有在非真實(shí)條件句中才使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。通過(guò)句子意思，看假設(shè)的條件是否能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)是真實(shí)條件句，不能使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；假設(shè)的條件不能實(shí)現(xiàn)則是非真實(shí)條件句，要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。判斷這個(gè)假設(shè)是與哪個(gè)事實(shí)相反。通常有三種情況：與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反。3、“后退一步法”后退一步法是指在準(zhǔn)確地判斷了該句與哪一事實(shí)相反后，按虛擬語(yǔ)氣的后退一步法處理從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。即：在非真實(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞按正常情況“后退一步”。也就是：與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，在從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)形式表示。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，在從句中用過(guò)去一般時(shí)形式表示。與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反，在從句中用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)形式表示。主句中則用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would, should, could 等加一個(gè)與從句一致的動(dòng)詞形式。例：、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.4、注意事項(xiàng)if條件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒裝語(yǔ)序。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中if條件狀與從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是be其過(guò)去形式一般用were。 二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的用法：（一）、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：if + 主語(yǔ)+ 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be 用were) + 主句：主語(yǔ)+ would (should, could , might) + 動(dòng)詞原形+ 例：1.If I were you, I would go with him.2.If the weather were fine, I would go there.如果天氣好，我去那兒。（事實(shí)天氣不好）3.If I were you, I would read it again.如果我是你的話(huà)，我再讀一遍。（事實(shí)上我不是你）4.If time permitted, I would write it again.如果時(shí)間允許的話(huà)，我再寫(xiě)一遍。（事實(shí)上時(shí)間不允許）5.If it werent snowing, we wouldnt stay in the house.要是現(xiàn)在不下雪的話(huà)，我們就不會(huì)待在屋里。（事實(shí)上現(xiàn)在下雪）6.What would I do if I were in your place?要是我處于你地位我會(huì)怎么辦？（事實(shí)上我不在你的位置上）7.If he hurried, he could catch the first bus. 他要是快點(diǎn)能夠趕上頭班公共汽車(chē)。（可是他不著急）8.If it werent for your help, we would get into trouble.如果沒(méi)有你們的幫助，我們就會(huì)陷入困境。（而事實(shí)上得到了你們的幫助）9.If we had the manpower, we could open up even more land.如果有人力,我們還能開(kāi)更多的荒地. 10. If I were you, I would go with him.(從句If I were you, 主句I would go with him.)11. If I were you, I should buy it.(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞were，主句用動(dòng)詞原形buy)12. If I had time, I would study French. (如果有時(shí)間，我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)法文。）（從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞had，主句用動(dòng)詞原形study）13. If she knew English, she would not ask me for help. (如果她懂英文，她就不必要我?guī)土恕?(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞knew, 主句用動(dòng)詞原形ask)注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，主句要用：主語(yǔ)+ would be + 進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞+ 14. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(從句用過(guò)去式動(dòng)詞were, 主句用would be speaking)（二）、表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：If + 主語(yǔ)+ had +過(guò)去完成式動(dòng)詞+ 主句：主語(yǔ)+ would (should, could, might) + have +過(guò)去完成式動(dòng)詞+例如: 、If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你聽(tīng)了我的勸告,就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤。（事實(shí)上你沒(méi)有聽(tīng)我的勸告）、I shouldnt have been able to write such good novels if I hadnt lived among the peasants for five years.如果我不是和農(nóng)民生活了五年，就不可能寫(xiě)出這樣好的小說(shuō)。（事實(shí)上我和農(nóng)民生活了五年）、If you hadnt invited me, I shouldnt have come to the party.如果你不邀請(qǐng)我，我就不會(huì)來(lái)參加你的舞會(huì)。(事實(shí)上你邀請(qǐng)了我) 、If it hadnt been for your help, I shouldnt have finished this work on time. 要是沒(méi)有你們的幫忙，我就不會(huì)按時(shí)完成了這項(xiàng)工作。（事實(shí)上你們幫助了我）、If he hadnt broken the law, he wouldnt have been put in prison.如果他不違法的話(huà)，就不會(huì)被打入監(jiān)獄。（事實(shí)上他違法了）、If I hadnt been ill yesterday, I might have come to school.昨天要是不生病，我是可能來(lái)上學(xué)的。（事實(shí)上我生病了）、If I had been your headmaster, I should have dismissed you from school. 我要是你們校長(zhǎng)的話(huà)，就把你開(kāi)除學(xué)籍了。（事實(shí)上我不是）、 If you had studied harder last term, you could have passed exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had studied, 主句動(dòng)詞用have passed)如果你在上個(gè)學(xué)期用功一些，你就會(huì)在考試中過(guò)關(guān)了。、 If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the exam.(從句動(dòng)詞用had taken, 主句動(dòng)詞用have failed)如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)從我的勸告的話(huà)，你就不會(huì)在考試中失敗了。、 If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train.(從句動(dòng)詞用had got up, 主句動(dòng)詞用have caught)如果你起身得早一點(diǎn)，你就會(huì)趕得上火車(chē)了。、 If it had snowed, I would have skied in the park.(從句動(dòng)詞用had snowed, 主句動(dòng)詞用have skied)如果下雪的話(huà)，我就可在公園里滑雪了。注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，主句要用：主語(yǔ)+ would + have + 完成進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 +、 If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(從句動(dòng)詞用had been, 主句動(dòng)詞用have been speaking)（三）、表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句(對(duì)將來(lái)的事實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性不大)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為：從句：If + 主語(yǔ)+ should (或were) + 動(dòng)詞原形+主句：主語(yǔ)+ would (could, should, might) + 動(dòng)詞原形+例如：、If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我來(lái)解這道難題，我會(huì)用另外一種方法的。、If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做這樣的事情，就會(huì)受到懲罰。、If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力學(xué)習(xí)的話(huà)，我會(huì)取得更大的進(jìn)步。(事實(shí)上我不可能努力學(xué)習(xí)) 、If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的話(huà)，我將待在家里。（根據(jù)天氣情況，明天不可能下雨）、If he should come, I could ask him for some advice.萬(wàn)一他來(lái)了，我就能夠向他請(qǐng)教。（事實(shí)上他來(lái)的可能性很?。f he came tomorrow, I would do it with him.如果明天他來(lái)的話(huà)，我將和他一起做此事。（事實(shí)上他來(lái)的可能性很?。?、 If it should rain, the crops would be saved.(從句動(dòng)詞用should rain，主句動(dòng)詞用be)如果天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。、 If he were to go fomorrow, he might tell you.(從句動(dòng)詞用were to, 主句動(dòng)詞用tell)如果明天他走的話(huà)，他可能會(huì)告訴你。、 If he were here, I would give him the books.(從句動(dòng)詞用were, 主句動(dòng)詞用give)如果他在這兒，我可能會(huì)把書(shū)給他。注意：如果動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行中，從句(不是主句喔)要用：If + 主語(yǔ)+ 過(guò)去進(jìn)行式動(dòng)詞 +、 If she were staying here now, I would let her ride my horse.(從句動(dòng)詞用were staying, 主句動(dòng)詞用let)如果她現(xiàn)在留在這兒，我可能會(huì)讓她騎我的馬。三、混合條件句-主從句時(shí)間不一致情況下的虛擬語(yǔ)氣有時(shí)條件從句中的動(dòng)作和結(jié)果與主句中的動(dòng)作，發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，這時(shí)動(dòng)作的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。如：1. 從句表示過(guò)去，主句表示將來(lái)：、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.、If we hadn t made adequate preparations, we shouldn t dare to do the experiment next week。2. 從句表示將來(lái)，主句表示過(guò)去：、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, Iwould have gone to see the film with you last night.3.從句表示過(guò)去，主句表示將來(lái)：、If we hadnt made adequate preparations, we shouldnt dare to do theexperiment next week.4.從句表示將來(lái)，主句表示現(xiàn)在：、If we shouldnt have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.5.從句表示過(guò)去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你當(dāng)時(shí)聽(tīng)了我的話(huà)，現(xiàn)在就能完成這份工作了。（從句說(shuō)明過(guò)去，主句說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。）6.從句表示現(xiàn)在，主句表示過(guò)去、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去參加她的生日晚會(huì)了。（從句說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在，主句說(shuō)明過(guò)去。）7.從句