初中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式精講.doc

初中英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式精講動(dòng)詞不定式是由“不定式符號(hào)to (另外一個(gè)名稱(chēng)叫小品詞to+動(dòng)詞原形”)構(gòu)成的一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)。有些動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to，即只有動(dòng)詞原形，這種情況更需特別注意。動(dòng)詞不定式可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或單獨(dú)使用。不定式保留動(dòng)詞的某些特性，即可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。動(dòng)詞不定式和它后面的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等其他成分一起構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)，叫作不定式短語(yǔ)現(xiàn)對(duì)初中教材動(dòng)詞不定式的用法作一簡(jiǎn)要梳理，供初中畢業(yè)班教師和學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)和復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)使用。 一、動(dòng)詞不定式用作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式用作主語(yǔ)，顧名思義，就是句子的主語(yǔ)用動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)。直接把動(dòng)詞不定式置于句首作主語(yǔ)的情況并不多，多數(shù)情況用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末，特別是不定式短語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)、較復(fù)雜時(shí)。動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式。不定式短語(yǔ)和疑問(wèn)詞連用作主語(yǔ)，常置于句首；復(fù)合不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)常置于句末。如： 1. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy every day. 分析：It為形式主語(yǔ)，真正主語(yǔ)為后面不定式結(jié)構(gòu)：to keep our classroom clean and tidy every day. 2. It is not hard for me to learn English well.分析：真正主語(yǔ)為to learn English well。為使句子保持平衡，用it放到前面，作句子句法功能意義上的主語(yǔ)，即形式主語(yǔ)。for me 是動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯上是主語(yǔ)。 3. Whether to tell this to his father or not is a difficult question. 分析：不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to tell this to his father or not 和疑問(wèn)詞whether 一塊做句子主語(yǔ)。這種情況，注意后面謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如本句用了is。 對(duì)不定式作主語(yǔ)掌握的要求，初中教材不需太深，理解兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)：真正主語(yǔ)、形式主語(yǔ)。掌握一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)：It is(was)+形容詞/名詞（for sb.）+to do sth.注意一個(gè)句式：不定式短語(yǔ)和疑問(wèn)詞連用作主語(yǔ)，常置于句首，后面謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。 高層次的要求讓學(xué)生理解動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。一般而言，在表示比較抽象的一般行為時(shí)多采用動(dòng)名詞；在表示具體的某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)動(dòng)作時(shí)多用不定式。例：Smoking is bad for your health./ It is not good for you to smoke so much.二、用作表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)，也就是be動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)成分由不定式結(jié)構(gòu)充當(dāng)。動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)，常說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容、性質(zhì)、特征。如： 1. The best way to improve your English is to use English every day. 2. The important thing is to finish your homework first. 動(dòng)詞不定式作表語(yǔ)，在初中教材是學(xué)生掌握理解的難點(diǎn)。學(xué)生在判斷用動(dòng)詞不定式還是用動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，往往難以入手。突破要點(diǎn)：理解上面動(dòng)詞不定和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)區(qū)別，動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)區(qū)別一樣。(一般而言，在表示比較抽象的一般行為時(shí)多采用動(dòng)名詞；在表示具體的某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)動(dòng)作時(shí)多用不定式。)例：My job is teaching./ My task now is to teach you to look out the problem. 三、用作賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，就是放在動(dòng)詞后或介詞后作賓語(yǔ)的成分由不定式結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)。 1.可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有：想要記住忘記(want, would like, remember, forget)；需要努力學(xué)習(xí)(need, try, learn)；喜歡同意幫助( like, love, agree, help)；希望決定開(kāi)始(hope, wish, decide, begin, start)1) We decided to have a picnic this weekend. 2) He is trying to improve his study. 3) I would love to visit Mexico. 2. 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)和疑問(wèn)詞連用，可以一起作前面動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell等。如： 1) Could you please tell me how to get to the hospital? 2) They are talking about where to spend their holiday. 3. 動(dòng)詞feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式賓語(yǔ)代替真正的賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式，句子結(jié)構(gòu)是.feel / find / make / .+ it + adj. / n+to do.。如： I find it difficult to learn English well. We feel it our duty to keep our classroom clean.4.有些動(dòng)詞后既可接動(dòng)詞不定式又可接v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)。兩者之間意思差別不大的動(dòng)詞有begin, start, like, love等。非要嚴(yán)格界定兩者區(qū)別，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，動(dòng)詞不定式表示具體的偶爾的某次動(dòng)作、將來(lái)動(dòng)作或動(dòng)作的全過(guò)程，v-ing形式表習(xí)慣性的連續(xù)動(dòng)作或概括性抽象性動(dòng)作。如：1) I started to watch TV when I got home. /I started learning English at the age of eight. I 2) Do you like playing football? Do you like to play football with me this afternoon? 5. 后接動(dòng)詞不定式或v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，意思差別較大的動(dòng)詞有forget, remember, stop等。后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)，表動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生,將去做；后接v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)，表動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，強(qiáng)調(diào)這件事情本身。如： 1) I forgot to do my homework last night. (昨晚我忘記去做作業(yè)了) I forgot telling him the story before. So when I told him the story again, he laughed. (我忘記我以前給他講過(guò)這個(gè)故事了。因此當(dāng)我再給他講時(shí)，他笑了。) 2) -Lucy, have you cleaned your bedroom? If not, remember to clean it. Yes, I remembered cleaning it this morning. (-露西，你打掃你的臥室了嗎？如果沒(méi)有，記住打掃。-是的，我記得今早上打掃了。) 3) Stop talking. I know we are very tired .OK, lets stop to have a rest. (不要說(shuō)了，我這到大家累了，那么，讓我們停下歇會(huì)吧。 類(lèi)似的try to do盡力做，try doing試試看；go on to do接著做另外的事，go on doing繼續(xù)做原來(lái)的事。 四、用作定語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，因其結(jié)構(gòu)比較長(zhǎng)，常放在所修飾的名詞后作后置定語(yǔ)。 1) I have so much homework to do today. 2) I cant think of any good advice to give her. 3) Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch. 4) I have no time to have breakfast. 5) Can you tell me the best way to learn English? 6) Theres so much to see and do here. 五、用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)時(shí)，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里補(bǔ)賓語(yǔ)，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)，句子的賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯執(zhí)行者。如果不定式是to be done，句子的賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)就是邏輯承受者。1. 在主、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里用帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞主要有：要求允許提議(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望邀請(qǐng)鼓勵(lì)(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教導(dǎo)告訴想要(teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：1) I invited her to have dinner at my house yesterday. 2) Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. 3) Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones. 2. 動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里不帶to，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句里帶to時(shí)多數(shù)動(dòng)詞是感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞，包括四“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，三“讓”：have, let, make，二“聽(tīng)”：hear, listen to，一“感覺(jué)”：feel，一“注意”：notice。 如：1) His words made me feel very angry. 2) We often see the boy play football on the playground. 3. help后接動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里to可帶可不帶,在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)里，必須帶出to來(lái)。 1) I often help my mum do the housework at home. 2) I am often helped to finish my homework with the help of my computer. 4. be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。如： 1) He doesnt seem to have many friends. 2) Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.六、用作狀語(yǔ) 1. 目的狀語(yǔ)，置于句首或句末，置于句首時(shí)常表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。如： 1) In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary. 2) A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的狀語(yǔ)，置句末時(shí)都可以用，置句首時(shí)只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首，可以引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，in order to do不引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 2.原因狀語(yǔ)，多見(jiàn)于“sb.+be+adj.+to do.”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如： 1) My dogs name is “Lucky”a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him. 2) On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. 3.結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，多見(jiàn)于“too.to”，“enough to.”結(jié)構(gòu)句中。如： 1) Then Im too tired to do well. What should I do?2) The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.4. 有些動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)，常說(shuō)明前面形容詞的性質(zhì)和特性。動(dòng)詞不定式與句子的主語(yǔ)有邏輯的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)詞不定式前面的形容詞一般是：cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主動(dòng)式表被動(dòng)意義。. the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand. 這類(lèi)句子中的動(dòng)詞不定式可改為主語(yǔ)。 5. 獨(dú)立動(dòng)詞不定式多用作插入語(yǔ)，表示說(shuō)話人的心理狀態(tài)或?qū)κ虑榈目捶āＨ纾?1) Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good. 2) To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldnt understand every word. 七、動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是“for / of sb. to do sth.”，for / of引出不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等。不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的介詞用for還是of，主要決定于前面形容詞的性質(zhì)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，of前面的形容詞是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等，既說(shuō)明人的特性，又說(shuō)明不定式動(dòng)作的特性。for前面的形容詞是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等，一般說(shuō)明不定式動(dòng)作的特性，不說(shuō)明人的特性。前面如果是名詞用for。如：1. Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. 2. Zoos are terrible places for animals to live. 八、帶疑問(wèn)詞的不定式短語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式前面可以帶疑問(wèn)代詞what, which, who或疑問(wèn)副詞how, when, where, why等。這種結(jié)構(gòu)起名詞的作用，在句子里用作賓語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等，或者單獨(dú)使用。要注意的是，why后面的不定式不帶to。如： 1. 用作句子的成分。 1) I dont know what to try next. (作賓語(yǔ)) 2) Where to go is not decided yet.(作主語(yǔ)) 2. 單獨(dú)使用時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句。 1) What to do next? (=What will we / you do next?) 2) Why go there? (=Why do we / you go there?) 九、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式 不定式的否定式是not / never to do.，不帶to的不定式的否定式是not / never do.如： 1. Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.(p.8) 2. His parents tell him never to drive after drinking. 復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)考查熱點(diǎn) 動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如： They go out of their way to make me feel at home. 他們竭力讓我感到賓至如歸。 Tomorrows meeting is very important. Please ask them _ there on time. 北京朝陽(yáng)區(qū)中考 A. go B. going C. to go D. went 注意：在使役動(dòng)詞make, have, let后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to. 動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)。例如： She decided to accept your invitation to attend your birthday party. 她決定接受你的邀請(qǐng)參加你的生日派對(duì)。 You mustnt forget _ your dictionary when you come here tomorrow. 湖南婁底中考A. to bring B. bring C. to take D. take注意：在英語(yǔ)中，有些動(dòng)詞后需接不定式做賓語(yǔ)。這些動(dòng)詞主要有：decide, hope, expect, plan, offer, refuse, agree, wish, continue, afford, beg, bother, choose, fail, help, happen, pretend等；有些動(dòng)詞后接不定式和-ing形式都可以，但意思不同，這幾組主要?jiǎng)釉~需背下來(lái)： stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)(目的是)做某事 try to do sth. 試圖/盡力做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 try doing sth. 嘗試做某事 remember to do sth. 記得要做某事 forget to do sth. 忘記要做某事 remember doing sth. 記得做過(guò)某事 forget doing sth. 忘記做過(guò)某事 動(dòng)詞不定式做狀語(yǔ),表目的。例如： To arrive at the airport on time, he took a taxi. 為了按時(shí)趕到機(jī)場(chǎng)，他搭了臺(tái)的士。 _ late in the morning, bob turned off the alarm. (安徽中考) A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having slept 4. 疑問(wèn)代(副)詞不定式。例如： There are so many interesting books here that I dont know what to choose. 這里有如此多有趣的書(shū)，以致我不知選什么為好。Could you please tell me _ the Christmas? Sure. 湖北黃岡中考 A. how to decorate B. how decorate C. how to celebrate D. how celebrate 5動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式。例如： The patient was warned not to eat oily food after the operation. 病人被敬告手術(shù)后不能吃油膩的食物。 Our teacher told us _too much time searching the Internet. Its bad for our health. 遼寧中考A. not to cost B. not to spend C. not to pay D. beat 6動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如： I am sorry to have bothered you so much. 對(duì)不起給你添了很多麻煩。 The book is said to be translated into English soon. 據(jù)說(shuō)這本書(shū)馬上將被譯成英語(yǔ)?！眷柟叹毩?xí)】 1. Ive made it possible for my computers _ the same programs by means of networking. 杭州 A. to share B. share C. shared D. shares 2. I hope _ a good job in a foreign company after I graduate _ school. 沈陽(yáng) A. to find; from B. finding; from C. to find; at D. finding; at 3. What makes you _ its going to rain tomorrow? 東城 A. to think B. thought C. think D. thinking 4. Internet ba