非謂語動詞(助教).doc

非謂語動詞定義：在英語中，不是用于句子謂語而是用于擔(dān)任其他語法功能的動詞叫做非謂語動詞，也稱作動詞的非限定形式。不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制；但具有動詞的某些特征，不僅可以接賓語， 而且還有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。 此外它在句子中可以用作其他句子成分如可以做主語、表語、賓語、賓補、定語、狀語和同位語。通常包括三種即：不定式、動名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）。一、 謂語動詞和非謂語動詞的區(qū)別： 1) 謂語動詞在句中可單獨作謂語，而非謂語動詞不能單獨作謂語。 He teaches us English. 他教我們英語。（teaches 動詞作謂語） Mr. Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 維克托先生上周來到了我們教室和我們談話。 （to have a talk. 不定式作狀語） 2) 謂語動詞受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，而非謂語動詞形式?jīng)]有這種限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜歡流行音樂。 （動詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式） Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天沒什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非謂語動詞的特征： 1 如果非謂語動詞是及物動詞，后面須跟賓語。 Studying English is my favorite. 學(xué)習(xí)英語是我的愛好。（studying 后跟賓語） To help him is my duty. 幫助他是我的責(zé)任。（help 后跟賓語） 2 非謂語動詞可以帶有自己的狀語或邏輯主語。 Working under such a condition is terrible. 在這樣的環(huán)境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的狀語) Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在這么短的時間內(nèi)掌握英語太難了。（for him 作不定式的邏輯主語） 3 非謂語動詞仍有語態(tài)和時態(tài)的變化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 對不起讓你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 從山上看，這座城市美麗多了。（Seen from.是分詞的被動形式） 4 非謂語動詞在句中可以當成名詞或者形容詞來使用。 Our coming made him happy. 我們的到來使他很高興。（coming 起名詞作用） There are two big swimming pools here. 這兒有兩個大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容詞作用)二、 三者的核心含義和區(qū)別如下：動詞不定式 to + V 一般用來表示目的或結(jié)果，或者某個具體的動作。動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing一般用來表示動作的主動概念和進行意義。 過去分詞 V-ed 一般用來表示動作的被動概念和完成意義。三、（一） 關(guān)于動詞不定式 1.構(gòu)成與形式不定式由不定式符號“to”動詞原形構(gòu)成（有時不帶to）。前面可以加某些疑問代詞，如what、who、which，或疑問副詞，如when、where、how、why等，構(gòu)成特殊的不定式短語，如what to do next, how to get there等。不定式的形式有：主動形式被動形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進行式to be doing完成進行式to have been doing1. 不定式的一般式(to do)表示不定式的.動作將要發(fā)生或與謂語動作同時發(fā)生. 2 不定式的進行體(to be doing)表示不定式的動作正在發(fā)生. 不定式的完成體(to have done)表示不定式的動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生. 2.用法不定式不能單獨作謂語，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，而且還保留著動詞的特征，因而可以有狀語修飾，如果是及物動詞，還可以帶賓語，從而構(gòu)成不定式短語。不定式或不定式短語在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、主語補足語和賓語補足語。1. 作主語To make a plan for our future is important.How to get enough capital is still a question.It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.2. 作表語The important thing is to save lives.3. 作賓語I like to go for a walk in the warm sunshine.常用不定式作賓語的動詞有：agree, want, like, ask, wish, hate, hope, decide, fail, intend, manage, promise, forget, plan, need, mean, pretend, choose, remember, care, continue, require 等。4. 作定語He was always the first to come and the last to leave.5. 作狀語She decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.6. 作主語補足語It is reported to be true.7. 作賓語補足語They didnt allow her to park the car in this street.有一些動詞后用作賓語補足語的不定式通常不帶to。這種動詞有兩類：一類是感官動詞，如 feel, see, hear, watch, notice等；另一類是使役動詞，如make, let, have等。如：Did you notice him leave the house?They made the boy go to bed early.3.時態(tài)與語態(tài)1. 完成式I am sorry to have kept you waiting.To have known her is an honor.2. 進行式They seem to be getting along quite well.He pretended to be listening attentively.3. 完成進行式John is said to have been studying for a whole morning.4. 被動式He was very pleased to have been given such an opportunity.3.主要考點：考點一：直接接動詞不定式做賓語的動詞。這一類動詞往往表示請求、要求、選擇、決定、打算、企圖等eg: I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我對花那么多錢買衣服猶豫不決。考點二：在以下情況下常使用不帶（或省略）to的動詞不定式：感官動詞后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceiveeg: I saw a man enter the shop.個別表示使役意義的動詞，如：have, let, make， eg:The teacher has us write a composition every week. 一些情態(tài)動詞，had better, would ratherthan，would soonerthan，rather than, may well do，may as well do (還是好了)，can not but，can not help but等句型，Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.We might as well put up here for tonight. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。I can do nothing but follow your advice.如果but或except之前沒有do，help, 其后的to 不能省略。There is no choice but to wait and see.由 all, what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句或者主語被only, first, one, least 或形容詞最高級修飾時，而且從句中含有do時，其表語如果是動詞不定式，則往往省去to。What I have to do is take a rest.The only thing I could do was do it myself. 由并列連詞and，except, but, than, or 連接兩個以上的具有相同意義或功能的不定式時，第二個動詞不定式不帶to。She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.注意：但是如果兩個不定式表示對照或?qū)Ρ葧r，則不能省略to.To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存還是死亡，這是一個問題。考點三：有些動詞后一般跟帶“疑問詞 + 動詞不定式”作賓語，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。I wonder who to invite. 我不知請誰。Ask my brother where to put the car. 問一下我哥車停在哪兒。動名詞I. 構(gòu)成與形式動名詞形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，即由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。動名詞的形式有：主動形式被動形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneII. 用法動名詞，顧名思義，既有動詞也有名詞的某些特征?？蓭в凶约旱馁e語和狀語，構(gòu)成動名詞短語。在句中可作主語、賓語、表語和定語。1. 作主語Smoking is not good for your health.2. 作賓語For many years, he has never stopped reading English.常用動名詞作賓語的動詞及短語動詞有：stop, mind, enjoy, finish, avoid, deny, miss, escape, consider, admit, risk, complete, cant help, give up, leave off, put off, keep on等3. 作表語What he likes is playing chess after supper.4. 作定語He may be in the reading room, for all I know.The turning speed of the new machine is much higher than that of the old one.比較：動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語有所不同：動名詞和它所修飾的名詞沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它多表示被修飾的名詞的功能、用途；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，它與所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，前者是后者發(fā)出的動作。如：動名詞現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping-car臥車sleeping child酣睡的孩子working method工作方法working people勞動人民singing practice歌詠練習(xí)singing girl歌女III. 時態(tài)與語態(tài)1. 完成式He regretted having shot the bird.I apologize for not having kept my promise.2. 被動式She didnt mind being left alone at home.3. 完成被動式After having been interviewed, he was offered the job.考點考點一：直接接動名詞做賓語的動詞。We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 我們不得不暫緩寄出對申請書的答復(fù)。注意：上述動詞中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作賓語時，則后接不定式作賓語補足語。如：Allow somebody to do something.I recommended going by subway. 我建議坐地鐵去。The doctor recommended me to take a few days rest. 醫(yī)生勸我休息幾天?？键c二：下列短語中to 為介詞，后面只能接動名詞或名詞。 No woman could succeed to the throne. 婦女不能繼承王位。I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼著再見到你?？键c三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等詞后面接動名詞形式表示被動的意思，即用主動形式表示被動意義。如果接不定式，必須用不定式的被動形式。My shoes want mending / to be mended.This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.That novel is well worth reading.考點四：在下列it 作形式主語或形式賓語的句型中， 用動名詞作邏輯主語或邏輯賓語。It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名詞） + doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容詞) + doing sth.;There is no point ( use, sense, good等名詞) + doing sth.Its no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔沒有用。Its simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.There is no point in my going out to do that. 現(xiàn)在讓我出去做那件事沒有用。I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)建議他和我們一起去美什么好處?？键c五：在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in) doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，后接動名詞； 但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式.The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.考點六：下列動詞既可接不定式，也可接動名詞，但表示的意義不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未發(fā)生；而動名詞則表示事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生于這些動詞之前。這些動詞有：remember to do sth. 記得將要去做某事remember doing sth. 記得已經(jīng)做過某事Please remember to take the medicine. （還沒吃）I remember taking the medicine. （已經(jīng)吃過）forget to do sth. 忘記了該做的事情forget doing sth. 忘記了已經(jīng)做過了的事情I forgot to mail the letter. ( 沒有發(fā)信)I forgot mailing the letter. ( 忘記曾經(jīng)發(fā)過信)stop to do sth. 停止手中的事去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情We stopped to have a rest.I really must stop smoking.go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做另一件事情go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)作正在做的事try to do sth. 努力，試圖去做某事try doing sth. 嘗試，試著做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味著做某事I dont mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.regret to do sth. 對某事感到遺憾regret doing sth. 后悔做過某事I regret to tell you that you failed the test.I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.分詞I. 構(gòu)成與形式分詞有兩種形式，即現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）和過去分詞（past participle）。除不規(guī)則動詞外，現(xiàn)在分詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成；過去分詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動和進行，過去分詞表示被動和完成(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動，只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。 如：burning forest燃燒著的森林（主動，即森林自己在燃燒）burned skin燒傷了的皮膚（被動，即皮膚被火燒傷）developing countries發(fā)展中國家（這些國家正在發(fā)展）developed countries發(fā)達國家（這些國家已經(jīng)得到了發(fā)展）現(xiàn)在分詞的形式有：主動形式被動形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done過去分詞因為本身就表示被動與完成的意義，所以只有一種形式done。II. 用法分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作定語、表語、狀語、主語補足語和賓語補足語。 1. 作定語分詞作定語時，單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞(即與名詞是動賓關(guān)系)。 This is really an exhausting day to all of us! Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise.We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. 2. 作表語 分詞作表語分詞作表語通?？醋餍稳菰~來用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)，而且主語多為物；過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態(tài)，主語多為人。The story of his life sounds interesting.He appeared interested in our performance.3. 作狀語：分詞作狀語分詞在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。 分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動賓或被動關(guān)系用過去分詞。 （1）現(xiàn)在分詞The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. （2）過去分詞Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 2、while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時，有時可以在分詞前加while，when, once, although, until, if等連詞。 When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Given better attention, the trees could grow better.4. 作主語補足語The machine will be kept running for two days.Our views have to be made known to them all.5. 作賓語補足語I heard someone knocking at the door.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.比較：see, feel, hear, watch, notice等動詞后既可以接不帶to的不定式也可以接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語，但二者在意義上是不同的?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示動作在進行，即非全過程；不定式表示動作的完成，即全過程。如：She saw the man getting on the truck.(正在往車上爬)She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.(已經(jīng)爬上了車)III. 現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)與語態(tài)1. 完成式Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV.Not having met him, I cant tell you what he is like.2. 被動式The house being built is a big project.Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.3. 完成被動式Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up?注意:區(qū)別一、不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別 (1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here這里禁止抽煙。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體) (2)動名詞作主語時，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗。 不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗) (3）不定式做主語，一般用it當形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 二、不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別 (1)不定式作表語 1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。 2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。 To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。 To work means to earn a living工作就是為了生活。 3)如果主語是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補充說明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不遠的將來買一輛豪華轎車。 The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant (2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。 Our work is serving the people我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。 His hobby is collecting stamps他的愛好是集郵。 (注)動名詞作表語時與進行時態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進行時態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。 His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected (3)分詞作表語 分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，一般來說，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite， interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“（物本身）令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“（人）感到”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對感興趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有興趣時，就是說sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見的有： interesting使人感到高興-interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的-excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的-delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費解的-puzzled感到費解的 satisfying令人滿意的-satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的-surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的-worried感到擔(dān)心的 Traveling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。 The argument is very convincing他的論點很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news聽到這個消息，他們非常激動。在英語中什么叫分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）？它們是動詞的一種形式： 原形：通式do, 用途廣泛。 過去式：通式did, 用于過去時態(tài)。 過去分詞：通式done, 用于完成時態(tài)，被動語態(tài)，及非謂語用法中。 現(xiàn)在分詞：通式doing, 用于進行時態(tài)，及非謂語用法中。 如： go - went - gone - going 完成時態(tài)： 主語 + have/ has/ had + 過去分詞 如： I have finished my homework. 被動語態(tài)： 主語 + be + 過去分詞 如： The house was built two years ago.表示過去完成時和被動語態(tài)的詞叫做過去分詞表示現(xiàn)在進行時和主動語態(tài)的詞叫做現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動和進行”，過去分詞表示“被動和完成”(不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動，只表示完成)。獨立主格:我們在講到分詞短語作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)該是句子的主語。但有時分詞短語帶有自己的主語。（它們之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系），這個邏輯上的主語一般是由名詞擔(dān)任，在分詞短語之前，我們稱這為獨立主格。 獨立主格在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、原因、條件和方式、伴隨。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個相當于主語的名詞或代詞加上非謂語動詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語構(gòu)成的一種獨立成分。該結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內(nèi)部的動詞不能考慮其時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過并列連詞連接也不能有從句引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)，常用逗號與其主句隔開。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語從句或其他狀語形式，但很多時候不能轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞形式，因為它內(nèi)部動詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成形式 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式為：名詞普通格或代詞主格現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞不定式名詞形容詞副詞介詞短語等。使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是因為出現(xiàn)了與句子主語不一致的情況。 1 名詞或代詞現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動進行的動作或狀態(tài)。如： The man lay there, his hands trembling. 那個男子躺在那兒，雙手在顫抖。 有時，現(xiàn)在分詞being或having been在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中可以省略。如： The weather (being) fine, we decided to go swimming. 天氣晴朗，我們決定去游泳。 2 名詞或代詞過去分詞 過去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動完成的動作。如： The girl sat there silent, her head bent low. 這姑娘一聲不響，低著頭坐在那里。 All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. 各方面考慮起來，她的論文比你的論文更要有價值一些。 3 名詞或代詞不定式（短語） 不定式表示將來的動作。如： He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food. 他建議去野餐，由瑪麗負責(zé)提供食物。 Time is pressing, two hours to go only. 時間緊迫，只剩兩個小時了。 4 名詞或代詞名詞（短語） 如： Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. 許多人參加了這項工作，其中一些人是婦女和兒童。 5 名詞或代詞形容詞（短語） 形容詞（短語）說明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。如： The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. 地面很濕，我們只好在外面呆一會兒。 6 名詞或代詞副詞 副詞也多是說明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。如： The meeting over, we all went home. 會議結(jié)束了，我們都回家了。 7 名詞或代詞介詞短語 如： The teacher came in, a book in his hand. 老師進來了，手里拿著一本書。 有時，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞前面的定語可以省略。如： The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed. A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand. 二 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 1 作狀語 1） 表示時間 如： Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping. 2） 表示原因 如： There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home. 3） 表示條件 如： Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football. 4） 表示方式或伴隨 如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 2 作同位語 如： There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen. 三 獨立主格前面有時可以加上介詞with或without，構(gòu)成介詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中主要用作狀語，也可用作定語。如： He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.（狀語） 他站在甲板上向我們頻頻揮手。 He went out without a hat on his head.（狀語） 他頭上沒戴帽子就出去了。 Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?（定語） 你認識那個后背上背包的女孩嗎？ 獨立主格 （一）： 獨立主格結(jié)