英語考前36招.doc

英語考前三十六計一有關(guān)it的幾個特殊句型 ： (1) owe it to sb. that把歸功于 I owe it to you that I finished my work in time. (2) take it for granted that 想當(dāng)然 I take it for granted that they will support this idea. (3) keep it in mind that It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. (4) It can be seen from the statistics that .從這個統(tǒng)計可看出 It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us. (5). It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動詞后， enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, dont mind, be fond of, feel like, see to, appreciate, stand 賓語從句緊跟it之后 I hate it you can swim so well and I cant. I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening. I cant stand it when people talk with their mouth full. (6). It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外） Im for it that you will follow their advice. 我贊成你采納他們的意見。 (7) It must be pointed out that 必須指出的是 (8) It has been proved that 有人已經(jīng)證實 It has been proved that his theory is right. （9） It +be + 一段時間 +before 從句 （10）It + be+ 一段時間 + since從句（11）It + be+ 時間 + when從句 （12）It + be+ 強調(diào)部分 + that+句子其余部分(13) It is / was the first time +從句 （從句謂語動詞用完成時態(tài)(現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)/過去完成時態(tài)) ）二. 抽象名詞具體化1. success( 成功 ) / a success(一個成功的人或事 )2. study( 研究 ) / a study( 研究論文,研究報告;一項具體的研究 )3. pleasure( 快樂,愉快 ) / a pleasure( 一件高興的事 )4. kindness( 仁慈,友好 ) / a kindness(一件好事,幫一次忙 )5. honour( 榮譽,光榮 ) / a honour(一個光榮的人或一件光榮的事 )6. surprise( 驚訝 ) / a surprise(一個驚喜 )三主動表被動動詞類1. 某些實義動詞的主動形式后跟副詞表示被動意義(sell, wash, write, last, read, wear )等.這種“動詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)常表示事物內(nèi)部特有的屬性.1). This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long. 2).The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 3).Written in simple English, this article reads easily.2. 某些及物動詞轉(zhuǎn)為不及物動詞后,其主動形式表示被動意義,如open( 打開,營業(yè) ), close ( 關(guān)門 ),shut ( 關(guān)閉 ),cut ( 切割 ), weigh ( 重 ), act ( 上演 )等.1) The door wont shut. 2)This shop opens much earlier than it used to. 3)Each stone weighs 2 tons.3. 某些不及物動詞,如happen, occur, , cost 以及短語,如,come out( 出版 ) , come up( 出現(xiàn) ) , come into being( 產(chǎn)生 ), come to ones mind( 想起 ), turn out( 證明是 ), come about( 發(fā)生 ), break out( 爆發(fā) ), belong to( 屬于 )等,本身表被動含義,所以它們常用主動形式.1)The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. 2.Suddenly an idea came to his mind. 3)It never occurred to me to phone you.四虛擬語氣1.虛擬語氣的三種基本句型（從句）If + were/did（動詞的過去式），（主句）主語 + would/might/should/could + do（表示對現(xiàn)在情況的假設(shè)）（從句）If + had done, （主句）主語+ would/might/should/could +have done（表示對過去或已經(jīng)發(fā)生事情的虛擬假設(shè)）（從句）If + were/（動詞過去式）/were to do/should do，（主句）主語+ would/might/should/could + do （表示對將來的假設(shè)）虛擬語氣條件句的倒裝: 在虛擬條件句中，如果出現(xiàn)有were, had, should，可以省去if, 把這些詞放在句子前面，構(gòu)成虛擬倒裝句。2if only引起的感嘆句，相當(dāng)于 “How I wish + 賓語從句”，意思是“但愿；要是就好了”If only he could come! 他要是能來就好了！3if it were not for (= were it not for)if it hadnt been for (= had it not been for)“要不是因為有；如果不是”注意這種結(jié)構(gòu)中不能用否定結(jié)構(gòu)的縮寫形式，即不能用werent it for）4“but for + 名詞”意思是“倘若不是；要不是”，接虛擬語氣But for air and water, nothing could live. (= If there were no air or water, nothing could live.)5在動詞insist（1堅持做某事），order, command（2命令）, advise, suggest, propose（3建議做某事），demand, require, request, ask（4要求）等表示建議、命令、要求的名詞性從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。基本句型：主語+ (should) + 動詞原形。另外像decide, desire, intend, recommend等也要接(should)+動詞原形結(jié)構(gòu)。注意1advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request, desire, command, decision, requirement等名詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句或表語從句，謂語動詞用 (should) + 動詞原形。注意2 Its suggested/ advised/ demanded/ordered/requested/proposed/required/desired等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中，謂語動詞用(should) + 動詞原形。注意3 suggest / insist+賓語從句（動詞用陳述 / 虛擬語氣的區(qū)別）lsuggest意思是“表明，暗示；說明”時；insist意思是“堅持觀點，堅持看法”時，句子不能用虛擬語氣,用陳述語氣。 He insisted that he was innocent.=He insisted on his innocence. 他堅持說自己是無辜的。Are you suggesting that Im not suited for the job? 你是在暗示說我不適合做那項工作？6It is necessary/important/natural/impossible/essential（基本的）等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即主語+(should)+動詞原形Its necessary that Tom take the exam first. Tom有必要先參加考試。7Its strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/a surprise (that) should do。should表示“竟然”Its a pity that she should miss the chance. 很遺憾她錯過了機會。8 Its + ( high / about ) time + ( that ) +從句(從句謂語動詞用過去式)l9would rather that somebody did“寧愿；更愿意”(表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?would rather that somebody had done“寧愿；更愿意”（表示過去的愿望）10as if/though+主語+did/had done好像（表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r用過去時；表示過去的情況用過去完成時）11“wish +賓語從句”，表示不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望,從句中用:主語+過去時 表示現(xiàn)在的愿望主語+had done 表示過去的愿望主語+would/could do 表示將來的愿望How I wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves! I failed in the maths exam. How I wish I hadnt wasted so much time playing!What a pity you cant go to the party！How I wish I could dance with you at the party!五. 情態(tài)動詞1. will/shall的用法.shall-在疑問句中用于第一，三人稱的句子中表示征求意見，詢問或請示.will-在疑問句中用于第二人稱的句子中表示征求意見shall-在肯定句中用于第二，三人稱的句子中表示決心,命令,警告,允諾等.shall -在肯定句中用于第一人稱(I, we)的句子中,表示將來時態(tài) ,其他人稱用will,will可用作情態(tài)動詞, 表示:”愿意”,主要用于第一人稱 will-1)表單純的將來事實; 2)可表示沒有經(jīng)過事先考慮只是在說話時做出的決定(be going to表示事先經(jīng)過考慮或事先做好安排.); 3)在祈使句之后的附加疑問句中用will you, wont you.2. need / want / require + doing / to be done-當(dāng)主語與動詞構(gòu)成被動時,如果是主動關(guān)系,則用動詞不定式need / dare可做行為動詞或情態(tài)動詞(一般用在疑問句,否定句和條件句中)注意:固定用法：1) I dare say我想,我認(rèn)為 / I dare swear我確信2) Dont you dare (習(xí)語 )用于鄭重告訴某人不要做某事.Dont you dare tell my parents about this.3) There is no need to do sth/ for sth Its necessary ( for sb)to do sthThere is no possibility of sth Its possible (for sb)to do sth There is no doubt about sth./that clause3.can/could與be able to的區(qū)別can/could表本身具備的能力，be able to表示經(jīng)過努力最終能夠做某事。當(dāng)be able to用作一般過去時時，則常常不是單純地表示過去的“能力”，“潛力”或“可能性”，而是把“能力”和“成功“（完成）這兩層意思結(jié)合起來，而且強調(diào)的往往是后者。4.情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法（情態(tài)動詞+have+過分）(1) must have done sth 一定做過某事；(注意must的反意疑問句)(2) could have done “本來可以”（表示過去沒有實現(xiàn)的可能）(cant/couldnt)+ have donel不可能做某事 She must have come here last night. 她一定是昨晚來的。 She cant have gone there 她不可能到那兒去。(3) may have done sth 可能做過某事 否定形式：may not have done might have done sth 或許做過某事,“本來可能；本來應(yīng)該或可以做某事”（實際沒有發(fā)生；含有輕微的責(zé)備語氣。 否定形式: might not have done Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident. She might have known what the bottle contained. (4) should have done sth 估計已經(jīng)做了某事, “本來該做某事”（而實際未做）否定形式：should not/ought not to have done “本來不該做”（實際卻做過了，含有責(zé)備語氣） She should have arrived in her office by now. (5) neednt have done “本來不必做”（但是已經(jīng)做過了）(6) would rather have done “當(dāng)時寧愿做了某事”（實際沒有做過）；否定式would rather not have done表達相反意思，兩者都有表示“后悔”之意。六代詞 it / one(ones)/ that(those)one泛指,指代前面提過的那類人或物中的一個,用于指代可數(shù)名詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式ones，前一般要用定語,否則就用some; that特指,指代前面提到過的那類物,用于指代不可數(shù)名詞或可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，those是that的復(fù)數(shù)形式，指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞；it特指,指代前面提到過的物,某物。注意:that替代帶定冠詞的名詞, 而one替代帶不定詞的名詞:that只能接后置定語,而one既可接后置定語,也可用前置定語。1)Someone is knocking at the door, but who can it be? 2) The question was a complicated one. 3)I have a pen. My uncle gave it to me.4) The girl I saw was older than the one you were dancing with.5) My seat was next to that of the mayor.6) It is your Mum on the phone.7) The first question is one which Jackson has anticipated.8) Toms mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but it didnt help.9)The weather in Kunming is better than that in Wuhan. 10) Tom has a red pen and a blue one (two blue ones).七感嘆句型： (1) What a /an+ Adj + N + S + V! What an important thing it is to keep our promise! What + u.n+S+V! What fine weather it is today! What + n.pl + S + V!What lovely children they are! (2) How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么.！） How important a thing it is to keep our promise! (3) How + S + V! How I want to go to Beijing！八需要注意的一些從句1讓步狀語從句： (1) Adj./n./adv. + as/ though+ Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V （雖然.）Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.2特殊的條件句： (1) Suppose/ Supposing -, 假如 Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do? (2) On condition that只要；如果 Ill come on condition that John is invited, too. (3) provided (that)/ providing - 只要 I will come provided (that) I am well enough. You may go out providing you do your homework first. (4) so/as long as As/So long as you work hard, youll succeed in the end. (5) 祈使句+and + 陳述句(表肯定） Give him an inch and hell take a mile. (= If you give him an inch, hell take a mile. ) 他會得寸進尺的。 (6) 祈使句+ or/otherwise +陳述句 (表否定） Start at once, or / otherwise youll miss the train. (= If you dont start at once/Unless you start at once, youll miss the train.) (7) unless“除非，如果不”(=ifnot)I shall go tomorrow unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我明天去。Shall Tom go and play football?Not unless he has finished his homework. 除非他完成作業(yè)，否則不能出去。（8）wont.unless. 除非否則我不會. I wont write to him unless he writes to me first. 3.幾種重要的表語從句句型： (1) The point is that . 重點/關(guān)鍵是. The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with her English. (2) The chance is that 有可能 The chance is that he will succeed. (3) The fact is that 事實是 The fact is that he hasnt yet recover from illness. (4) The problem/question is that 問題是 The question is whether we should ask them for help. (5)That is - That is where Lu Xun used to live. 4幾種重要的同位語從句： (1) 由where 引導(dǎo) The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered. (2) 由what引導(dǎo) I have no idea what he did. (3) 由whether 引導(dǎo) The question whether hell attend the meeting is not decided. (4) 由who引導(dǎo)。 The question who will go abroad needs considering. (5) 由when 引導(dǎo) I have no idea when they will be back and settle down. (6) 由that 引導(dǎo) The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good. (7) 由how 引導(dǎo) He cant answer the question how he got the money. (8) 由why 引導(dǎo) We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice. 5.when引導(dǎo)的從句when除了用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、時間狀語從句、表語從句和定語從句，還有一種用法值得關(guān)注，那就是when引導(dǎo)并列分句，意思是“這時突然；就在那時”，強調(diào)另一個動作的突然發(fā)生。常用于以下句型中：（1）主語 + be doing when意思是“正在做某事這時”；（2）主語 + be about to dowhen；意思是“正要去做某事這時”（3）主語+be on the point of (doing) when; 意思是“正要去做某事這時”while引導(dǎo)的從句while除了有“當(dāng)/在時候”的意思外（注意：引導(dǎo)的句子謂語動詞只能是延續(xù)性動詞！），另外的兩層意思也是考查的重點：（1）while = although “盡管”、“雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句；（2）while的意思是“然而；可是”，常用來表達對比關(guān)系。While I admit that the problem is difficult, I dont think that they cant be solved.I earn only 120 dollars a week, while she earns 180 dollars. 6Where引導(dǎo)的定語從句與地點狀語從句注意where可以引導(dǎo)定語從句或是邏輯地點狀語從句。當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)定語從句時，where在定語從句中作地點狀語，指代前面的地點，這時可以用in which, on which, at which, to which, from which等結(jié)構(gòu)代替。但是它引導(dǎo)邏輯地點狀語從句時，沒有這樣用法。You should put the book where it was. 把書放回原處。Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.Where men are greedy, there is never peace. 人類貪欲不止，世界和平無望。That is the building where my father works. 那是我父親工作的大樓。Yesterday I went to the department store, where I met my teacher. 7what引導(dǎo)的從句what在英語中非?；钴S,它可以用來引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句，但是不用來引導(dǎo)定語從句。在句子里可以充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語，既可以指人，也可以指物。What is the population of the world? 世界的人口有多少？What did you pay for this picture? 這幅畫你付了多少錢？What is most important in life isnt money. 人生最重要的并非是金錢。Will you show me what you bought? 可以把你所買的東西給我看一下嗎？Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago. Mary已經(jīng)不是10年前的她了。8. That引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句和定語從句的區(qū)別That引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的特點是:1.只起引導(dǎo)的作用;2.不作任何成分、不表示任何意思;3.不能省略。The fact that he is a hardworking student is known to everyone in the school.That引導(dǎo)定語從句時的特點是:1在定語從句中要代替前面的先行詞作主語或賓語; 2在定語從句中表示先行詞的意思;3如果代替前面的先行詞作賓語時可以把that省略。The fact that he knows is made up by John. 9as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與限制性定語從句 在as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句中，連接代詞as在句子中可以作主語、賓語或表語等，可以指人或物。其在定語從句中的位置比較靈活，即可以在句子前面，在句子中間或句子末尾。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)有：as we all know; as is well known to; as is often the case; as is said/mentioned above; as has been said before; as I told you before; as is evident; as often happens; as can be seen; as is/was expected; as we expect; as I can remember等。注意1as通常只指整個句子的內(nèi)容，不表示部分內(nèi)容。注意2as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句通常指“事先可以預(yù)料到的”“料想到的”，表達“好”的方面。注意3as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時，常構(gòu)成the sameas; suchas; so/as as等結(jié)構(gòu)。在從句中既可以指人、物，也可以指整個句子。This is also part of your work, as I told you before. 我曾告訴過你，這也是你工作的一部分。The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.從那人說話的樣子可明顯看出，他是個老師。Such ideas as he hits on are worthless. 像他那樣偶然想起的主意是無用的。Its the same story as I heard from her yesterday. 這故事跟我從她那兒聽到的相同。He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find. 他要盡可能找漂亮的女孩結(jié)婚。 10which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句（也引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句） which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可以指整個句子內(nèi)容，也可以指句子的部分內(nèi)容（如單詞或詞組等），在句子中可以作主語、賓語（動詞或介詞的）、定語等。注意它在句子中的位置：只能放在主句后，不能放在主句前。表達的內(nèi)容是“不好的”、“事先沒有預(yù)料到的”等時，常用which，只指物。11疑問詞+ever引導(dǎo)的從句（1）、疑問詞+ever whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，相當(dāng)于no matter和what, who, which, when, where, how連用。Whatever (=No matter what) may happen, we shall not lose hope.Whatever reasons you (may) have, you should carry out a promise. Whoever (=No matter who) comes, he will be warmly welcome. Whenever (=No matter when) it happened, it was certainly not yesterday. Whenever you (may) call, you will find her sitting by the window. Wherever (=No matter where) he went, he made friends with people.Whichever (=No matter which) of them you many choose, the quality will be the same. However (=No matter how) hard I have tried, I cant find the answer. （2）、whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，這時不能用no matter+疑問詞替換。Take whichever you want. We will do whatever we can to help him out. Ill show you whatever you want to see. Whoever did this job must be rewarded.Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.You may invite whomever（口語中常用whoever代替）you like to the party.Take whatever magazines you want to read. 12幾種特殊的狀語從句句型： (1) everywhere 引導(dǎo) Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed. (2) anywhere 引導(dǎo) Well go anywhere the Party directs us. (3) the way 引導(dǎo) She is doing her work the way I like it done. (4) like 引導(dǎo) The landlord was watching him like (= just as) a cat watches a mouse. (5) immediately/instantly引導(dǎo) I didnt wait a moment, but came immediately you called. （6）time、moment引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句 Ill give her the note the moment I see her there.13. 幾個難掌握的主語從句和賓語從句 (1) You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like. (2) You may take whichever(=any) seat you like. (3) Whoever(=Anyone who) cuts the trees down must be punished. (4) You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom) you meet at the office. 14. 幾個重要的目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句： (1) in case He left early in case he should miss the last train. (2) for fear (that) He handled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged. (3) so that/in order that （目的狀語從句）以便，為了 I hurried so that I wouldnt be late for class In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6. Lets take the front seats so that/in order that t we can see more clearly. (4) so that （引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句）結(jié)果 We were late，so that the teacher was angry. (5) so +形容詞+（或a/an+ 名詞）+that 如此以致于 Ive been working so hard recently that I havent had any time for collecting new stamps. (6) such +名詞（或an/a+形容詞 + 名詞）+- that It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it15、since 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句： (1) Since + 主語 + 過去式，主語 + 現(xiàn)在完成式 Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. (2) It is + - + since 主語+持續(xù)性謂語動詞（表否定） It is three years since she lived here. 她已三年不住這兒了。 (3) It is + - + since主語+ 瞬間謂語動詞（表肯定） It is years since I stopped smoking）我戒煙已經(jīng)數(shù)年了。九使用現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時的常用句型： (1) since句型：since+過去時間，主句用完成時 My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949. (2) since when +完成時 Since when have you planted so many young trees? (3) This/it is the first (third.) time sb +have/ done sth This is the first time I have been here. 這是我第一次到這兒。 (4) by（到為止）到過去某個時候為止用過去完成時，到現(xiàn)在為止 用現(xiàn)在完成時，到將來某個時候為止用將來完成時。 She will have finished the book by my next birthday. By eleven oclock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport. (5) in the past time( two days/years.) +完成時 In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life. (6) hardly/scarcely . when. (no sooner . than)句型用過去完成時 Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang. No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang. (7) think/want/expect/wish/desire/hope等表示未實現(xiàn)的愿望打算等等用過去完成時 I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.十兩種強調(diào)句型強調(diào)句的基本構(gòu)成：It is/was + 被強調(diào)的部分 + who（主要指人時）/that + 其余部分這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以強調(diào)句子的主語、賓語、狀語（包括時間，地點，方式，原因等），但是不能強調(diào)謂語動詞。原句的謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)，用It isthat/who.；原句的謂語動詞如果是過去時態(tài)，用It wasthat/who.； 強調(diào)時間、地點、原因或方式時不要用when, where或how, 必須用that。一般疑問句 Is / Was it +被強調(diào)部分 +who / that ?特殊疑問句 特殊疑問詞+is /was +it +who / that? What is/was it that? Who is/was it that? When is/was it that? Where is/was it that? Why is/was it that? How is/was it that? 強調(diào)謂語動詞，則用do/does/did：Tom does get up early every morning.He did tell me the secret yesterday.十一特殊的祈使句句型（1）祈使句（表條件）+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句（表結(jié)果） “否則，要不然”（2）祈使句（表條件）+ and +主句（表結(jié)果）Hurry up, or youll be late for class. Please call me up before you come, otherwise/or else/or we might be out.Think it over and you will find the answer. 十二. 倒裝句1. 全倒裝句型（一）here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副詞放在句首，句子需要全部倒裝There goes the bell! = The bell is ringing. 鈴響了！Here comes the bus. =The bus is coming. 汽車來了。Now comes your turn to make a short speech. 該輪到你發(fā)言了。Away went the thief when he saw the pol